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WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology that provides wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. It is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which is also called WirelessMAN. The IEEE 80216 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards, which was established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999 aims to prepare formal specifications The IEEE 80216 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards, which was established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999 aims to prepare formal specifications The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL" (and also to High Speed Packet Access). The last Mile is the final leg of delivering connectivity from a communications provider to a customer High Speed Packet Access (HSPA is a collection of Mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing UMTS protocols

Currently, Pakistan has the largest fully functional nationwide Wimax network in the world. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and [1] Wateen Telecom installed the network in seventeen cities throughout Pakistan using Motorola hardware. Wateen Telecom is a Pakistani telecommunication company based in Lahore, Pakistan and is a sister concern of Warid Telecom. Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. [2]

Contents

Definitions

The terms "fixed WiMAX", "mobile WiMAX", "802. 16d" and "802. 16e" are frequently used incorrectly. [3] Correct definitions are:

Mobile communication standards
GSM / UMTS (3GPP) Family
GSM (2G)
UMTS (3G)
UMTS Rev. 8 (Pre-4G)
CDMA (3GPP2) Family
cdmaOne (2G)
CDMA2000 (3G)
UMB (Pre-4G)
AMPS Family
AMPS (1G)
D-AMPS (2G)
Other Technologies
0G
1G
2G
Pre-4G
Channel Access Methods
Frequency bands

Uses

The bandwidth and reach of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:

Broadband access

Many companies are closely examining WiMAX for "last mile" connectivity at high data rates. The last Mile is the final leg of delivering connectivity from a communications provider to a customer The resulting competition may bring lower pricing for both home and business customers or bring broadband access to places where it has been economically unavailable. Prior to WiMAX, many operators have been using proprietary fixed wireless technologies for broadband services.

WiMAX access was used to assist with communications in Aceh, Indonesia, after the tsunami in December 2004. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea Earthquake that occurred at 005853 UTC on December 26 2004 with an Epicentre off the west coast of All communication infrastructure in the area, other than Ham Radio, was destroyed, making the survivors unable to communicate with people outside the disaster area and vice versa. Amateur radio, often called ham radio, is both a Hobby and a service in which participants called "hams" use various types of Radio communications WiMAX provided broadband access that helped regenerate communication to and from Aceh.

WiMAX was used by Intel to assist the FCC and FEMA in their communications efforts in the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina. The purpose of FEMA is to coordinate the response to a Disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States [4]

Subscriber units

WiMAX subscriber units are available in both indoor and outdoor versions from several manufacturers. Self-install indoor units are convenient, but radio losses mean that the subscriber must be significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with professionally-installed external units. As such, indoor-installed units require a much higher infrastructure investment as well as operational cost (site lease, backhaul, maintenance) due to the high number of base stations required to cover a given area. Indoor units are comparable in size to a cable modem or DSL modem. Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their installation is comparable to a residential satellite dish.

With the advent of mobile WiMAX, there is an increasing focus on portable units. This includes handsets (similar to cellular smartphones) and PC peripherals (PC Cards or USB dongles). A smartphone is a Mobile phone offering advanced capabilities beyond a typical mobile phone often with PC -like functionality In addition, there is much emphasis from operators on consumer electronics devices (game terminals, MP3 players and the like); it is notable this is more similar to Wi-Fi than 3G cellular technologies. 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and Technology, superseding 2

Mobile handset applications

Some cellular companies are evaluating WiMAX as a means of increasing bandwidth for a variety of data-intensive applications.

Sprint Nextel announced in mid-2006 that it would invest about US$ 5 billion in a WiMAX technology buildout over the next few years. Sprint Nextel Corporation ( is a Telecommunications company based in Overland Park, Kansas. [5] Since that time Sprint has been dealt setbacks in defections of (Nextel) iDEN and 3G subscribers that have resulted in steep quarterly losses and led to a management shake up with Dan Hesse as its new CEO. Sprint Nextel Corporation ( is a Telecommunications company based in Overland Park, Kansas. On May 7, 2008, Sprint, Clearwire, Google, Intel, Comcast, and Time Warner announced a pooling of 2. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 5 GHz spectrum and formation of a new company which will take the name Clearwire. The new company hopes to benefit from combined services offerings and network resources as a springboard past its competitors. The cable companies will provide media services to other partners while gaining access to the wireless network as an MVNO. Google will contribute Android handset device development and applications and will receive revenue share for advertising and other services they provide. Clearwire Sprint and current Clearwire gain a majority stock ownership in the new venture and ability to access between the new Clearwire and Sprint 3G networks. Some details remain unclear including how soon and in what form announced multi-mode WiMAX and 3G EV-DO devices will be available. This raises questions that arise for availability of competitive chips that require licensing of Qualcomm's IPR.

Some analysts have questioned how the deal will work out: Although fixed-mobile convergence has been a recognized factor in the industry, prior attempts to form partnerships among wireless and cable companies have generally failed to lead to significant benefits to the participants. Other analysts point out that as wireless progresses to higher bandwidth, it inevitably competes more directly with cable and DSL, thrusting competitors into bed together. Also, as wireless broadband networks grow more dense and usage habits shift, the need for increased back haul and media service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage cable assets is expected to increase.

Backhaul/access network applications

WiMAX is a possible replacement candidate for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or can be used as a layover to increase capacity. It has also been considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both developed and developing nations. [6][7]

"Backhaul" for remote cellular operations is typically provided via satellite, and in urban areas via one or several T1 connections. In a hierarchical telecommunication network the backhaul portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core or backbone of the network and the small subnetworks WiMAX is mobile broadband and as such has much more substantial backhaul need. Therefore traditional backhaul solutions are not appropriate. Consequently the role of very high capacity wireless microwave point-to-point backhaul (200 or more Mbit/s with typically 1 ms or less delay) is on the rise. Also fiber backhaul is more appropriate.

Deploying WiMAX in rural areas with limited or no internet backbone will be challenging as additional methods and hardware will be required to procure sufficient bandwidth from the nearest sources — the difficulty being in proportion to the distance between the end-user and the nearest sufficient internet backbone.

Given the limited wired infrastructure in some developing countries, the costs to install a WiMAX station in conjunction with an existing cellular tower or even as a solitary hub are likely to be small in comparison to developing a wired solution. Areas of low population density and flat terrain are particularly suited to WiMAX and its range. For countries that have skipped wired infrastructure as a result of prohibitive costs and unsympathetic geography, WiMAX can enhance wireless infrastructure in an inexpensive, decentralized, deployment-friendly and effective manner.

Technical information

WiMAX is a term coined to describe standard, interoperable implementations of IEEE 802.16 wireless networks, similar to the way the term Wi-Fi is used for interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard. The IEEE 80216 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards, which was established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999 aims to prepare formal specifications Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 However, WiMAX is very different from Wi-Fi in the way it works.

MAC layer/data link layer

In Wi-Fi the media access controller (MAC) uses contention access — all subscriber stations that wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis. The Media Access Control (MAC Data communication protocol sub-layer also known as the Medium Access Control is a sublayer of the Data Link Layer specified in the In Packet mode communication networks contention is a condition that arises when two or more Data stations attempt to transmit at the same Time over In Computer networking, a wireless access point ( WAP or AP) is a device that allows wireless communication devices to connect to a Wireless network This can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput. This makes services such as Voice over IP (VoIP) or IPTV, which depend on an essentially-constant Quality of Service (QoS) depending on data rate and interruptibility, difficult to maintain for more than a few simultaneous users. Voice-over-Internet protocol ( VoIP, vɔɪp is a protocol optimized for the transmission of voice through the Internet IPTV ( Internet Protocol Television) is a system where a Digital television service is delivered using Internet Protocol over a network infrastructure which

In contrast, the 802. 16 MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station need compete once (for initial entry into the network). In Computer science, a scheduling algorithm is the method by which threads, processes or data flows are given access to system resources (e After that it is allocated an access slot by the base station. The time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addition to being stable under overload and over-subscription (unlike 802. 11), the 802. 16 scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control QoS parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber stations.

Physical layer

The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is based (IEEE 802. 16) specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to 66 GHz range. 802. 16a, updated in 2004 to 802. 16-2004, added specifications for the 2 to 11 GHz range. 802. 16-2004 was updated by 802. 16e-2005 in 2005 and uses scalable orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (SOFDMA) as opposed to the OFDM version with 256 sub-carriers (of which 200 are used) in 802. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access ( OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM digital modulation scheme Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( OFDM) — essentially identical to Coded OFDM ( COFDM) and Discrete multi-tone modulation ( 16d. More advanced versions, including 802. 16e, also bring Multiple Antenna Support through Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO) See WiMAX MIMO. In Radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (pronounced mee-moh or my-moh) is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter WiMAX MIMO refers to the use of Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO technology on WiMAX, which is the technology brand name for the implementation This brings potential benefits in terms of coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency re-use and bandwidth efficiency. 802. 16e also adds a capability for full mobility support. The WiMAX certification allows vendors with 802. 16d products to sell their equipment as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile.

Most commercial interest is in the 802. 16d and . 16e standards, since the lower frequencies used in these variants suffer less from inherent signal attenuation and therefore give improved range and in-building penetration. In Physics, attenuation (in some context also called extinction) is the gradual loss in intensity of any kind of Flux through a medium Already today, a number of networks throughout the world are in commercial operation using certified WiMAX equipment compliant with the 802. 16d standard.

Architecture

The WiMAX Forum WiMAX Architecture

The WiMAX Forum has defined an architecture that defines how a WiMAX network connects with other networks, and a variety of other aspects of operating such a network, including address allocation, authentication, etc. An overview of the architecture is given in the illustration. This defines the following components:

plus a number of interconnections (or reference points) between these, labeled R1 to R5 and R8. In Computer security, AAA stands for “authentication authorization and accounting”

It's important to note that the functional architecture can be designed into various hardware configurations rather than fixed configurations. For example, the architecture is flexible enough to allow remote/mobile stations of varying scale and functionality and Base Stations of varying size - e. g. femto, pico, and mini BS as well as macros.

Comparison with Wi-Fi

Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are frequent, possibly because both begin with the same two letters, are based upon IEEE standards beginning with "802. ", and both have a connection to wireless connectivity and the Internet. Despite this, the two standards are aimed at different applications.

Due to the ease and low cost with which Wi-Fi can be deployed, it is sometimes used to provide Internet access to third parties within a single room or building available to the provider, often informally, and sometimes as part of a business relationship. For example, many coffee shops, hotels, and transportation hubs contain Wi-Fi access points providing access to the Internet for customers.

Spectrum allocation issues

The 802. 16 specification applies across a wide swath of the RF spectrum, and WiMAX could function on any frequency below 66 GHz,[9] (higher frequencies would decrease the range of a Base Station to a few hundred meters in an urban environment). Radio frequency ( RF) is a Frequency or rate of Oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz

There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX, although the WiMAX Forum has published three licensed spectrum profiles: 2. 3 GHz, 2. 5 GHz and 3. 5 GHz, in an effort to decrease cost: economies of scale dictate that the more WiMAX embedded devices (such as mobile phones and WiMAX-embedded laptops) are produced, the lower the unit cost. (The two highest cost components of producing a mobile phone are the silicon and the extra radio needed for each band. ) Similar economy of scale benefits apply to the production of Base Stations.

In the unlicensed band, 5. x GHz is the approved profile. Telecom companies are unlikely to use this spectrum widely other than for backhaul, as they do not own and control the spectrum. In a hierarchical telecommunication network the backhaul portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core or backbone of the network and the small subnetworks

In the USA, the biggest segment available is around 2. 5 GHz,[10] and is already assigned, primarily to Sprint Nextel and Clearwire. Sprint Nextel Corporation ( is a Telecommunications company based in Overland Park, Kansas. Clearwire Corporation (stylized as "clearw˙re" in the logo is a Wireless broadband Internet service provider (ISP serving markets in the Elsewhere in the world, the most-likely bands used will be the Forum approved ones, with 2. 3 GHz probably being most important in Asia. Some countries in Asia like India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. 5 GHz, 3. 3 GHz and other frequencies.

Analog TV bands (700 MHz) may become available for WiMAX use, but await the complete rollout of digital TV, and there will be other uses suggested for that spectrum. Digital television (DTV is the sending and receiving of moving images and sound by discrete ( digital) signals in contrast to the analog signals used by In the USA the FCC auction for this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T. A spectrum auction is a process whereby a government uses an Auction system to sell the rights to transmit signals over specific electromagnetic wavelengths. [11] EU commissioner Viviane Reding has suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX. Viviane Reding (born 27 April 1951 in Esch-sur-Alzette) is a Luxembourg politician currently serving as European Commissioner for [12]

WiMAX profiles define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order to have inter-operating products. A duplex Communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions The current fixed profiles are defined for both TDD and FDD profiles. At this point, all of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The fixed profiles have channel sizes of 3. 5 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz and 10 MHz. The mobile profiles are 5 MHz, 8. 75 MHz and 10 MHz. (Note: the 802. 16 standard allows a far wider variety of channels, but only the above subsets are supported as WiMAX profiles. )

Since October 2007, the Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) has decided to include WiMAX technology in the IMT-2000 set of standards. [13] This enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2. 5-2. 69 GHz band at this stage) to use Mobile WiMAX equipment in any country that recognizes the IMT-2000.

Spectral efficiency

One of the significant advantages of advanced wireless systems such as WiMAX is spectral efficiency. Spectral efficiency, spectrum efficiency or bandwidth efficiency refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a For example, 802. 16-2004 (fixed) has a spectral efficiency of 3. 7 (bit/s)/Hertz, and other 3. 5–4G wireless systems offer spectral efficiencies that are similar to within a few tenths of a percent. The notable advantage of WiMAX comes from combining SOFDMA with smart antenna technologies. Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas multiple antennas and recently MIMO) are Antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify This multiplies the effective spectral efficiency through multiple reuse and smart network deployment topologies. The direct use of frequency domain organization simplifies designs using MIMO-AAS compared to CDMA/WCDMA methods, resulting in more-effective systems.

Limitations

A commonly-held misconception is that WiMAX will deliver 70 Mbit/s over 50 kilometers. In Telecommunications and Computing, bitrate (sometimes written bit rate, data rate or as a Variable R or f b In reality, WiMAX can do one or the other — operating over maximum range (50 km) increases bit error rate and thus must use a lower bitrate. In Telecommunication, an error ratio is the Ratio of the number of Bits elements, characters, or blocks incorrectly received Lowering the range allows a device to operate at higher bitrates.

Typically, fixed WiMAX networks have a higher-gain directional antenna installed near the client (customer) which results in greatly increased range and throughput. Mobile WiMAX networks are usually made of indoor "customer premises equipment" (CPE) such as desktop modems, laptops with integrated Mobile WiMAX or other Mobile WiMAX devices. Mobile WiMAX devices typically have an omni-directional antenna which is of lower-gain compared to directional antennas but are more portable. In practice, this means that in a line-of-sight environment with a portable Mobile WiMAX CPE, speeds of 10 Mbit/s at 10 km could be delivered. However, in urban environments they may not have line-of-sight and therefore users may only receive 10 Mbit/s over 2 km. Non-line-of-sight ( NLOS) or near-line-of-sight is a term used to describe Radio transmission across a path that is partially obstructed usually by a physical In current deployments, throughputs are often closer to 2 Mbit/s symmetric at 10 km with fixed WiMAX and a high gain antenna. It is also important to consider that a throughput of 2 Mbit/s can mean 2 Mbit/s, symmetric simultaneously, 1 Mbit/s symmetric or some asymmetric mix (e. g. 0. 5 Mbit/s downlink and 1. 5 Mbit/s uplink or 1. 5 Mbit/s downlink and 0. 5 Mbit/s uplink, each of which required slightly different network equipment and configurations. Higher-gain directional antennas can be used with a Mobile WiMAX network with range and throughput benefits but the obvious loss of practical mobility.

Like most wireless systems, available bandwidth is shared between users in a given radio sector, so performance could deteriorate in the case of many active users in a single sector. In practice, many users will have a range of 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 10- or 12 Mbit/s services and additional radio cards will be added to the base station to increase the capacity as required.

Because of this, various granular and distributed network architectures are being incorporated into WiMAX through independent development and within the 802.16j mobile multi-hop relay (MMR) task group. The IEEE 80216 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards, which was established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999 aims to prepare formal specifications This includes wireless mesh, grids, network remote station repeaters which can extend networks and connect to backhaul. A wireless mesh network ( WMN) is a communications network made up of Radio nodes organized in a mesh topology.

Silicon implementations

A critical requirement for the success of a new technology is the availability of low-cost chipsets and silicon implementations.

Intel is a leader in promoting WiMAX, and has developed its own chipset. However, it is notable that most of the major semiconductor companies have to date been more cautious of involvement and most of the solutions come from specialist smaller or start-up suppliers. For the client-side these include ApaceWave, GCT Semiconductor, Altair Semiconductor, Beceem, Comsys, Runcom, Motorola with TI, NextWave, Sequans, Redpine signals, Wavesat, Coresonic & SySDSoft. NextWave Wireless Inc ( is a global supplier of advanced Mobile broadband and wireless multimedia products and technologies to mobile device and consumer electronics Both Sequans and Wavesat manufacture solutions for both clients and network while TI, DesignArt, and picoChip are focused on WiMAX chip sets for base stations. picoChip is a venture-backed Fabless semiconductor company based in Bath England, founded in 2000 The large number of suppliers during introduction phase of WiMAX demonstrates the low entry barriers for IPR.

Standards

The current WiMAX incarnation, Mobile WiMAX, is based upon IEEE Std 802. 16e-2005,[14] approved in December 2005. It is an amendment of IEEE Std 802. 16-2004,[15] and so the actual standard is 802. 16-2004 as amended by 802. 16e-2005 — the specifications need to be read together to understand them.

IEEE Std 802. 16-2004 addresses only fixed systems. It replaced IEEE Standards 802. 16-2001, 802. 16c-2002, and 802. 16a-2003.

IEEE 802. 16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 802. 16-2004 by:

802. 16d vendors point out that fixed WiMAX offers the benefit of available commercial products and implementations optimized for fixed access. It is a popular standard among alternative service providers and operators in developing areas due to its low cost of deployment and advanced performance in a fixed environment. Fixed WiMAX is also seen as a potential standard for backhaul of wireless base stations such as cellular, Wi-Fi or even Mobile WiMAX.

SOFDMA (used in 802. 16e-2005) and OFDM256 (802. 16d) are not compatible so most equipment will have to be replaced if an operator wants or needs to move to the later standard. However, some manufacturers are planning to provide a migration path for older equipment to SOFDMA compatibility which would ease the transition for those networks which have already made the OFDM256 investment. Intel provides a dual-mode 802. 16-2004 802. 16-2005 chipset for subscriber units. This affects a relatively small number users and operators.

Conformance testing

TTCN-3 test specification language is used for the purposes of specifying conformance tests for WiMAX implementations. TTCN-3 (Testing and Test Control Notation version 3 is a strongly typed test Scripting language used in Conformance testing of communicating systems and WiMAX test suite is developed by a Specialist Task Force at ETSI (STF 252). The European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI) is an independent non-for-profit Standardization organization of the Telecommunications [16]

Associations

WiMAX Forum

The WiMAX Forum is the organization dedicated to certifying the interoperability of WiMAX products. [17] Those that pass conformance and interoperability testing achieve the "WiMAX Forum Certified" designation and can display this mark on their products and marketing materials. Some vendors claim that their equipment is "WiMAX-ready", "WiMAX-compliant", or "pre-WiMAX", if they are not officially WiMAX Forum Certified.

WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance

WiSOA logo

WiSOA is the first global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum with plans to deploy WiMAX technology in those bands. WiSOA is focussed on the regulation, commercialisation, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in the 2. 3–2. 5 GHz and the 3. 4–3. 5 GHz ranges. WiSOA are dedicated to educating and informing its members, industry representatives and government regulators of the importance of WiMAX spectrum, its use, and the potential for WiMAX to revolutionise broadband. [18]

Competing technologies

Speed vs. Mobility of wireless systems: Wi-Fi, HSPA, UMTS, GSM
Speed vs. Mobility of wireless systems: Wi-Fi, HSPA, UMTS, GSM

Within the marketplace, WiMAX's main competition comes from existing widely deployed wireless systems such as UMTS and CDMA2000, as well as a number of Internet oriented systems such as HIPERMAN and WiBro. Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the CDMA2000 is a hybrid 25G / 3G technology of mobile Telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for Digital HiperMAN stands for High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network and is a standard created by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI) Broadband WiBro ( Wi reless Bro adband is a Wireless broadband Internet technology being developed by the South Korean telecoms industry

3G cellular phone systems usually benefit from already having entrenched infrastructure, being upgraded from earlier systems. Users can usually fall back to older systems when they move out of range of upgraded equipment, often relatively seamlessly.

The major cellular standards are being evolved to so-called 4G, high bandwidth, low latency, all-IP networks with voice services built on top. 4G (also known as Beyond 3G) an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications With GSM/UMTS, the move to 4G is the 3GPP Long Term Evolution effort. LTE (Long Term Evolution is the next major step in mobile radio communications and will be introduced in 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) Release 8 For AMPS/TIA derived standards such as CDMA2000, a replacement called Ultra Mobile Broadband is under development. TiA (born June 11, 1987 in Yokohama, Japan) is a Japanese Singer, famous for her UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband is the brand name for the project within 3GPP2 to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements In both cases, existing air interfaces are being discarded, in favour of OFDMA for the downlink and a variety of OFDM based solutions for the uplink, much akin to WiMAX.

In some areas of the world the wide availability of UMTS and a general desire for standardization has meant spectrum has not been allocated for WiMAX: in July 2005, the EU-wide frequency allocation for WiMAX was blocked. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) is a technology being developed by IEEE 802.20 and is aimed at wireless mobile broadband for operations from 120 to 350 km/h. IEEE 80220 or Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA is an IEEE Standard to enable worldwide deployment of multi-vendor interoperable mobile broadband wireless access The 802. 20 standard committee was first to define many of the methods which were later funneled into Mobile WiMAX, including high speed dynamic modulation and similar scalable OFDMA capabilities. It apparently retains fast hand-off, Forward Error Correction (FEC) and cell edge enhancements.

The Working Group was temporarily suspended in mid 2006 by the IEEE-SA Standards Board since it had been the subject of a number of appeals, and a preliminary investigation of one of these "revealed a lack of transparency, possible 'dominance,' and other irregularities in the Working Group". [19]

In September 2006 the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved a plan to enable the working group to continue under new conditions, and the standard is now expected to be finalized by Q2 2008.

Internet-oriented systems

Early WirelessMAN standards, the European standard HIPERMAN and Korean standard WiBro have been harmonized as part of WiMAX and are no longer seen as competition but as complementary. HiperMAN stands for High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network and is a standard created by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI) Broadband WiBro ( Wi reless Bro adband is a Wireless broadband Internet technology being developed by the South Korean telecoms industry All networks now being deployed in South Korea, the home of the Wibro standard, are now WiMAX.

As a short-range mobile Internet solution, such as in cafes and at transportation hubs like airports, the popular Wi-Fi 802. Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used 11b/g system is widely deployed, and provides enough coverage for some users to feel subscription to a WiMAX service is unnecessary.

Comparison

Main article: Comparison of wireless data standards

The following table should be treated with caution as it only shows peak rates which are potentially very misleading. The following is a comparison of various wireless data access standards and their performance by several different measures In addition the comparisons listed are not normalized by physical channel size (i. e. spectrum used to achieve the listed peak rates); this obfuscates spectral efficiency and net through-put capabilities of the different wireless technologies listed below.

 v • d • e 
Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods
Standard Family Primary Use Radio Tech Downlink (Mbit/s) Uplink (Mbit/s) Notes
LTE UMTS/4GSM Mobile Internet OFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA 326. LTE (Long Term Evolution is the next major step in mobile radio communications and will be introduced in 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) Release 8 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access ( OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM digital modulation scheme In Radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (pronounced mee-moh or my-moh) is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter Single-carrier FDMA ( SC-FDMA) is Frequency-division multiple access scheme 4 86. 4 LTE-Advanced update to offer over 1 Gbit/s speeds.
802.16e WiMAX Mobile Internet MIMO-SOFDMA 70 70 Quoted speeds only achievable at very short ranges, more practically 10 Mbit/s at 10 km. The IEEE 80216 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards, which was established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999 aims to prepare formal specifications
HIPERMAN HIPERMAN Mobile Internet OFDM 56. HiperMAN stands for High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network and is a standard created by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI) Broadband Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing ( OFDM) — essentially identical to Coded OFDM ( COFDM) and Discrete multi-tone modulation ( 9 56. 9
WiBro WiBro Mobile Internet OFDMA 50 50 Mobile range (900 m)
iBurst iBurst 802. WiBro ( Wi reless Bro adband is a Wireless broadband Internet technology being developed by the South Korean telecoms industry Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access ( OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM digital modulation scheme iBurst (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access is a wireless broadband technology developed by ArrayComm. 20 Mobile Internet HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO 64 64 3–12 km
EDGE Evolution GSM Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD 1. iBurst (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access is a wireless broadband technology developed by ArrayComm. Time-Division Duplex ( TDD) is the application of Time-division multiplexing to separate outward and return signals In Radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (pronounced mee-moh or my-moh) is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ( EDGE) Enhanced GPRS ( EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier ( IMT-SC) GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the This article is about the medium access technology The name "TDMA" is also commonly used in the United States to refer to D-AMPS, which is a mobile telephone A duplex Communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions 9 0. 9 3GPP Release 7
UMTS W-CDMA
HSDPA+HSUPA
HSPA+		 UMTS/3GSM Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD

CDMA/FDD/MIMO		 0. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation ( 3G High-Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA) is a 3G (third generation Mobile telephony Communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA is a 3G Mobile telephony protocol in the HSPA family with up-link speeds up to 5 Code division multiple access ( CDMA) is a Channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies A duplex Communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions In Radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (pronounced mee-moh or my-moh) is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter 384
14. 4
42		 0. 384
5. 76
11. 5		 HSDPA widely deployed. A list of High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA networks worldwide Typical downlink rates today 1–2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 42 Mbit/s. High-Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA) is a 3G (third generation Mobile telephony Communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet
UMTS-TDD UMTS/3GSM Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 16 Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA
1xRTT CDMA2000 Mobile phone CDMA 0. UMTS-TDD is a mobile data network standard built upon the UMTS 3G cellular mobile phone standard using a TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, or other 3GPP-approved Code division multiple access ( CDMA) is a Channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies Time-Division Duplex ( TDD) is the application of Time-division multiplexing to separate outward and return signals High-Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA) is a 3G (third generation Mobile telephony Communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA is a 3G Mobile telephony protocol in the HSPA family with up-link speeds up to 5 CDMA2000 is a hybrid 25G / 3G technology of mobile Telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for Digital CDMA2000 is a hybrid 25G / 3G technology of mobile Telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for Digital Code division multiple access ( CDMA) is a Channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies 144 0. 144 Succeeded by EV-DO
EV-DO 1x Rev. Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as EV-DO or EVDO and often EV, is a Telecommunications standard for the  0
EV-DO 1x Rev. A
EV-DO Rev. B		 CDMA2000 Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD 2. Code division multiple access ( CDMA) is a Channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies A duplex Communication system is a system composed of two connected parties or devices which can communicate with one another in both directions 45
3. 1
4. 9xN		 0. 15
1. 8
1. 8xN		 Rev B note: N is the number of 1. 25 MHz chunks of spectrum used. Not yet deployed.

Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennae, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e. g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. Spectral efficiency, spectrum efficiency or bandwidth efficiency refers to the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards. The following is a comparison of various wireless data access standards and their performance by several different measures

Future development

Mobile WiMAX based upon 802. 16e-2005 has been accepted as IP-OFDMA for inclusion as the sixth wireless link system under IMT-2000. This can hasten acceptance by regulatory authorities and operators for use in cellular spectrum. WiMAX II, 802. 16m will be proposed for IMT-Advanced 4G.

The goal for the long term evolution of both WiMAX and LTE is to achieve 100 Mbit/s mobile and 1 Gbit/s fixed-nomadic bandwidth as set by ITU for 4G NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Network) systems through the adaptive use of MIMO-AAS and smart, granular network topologies. 3GPP LTE and WiMAX-m are concentrating much effort on MIMO-AAS, mobile multi-hop relay networking and related developments needed to deliver 10X and higher Co-Channel reuse multiples.

Since the evolution of core air-link technologies has approached the practical limits imposed by Shannon's Theorem, the evolution of wireless has embarked on pursuit of the 3X to 10X+ greater bandwidth and network efficiency by advances in the spatial and smart wireless broadband networking technologies. In Information theory, the noisy-channel coding theorem establishes that however contaminated with noise interference a communication channel may be it is possible to communicate

Interference

A field test conducted by SUIRG (Satellite Users Interference Reduction Group) with support from the U. S. Navy, the Global VSAT Forum, and several member organizations yielded conclusive results on the incompatibility of WiMAX systems and satellites sharing the C-band. [20]

The WiMAX Forum has not answered yet.

Current deployments

Networks

Main article: List of deployed WiMAX networks

The WiMAX Forum now lists over 350 WiMAX trials and deployments. This is a list of deployed WiMAX networks and the bands they use Current and planned deployments and the bands in which they operate and the standards they use are listed in the above article.

Terminals

This is a list of WiMAX final user terminals: [21]


By territory

Europe

Commissin Decision of 2008-05-21 on the harmonisation of the 3400-3800 MHz frequency band for terrestrial systems capable of providing electronic communications services in the Community. [25]

It includes:

Germany

German Federal Network Agency has begun assigning frequencies for wireless Internet access in the band 3400 to 3600 MHz (in some places up to 3800 MHz). [27]

See also

References

  1. ^ WiMAX World Europe: Motorola WiMAX Wins Pakistan’s Wateen. ASUSTeK Computer Incorporated (Asus () ( is a Taiwan -based multinational company that produces Motherboards Graphics cards Optical drives Wireless Broadband is a fairly new technology that provides high-speed Wireless internet and data network access over a wide area Customer-premises equipment or customer-provided equipment ( CPE) is any terminal and associated Equipment located at a Subscriber Huawei Technologies Co Ltd ( in Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China is the largest networking and telecommunications equipment supplier This is a list of deployed WiMAX networks and the bands they use Mobile broadband is the name used to describe various types of Wireless high-speed internet access through a portable Modem, Telephone or Mobile VoIP is an extension of mobility to a VoIP Voice over IP network Municipal broadband deployments are Broadband Internet access service provided either fully or partially by local government A switched mesh is a Wireless mesh network that uses multiple radios to communicate via dedicated mesh Backhaul links to each neighboring WiBro ( Wi reless Bro adband is a Wireless broadband Internet technology being developed by the South Korean telecoms industry WLL redirects here Not to be confused with Weight Load Limit the maximum weight that a given apparatus can bear Wireless local loop (WLL is a term for the use of a wireless ZTE (Chinese：中兴通讯 ( Z hong Xing T elecommunication E quipment Company Limited is a global provider of telecommunications equipment and network telecommagazine. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
  2. ^ Wateen Telecom Launches WiMAX to 17 Cities in Pakistan in Nine Months. Motorola. Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
  3. ^ IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN Standard: Myths and Facts. ieee802. org. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  4. ^ "FCC Pushes WIMax OK for Katrina Victims, Intel supplies the hardware", mobilemag. com. Retrieved on 2008-01-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army  
  5. ^ 4G Mobile Broadband. sprint. com. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  6. ^ Sprint Eyes WiMax Backhaul. lightreading. com. Retrieved on 2008-03-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor.
  7. ^ WiMax signals get stronger in India. eetimes. com. Retrieved on 2008-03-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor.
  8. ^ The Access Service Network in WiMAX: The Role of ASN-GW. mustafaergen. com. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  9. ^ Practical tips on making WiMAX field measurements, Part 1. rfdesignline. com. Retrieved on 2008-03-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6.
  10. ^ U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart. Department of Commerce. The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting Economic growth Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  11. ^ Auctions Schedule. FCC. Retrieved on 2008-01-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
  12. ^ "European Commission proposes TV spectrum for WiMax", zdnetasia. com. Retrieved on 2008-01-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army  
  13. ^ ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new developments for its 3G standards. itu. int. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  14. ^ IEEE 802.16e Task Group (Mobile WirelessMAN®). ieee802. org. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  15. ^ IEEE 802.16 Task Group d. ieee802. org. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  16. ^ HiperMAN / WiMAX Testing. ETSI. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI) is an independent non-for-profit Standardization organization of the Telecommunications Retrieved on 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
  17. ^ WiMAX Forum — Frequently Asked Questions. wimaxforum. org. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  18. ^ WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance (WiSOA). wisoa. net. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  19. ^ Status of 802.20. ieee. org. Retrieved on 2008-03-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving
  20. ^ SUIRG full interference test report. suirg. org. Retrieved on 2008-03-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king
  21. ^ WiMAX Forum Certified Product Registry. WiMAX Forum. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  22. ^ Mobile WiMAX to eclipse fixed WiMAX. telecom. globalsources. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  23. ^ Motorola will license WiMAX reference designs. wimaxday. net. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
  24. ^ Samsung unveils wimax terminal newbies. wimaxday. net. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
  25. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/radio_spectrum/docs/in_transit/bwa/bwa_en.pdf
  26. ^ http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/radio_spectrum/docs/policy_outline/decision_6762002/en.pdf
  27. ^ Federal Network Agency begins assigning frequencies for wireless Internet access. bundesnetzagentur. de. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected

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