White nose syndrome is a poorly understood condition associated with the deaths of thousands of bats. The condition, named for a distinctive ring of fungal growth around the muzzles of many affected animals, was first identified in several caves near Albany, New York in January 2007[1] but has spread to other New York caves and into Vermont and Massachusetts in 2008. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long branching filamentous cell of a Fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. [2]
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Possible causes
The fungus involved in white nose syndrome has been identified as belonging to the genus Fusarium, usually associated with plants. Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous Fungi widely distributed in soil and in association with plants The fungal growth may be an opportunistic infection, rather than the actual cause of the condition. An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by Pathogens that usually do not cause disease in a healthy Immune system. A loss of winter fat stores[3], pneumonia,[4] and the disruption of hibernation and feeding cycles caused by warm and variable winter weather[5] have all been suggested as causes or contributing factors.
Because no one yet knows how the condition spreads, cave management and preservation organizations have been requesting that cavers limit their activities and disinfect clothing and equipment that has been used in possibly infected caves. [6] In some cases, access to caves is being closed entirely. [5] Despite these efforts, the spread of the disease to Aeolus Cave, New England's largest hibernaculum, which has had limited human access since 2004, "complicates" the theory that human activity is directly contributing to the condition. Hibernaculum plural form hibernacula (Latin "tent for winter quarters" is a word used in zoology to refer to a place of abode in which a creature lives during the [7] As of March 2008, the disease has spread to western Massachusetts and northwestern Connecticut. The migratory nature of bats also threatens to spread the malady throughout the northeastern United States. [8]
Impact
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation expert Alan Hicks has described the impact as "unprecedented" and "the gravest threat to bats . The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ( NYSDEC or DEC) is responsible for the conservation improvement and protection of Natural resources . . ever seen. "[9] The mortality rate in some caves has exceeded 90 percent. [10][11] At greatest risk is the endangered Indiana bat, whose primary hibernaculum in New York has been affected. The Indiana bat ( Myotis sodalis) is a medium-sized gray black or chestnut bat listed as an Endangered species by the U [12] Deaths of eastern pipistrelles, northern long-eared myotis and little brown bats have also been attributed to the condition. The Eastern Pipistrelle ( Perimyotis subflavus) is a species of Bat that is widely distributed throughout the eastern parts of North America, ranging Northern long-eared bats ( Myotis septentrionalis) are small Bats typically 5-10 g and 84 mm in total length. The little brown bat (sometimes called little brown myotis) ( Myotis lucifugus) is one of the most common Bats of North America, a Species [13] The long-term impact of the reduction in bat populations may be an increase in insects, possibly even leading to crop damage or other economic impact in New England. [10]
Comparisons have been raised to colony collapse disorder, another poorly-understood phenomenon resulting in the abrupt disappearance of Western honey bee colonies. Colony Collapse Disorder (or CCD) is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive or Western honey bee colony abruptly disappear [1][14]
References
- ^ a b Hill, Michael. "Bat Deaths in NY, Vt. Baffle Experts", Associated Press, 2008-01-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ "Bat affliction found in Vermont and Massachusetts caves", Newsday. com, 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Unidentified Ailment Threatens Bat Populations (pdf). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2008-02-14). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Barid, Joel Banner. "Bat deaths defy diagnosis", Burlington Free Press, 2008-02-02. The Burlington Free Press is a daily Newspaper based in Burlington Vermont, in the United States. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ a b Munger, Edward, Jr. . "Group asking cavers to keep out", Daily Gazette, 2008-02-14. The Daily Gazette is an independently-owned daily newspaper based in Schenectady, New York. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Something is killing our bats: The white-nose syndrome mystery. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Waller, John. "Disease in Dorset bat cave", Manchester Journal, 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
- ^ "Mysterious illness killing bats in Northeast prompts precautions as wildlife researchers search for answers", New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2008-02-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Shapley, Dan. ""The Gravest Threat to Bats Ever Seen"", The Daily Green, 2008-02-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ a b Daley, Beth. "Die-off of bats could hurt area crops", The Boston Globe, 2008-02-07. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Kelley, Tina. "Bats Perish, and No One Knows Why", The New York Times, 2008-03-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Retrieved on 2008-03-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6.
- ^ "Unexplained "White Nose" Disease Killing Northeast Bats", Environment News Service, 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Zangla, Ariel. "Bats in Ulster County affected by large die-off", Daily Freeman, 2008-02-03. The Daily Freeman is a seven-day-a-week morning newspaper in Kingston New York, the Ulster County seat 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
- ^ Mann, Bryan. "Northeast Bat Die-Off Mirrors Honeybee Collapse" (audio), All Things Considered, National Public Radio, 2008-02-19. All Things Considered (ATC is a news radio program in the United States broadcast on the National Public Radio network 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
External links
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