Part of a series of articles on Racial Segregation

White Australia policy South African Apartheid Antisemitism Jewish Pale of Settlement May Laws Segregation in the US Black Codes Jim Crow laws Redlining Racial steering Blockbusting White flight Black flight Gentrification Sundown towns Proposition 14 Indian Appropriations Indian Reservation Japanese American internment Immigration Act of 1924 Separate but equal Ghettos This box: view • talk • edit

White flight is a term for the demographic trend where working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs. The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border in which The May Laws were anti-Jewish regulations enacted on May 15 (May 3 O Racial segregation in the United States is the Racial segregation of facilities services and opportunities such as housing education employment and transportation along The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services such as Banking, Insurance, access to jobs access to health care or even Supermarkets Racial steering refers to the practice in which Real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain Neighborhoods based on their race Blockbusting was a practice used by Real estate agents and developers in the United States to encourage white property owners to sell their homes by giving the impression that Black flight is a term recently applied to the movement of African Americans from predominately black or mixed inner city areas to Suburban areas and outlying Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class A sundown town is a Neologism invented in 2005 by James Loewen to refer to a community in the United States where non- whites — especially California Proposition 14 was an amendment to the constitution of the state of California promoted by segregationists who wanted to nullify the Rumford The Indian Appropriations Act is the name of several acts passed by the United States Congress. An Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American Tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau Japanese American internment refers to the forcible relocation and Internment of approximately 110000 Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans to housing The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson-Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act, (43 Statutes-at-Large 153 was a United Separate But Equal is a 1991 American Television movie depicting the landmark Supreme Court Desegregation case A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government Marketing or opinion research or the Demographic profiles Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. A commuter town is an urban community that is primarily residential from which most of the Workforce commute out to earn their livelihood ^[1][2] The phenomenon was first named in the United States, but has occurred in other countries as well. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Some scholars have noted the impact of redlining, mortgage discrimination, and racially restrictive covenants on white flight: these factors denied or increased the cost of services, such as banking and insurance, to residents in minority suburbs and minority inner-city neighborhoods. Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services such as Banking, Insurance, access to jobs access to health care or even Supermarkets Mortgage discrimination or mortgage lending discrimination is the practice of banks governments or other lending institutions denying Loans to one or more groups The social situation in the French suburbs, known as Banlieues ' is a complex topic The inner city is the central area of a major city or metropolis ^[3][4] Some social scientists suggest that the historical processes of suburbanization and decentralization are instances of white privilege that have contributed to contemporary patterns of environmental racism. Suburbanization (or suburbanisation) is a term used to describe the process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe White privilege is a sociological concept that describes advantages purportedly enjoyed by white persons beyond that which is commonly experienced by non-white people in Environmental racism refers to intentional or unintentional Racial discrimination in the enforcement of environmental rules and regulations the intentional or unintentional ^[5] In some of the largest cities in the United States, the trend started to reverse itself in the 1990s through a process called gentrification. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class

White flight in the United States

White flight has taken place in nearly every major American city,^[6] especially since the end of World-War II and the ensuing economic and baby booms. This is a list of the cities towns and villages of the United States. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including As is often the case after a major war the end of World War II brought a Baby boom to many countries notably those in Europe, Asia, North America A variety of factors during this period allowed for the explosive growth of suburbs and demographic change in cities, including the creation of high-speed highways and suburban parkways, which greatly reduced the travel time between suburbs and downtowns and bypassed some city neighborhoods. ^[7]

The effects of the phenomenon have been significant, particularly in the cities of Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Detroit, Los Angeles, San Diego, California, Santa Ana, California, Washington DC, Memphis, Houston, Dallas, Cleveland, St. Louis, Milwaukee, Miami, Newark and New Orleans, all of which lost more than half of their white populations; but it has affected every metropolitan area in the United States. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Founded in 1869 Santa Ana ( is the most populous city in Orange County California and is the County seat and a city of about 353184 people. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Newark is the largest city in New Jersey, United States and the County seat of Essex County. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas|Table of United States Core Based Statistical AreasIn the United States, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB has produced ^[8]

History

In the years after World War II, many white Americans began to move away from inner cities to newer suburban communities. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Major cities had experienced tight housing markets during the war years along with an influx of blacks seeking war work. High minority crime rates, economic and social pressure as well as the popularity of the automobile all contributed to white flight. Whites also left the city because they thought that suburban communities, with their new housing stock and open spaces, were more desirable places to live, and due to economic conditions or racial discrimination, blacks were frequently unable to follow. ^[7] White flight was made easier by state and federal governments paying for highways to carry suburbanites to work in cities where the jobs remained (the National Defense and Interstate Highway Act and its successors). ^[9] The creation of these highways in some cases divided and isolated black neighborhoods from goods and services, many times within industrial corridors. For example Birmingham’s interstate highway system attempted to maintain the racial boundaries that had been established by the city’s 1926 racial zoning law. Birmingham (ˈbɝmɪŋhæm is the largest City in the US state of Alabama and is the County seat of Jefferson County. The construction of interstate highways through black neighborhoods in the city led to significant population loss in those neighborhoods and is associated with an increase in neighborhood racial segregation. ^[10]

Blockbusting

Main article: Blockbusting

Another important aspect of this migration was the phenomenon of "blockbusting". Blockbusting was a practice used by Real estate agents and developers in the United States to encourage white property owners to sell their homes by giving the impression that Real estate agents would facilitate the sale of a house in a white neighborhood to a black family by subterfuge, often buying the house themselves, or using a white proxy and reselling, perhaps at a reduced price, to the black family. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom A panic, fanned by the real estate agents and the media, would then ensue among some white homeowners, who feared that their property values would drop — which they did as soon as they began selling in large numbers, generating large commissions for the agents. The real estate agents would then sell at higher prices to the incoming black families, reaping the profits of the price difference as well as the sales commissions. It was not uncommon for the racial makeup of a neighborhood to be completely changed in the space of a few years by this process. ^[11]

Urban decay

Main article: Urban decay

Broken Promises:John Fekner © 1980 Charlotte Street Stencils South Bronx, New York. Urban decay is a process by which a City, or a part of a city falls into a state of disrepair John Fekner (b NYC) is a street and Multimedia artist who in the 1970s created hundreds of environmental and conceptual outdoor works consisting The South Bronx is a region of the New York City Borough of The Bronx. Although it has since been revitalized, the South Bronx became a famous example of urban decay and abandonment in the 70s and 80s.

Urban decay is a process by which a city, or a part of a city, falls into a state of disrepair. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status It may be accelerated by white flight away from the area. It is characterized by depopulation, property abandonment, high unemployment, fragmented families, political disenfranchisement, crime, and desolate and unfriendly urban landscapes. Depopulation is a term used to describe any great reduction in a human population Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Disenfranchisement or disfranchisement is the revocation of the right of Suffrage (the right to vote to a person or group of people or rendering a person's vote In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Urban decay was associated with Western cities, especially North America and parts of Europe during the 1970s and 1980s. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. During this time period major changes in global economies, transportation, and government policies created conditions that fostered urban decay. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another ^[12] Many North American cities have experienced an outflux of population to city suburbs or exurbs, as in the case of white flight. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. A commuter town is an urban community that is primarily residential from which most of the Workforce commute out to earn their livelihood ^[7]

Governmental aspects of white flight

Due to the nature of American local governmental structure, white flight enabled people who moved into the suburbs to create new municipalities outside the jurisdiction of the original city, without any legacy costs of maintaining existing infrastructure. Legacy costs is a term formed by analogy with the computer industry's Legacy systems. However, this was balanced by the need to enhance the suburban infrastructure to support the larger immigrant population. For example, new schools, roads, water and sewer lines, and firehouses had to be built.

The federal government contributed to the early decay of inner city neighborhoods and white flight by withholding mortgage capital and making it difficult for these neighborhoods to attract and retain families able to purchase homes. By manipulating market incentives, the federal government drew middle-class whites to the suburbs. ^[13]

By the enactment of restrictive zoning, these new entities could ensure that few poor (or in some cases middle-class) emigrants could afford to move into their enclaves. Zoning is a term used in Urban planning for a system of land-use Regulation in various parts of the world including North America the United Kingdom Such municipalities were incorporated by the hundreds on the peripheries of cities. The details varied according to state statutes and local politics. Milwaukee, for example, was able to annex parts of surrounding towns, including the former Town of Granville and thus expand to a greater extent than many landlocked cities (then-Mayor Frank P. Zeidler inveighed against the destructive effect of the "Iron Ring" of new municipalities incorporated in the post-World War II decade^[14]). The definitions of the political subdivisions of the US State of Wisconsin differ from those in some other countries or even other U Granville was a town located in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. One portion was incorporated as the Village of Brown Deer in 1955 Frank P Zeidler ( September 20 1912 &ndash July 7 2006) was an American Socialist and Mayor of Milwaukee At the same time, many semi-rural areas such as Oak Creek, South Milwaukee and Franklin incorporated to escape annexation during this era, after state laws were changed to allow such incorporation by non-urban regions near Milwaukee which did not fit the traditional minimum standards for incorporation. Oak Creek is a city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. South Milwaukee is a city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. Franklin is a city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. ^[15][16]

Schools and busing

Main article: Desegregation busing

White flight has also had an impact on education. Desegregation busing in the United States (also known as forced busing or busing) is the practice of attempting to integrate schools by assigning students to The landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education ordered the desegregation of schools. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954 was a Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier American cities witnessed growing disparities in the quality of education. The Supreme Court subsequently mandated in the 1971 decision of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education the institution of busing of black students to mainly formerly all-white schools in the suburbs, and vice versa. Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 US 1 ( 1971) was an important United States Supreme Court case dealing with the Desegregation busing in the United States (also known as forced busing or busing) is the practice of attempting to integrate schools by assigning students to Beginning in the mid-1970s, some minority students (especially blacks) were transported miles from poorer core cities to newer affluent suburbs. As Justice William Douglas observed in his dissent in Milliken v. Bradley (1974), "The inner core of Detroit is now rather solidly black; and the blacks, we know, in many instances are likely to be poorer…" A similar 1977 Federal decision, Penick v The Columbus Board of Education, accelerated white flight from Columbus, Ohio to its suburbs. William Orville Douglas ( October 16, 1898 – January 19, 1980) was a United States Supreme Court Associate Justice. Milliken v Bradley, 418 US 717 ( 1974) was an important United States Supreme Court case dealing with the planned Desegregation busing Columbus is the Capital and the largest city of the US state of Ohio. According to sociologist Cardell K. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Jacobson, opposition to integration was strongest among people who did not themselves have children in public schools, and in particular among those who already had children in parochial schools. ^[17][18]

Busing and desegregation orders in education had also led to a further, non-geographical white flight: out of the public school systems subject to desegregation orders, and into private schools. For example, in 1970, when a federal court ordered desegregation of the public schools of the Pasadena Unified School District (in Pasadena, California), the proportion of white students in those schools reflected the proportion of whites in the community, 54 percent and 53 percent, respectively. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The US District Court for the Central District of California (commonly referred to as the CDCA CACD or C The Pasadena Unified School District is a Unified school district that is responsible for the schools of Pasadena, California. Pasadena ( is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. After desegregation began, a large number of whites in the upper and middle classes could afford private schooling and so pulled their children from mixed public schools. As a result, by 2004 Pasadena was home to sixty-three private schools, which educated one-third of all school-aged children in the city, and the proportion of white students in the public schools had fallen to 16 percent. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The superintendent of Pasadena USD characterized them as being to whites "like the bogey-man"^[19] and mounted policy changes and a publicity drive to induce affluent whites to put their children back into the public schools.

White flight frequently had the effect of dramatically altering the racial demographics of public school systems in relatively short periods of time. For example, Baltimore's Clifton Park Junior High School had 2,023 whites and 34 blacks just after desegregation; 10 years later, it had 2,037 blacks and 12 whites. Garrison Junior High School in Northwest Baltimore went from 2,504 whites and 12 blacks to 297 whites and 1,263 blacks in the same period. ^[20]

White flight in recent decades

Some parts of the New York and Los Angeles metropolitan areas with emerging Latin American and Asian populations are experiencing a new phenomenon where "white flight" neighborhoods that became mostly black in population are now experiencing a black flight by blacks as new immigrants move in. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Asian or Asiatic is a Demonym for people from Asia. However the use of the term varies by country and person often referring to people from a particular Black flight is a term recently applied to the movement of African Americans from predominately black or mixed inner city areas to Suburban areas and outlying ^[21][22]

The major 12th Street Riot in Detroit in 1967 and during the following year, after the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., contributed to white flight in that city. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Now, the city of Detroit is over 80% black; a majority of its neighboring suburbs, such as Livonia, Dearborn, and Warren, are predominantly white. Livonia is a city located in the northwest part of Wayne County in the U Dearborn is a city in the US state of Michigan. It is located in the Detroit metropolitan area and Wayne County, and is the tenth largest Warren is a city in Macomb County in the US state of Michigan. ^[23]

White Flight in California

California is the U. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. S. ' most diverse state in terms of racial and ethnic makeup, and in the 2000 US census, non-Hispanic whites became a minority for the first time in state history (less than 50 percent) of the population, but African-Americans aren't the sole minority in the state where 8 percent of the people are black. A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants Additionally, Hispanics form the largest minority group in California. Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically

White flight in Southern California

The forces and groups involved in white flight in Southern California are distinct from those in other areas due to the region's demography and history. Many whites once lived in urban neighborhoods in Los Angeles before departing the city in large numbers after the 1965 Watts Riots. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The term Watts Riots refers to a large-scale Race riot which lasted six days in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles California, in August This trend actually began before the riots but it accelerated in their wake. The 1992 L.A. Riots produced a similar reaction across the Los Angeles metropolitan area, but included a massive influx of lower-income African-Americans leaving the city. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The Los Angeles riots of 1992, also known as the Rodney King uprising or the Rodney King riots, were sparked on April 29, 1992 when a jury

The most common minority group in California and the western US are Mexican American and other Latin American groups, most of them arrived through immigration, either legally or illegally, since the 1970s into the Los Angeles area and across Southern or Central California. See also History of Mexican-Americans Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican ancestry In the late 20th century, white Anglos (non-Hispanics) increasingly moved out of the L. A. metro area while the population and percentage of Latino/Hispanic residents increased and the unincorporated town of East Los Angeles and eastern ends of L. See also East Los Angeles (region East Los Angeles (often shortened to East L A. city proper, the historic inner city district for Mexican and other Hispanic Americans grew larger and more apparent.

In addition, during the 1990s and 2000s, many blacks have continued to move out of the historically African American communities (some which now have Latino majorities due to high rates of immigrants from Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean) such as Inglewood and Compton to inland communities such as Fontana, Rialto, Moreno Valley, Palmdale, Orange County, and Ventura County. Inglewood is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County California, southwest of downtown Los Angeles. Compton is a city located in Southern Los Angeles County California, USA, south-southeast of downtown Los Angeles. The Inland Empire is a region mainly located in the Riverside and San Bernardino counties of Southern California and generally encompasses the Fontana ( is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Rialto is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. Moreno Valley is a city located in Riverside County California. Palmdale, the first community within the Antelope Valley to incorporate as a city (on August 24, 1962 Orange County is a county in Southern California, United States. Ventura County is a county in the southern part of the US state of California ( Southern California) ^[24] (See black flight. Black flight is a term recently applied to the movement of African Americans from predominately black or mixed inner city areas to Suburban areas and outlying )

In San Diego, the pattern of white Anglo flight from the city to neighboring suburbs to the east and north since the 1950s has reversed in the 1990s by gentrified sections of downtown and coastal sections of the city, but the once mostly African-American East side and mainly Hispanic south side are becoming more white due to real estate buyouts of previous owners' homes. Southern San Diego (i. e. Chula Vista, National City and Imperial Beach along with the border entry San Ysidro) has recently become a popular location for white Anglo home buyers, though black Americans, and Latino and Asian immigrants outnumbered whites in these cities in the late 20th century. Chula Vista ( is a city in southern San Diego County, California, United States. National City is a city in San Diego County, California, United States. Imperial Beach is a city in San Diego County, California, United States. Nevertheless, San Diego has the lowest Hispanic population for any city in the United States on the United States-Mexico border. Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically

White flight in Northern California

Another form of white flight is also taking place in many parts of Northern California, such as the western suburbs of San Jose, California. Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. White flight, though taking place at a slower pace, is also affecting high-income upper-class neighborhoods that are becoming increasingly Asian American. Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian ^[25] In this case, however, the white flight does not result in socio-economic problems for the affected communities. The influx of non-whites whose socio-economic status is at least as high, if not higher, than that of previous white residents compensates for the loss in white population. Furthermore this trend tends to affect upscale enclaves such as Cupertino, Saratoga or, in Southern California San Marino. Cupertino (ˌkuːpɚˈtiːnoʊ is a Suburban city in Santa Clara County, California, U Saratoga (ˌsærəˈtoʊgə is a city in Santa Clara County, California, USA. San Marino is an affluent city in Los Angeles County, California, USA. These cities are expected to have income grow significantly and become more upper-class than they are today.

San Francisco and nearby Oakland are the only two US major cities where whites grew more in percentage, despite Oakland has the largest percentage of African-Americans (over 30 percent, down from 50% in the 1980 census) in the western US (west of Texas). The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U After 60 years of a large black American percentage, Oakland is again fashionable for wealthy whites, while many lower-middle class blacks relocated out of Oakland to nearby areas (Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Solano and Stanislaus counties) are popular destinations for African-American middle class home buyers in the last 20 years to boost the counties' black percentages. Contra Costa County ( Spanish for "opposite coast" is a suburban county in the San Francisco Bay Area of the U San Joaquin County is a county located in Central Valley of the U Solano County is a County located in Bay-Delta region of the U Stanislaus County is a County located in the Central Valley of the state of California, between Stockton and Fresno.

And San Francisco's formerly all-black, as well previously Latino and even Asian-American (Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean and Southeast Asian) ethnic sections has transformed into reclaimed: white areas: their homes are purchased by upper-income professional white home buyers during the region's real estate booms in the 1990s and 2000s. The majority of San Francisco bay area's Asians live in San Mateo County instead of the city, while more head to the San Jose/Santa Clara and east Bay areas, and even to the Sonoma and Napa Valley areas. San Mateo County ( "san muh-TAY-o") ( Spanish for: St Sonoma County, located on the northern coast of California, is one of the northernmost counties of the nine county Greater San Francisco Bay Area, U Napa County is a County located north of the San Francisco Bay Area in the U

Sacramento, the state capital with a more social conservative flavor than the notably social liberal San Francisco area, appears to be more racially diverse with higher percentages of black Americans (20%) and Latinos (30-40%) in their city than widely perceived "diverse" San Francisco, now over 50 percent white versus Sacramento being 30 percent. Social conservatism is a political or moral ideology that affirms the government's role in encouraging or enforcing traditional values or behaviors in the belief that these are what Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or Also some demographers placed Latinos (of any race, including "white") and some Asian-Americans identified themselves to further assimilated as "white", therefore the "white flight" issue of northern California is questionable.

Outside the United States

South Africa

The phenomenon is also found in South African cities, most notably Johannesburg, Pretoria and Durban, which saw a mass influx of Black African people into the inner cities during the final years of apartheid, and from which white people fled in great numbers to the suburbs (or out of the country altogether). The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality.

New Zealand

In some areas of New Zealand, there has been a gradual process of white flight, in response to mass urbanisation of Māori and arrivals of Pacific Islander guest workers between the 1950s and 1970s. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. Pacific Islander (or Pacific Person, pl Pacific People, also called Oceanic[s] ' is a geographic term to describe the Austronesian In Auckland the process has largely been in reverse since the 1980s, with European New Zealanders moving to previously Māori and Pacific Islander neighbourhoods such as Ponsonby, Grey Lynn and Kingsland. The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country The term New Zealand European refers to New Zealand residents of European descent who identify as New Zealand Europeans rather than some more specific European Today, inner city neighbourhoods and the CBD are amongst the most sought after and expensive realty in Auckland and indeed in NZ. Similar gentrification trends have occurred in Wellington inner city suburbs like Thorndon, Newtown, and Aro Valley. Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the

United Kingdom

The question of whether 'white flight' and racial segregation is occurring in the United Kingdom has been open to debate. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Trevor Phillips, head of the UK Commission for Equalities and Human Rights, and Dr Mike Poulsen, an Australian-based academic, have claimed that whites and ethnic minorities are becoming more segregated; however, a number of British researchers including Prof Ceri Peach, Prof Danny Dorling and Dr Ludi Simpson have argued that racial segregation is either stable or declining. For the former English professional footballer see Trevor Phillips (footballer Trevor Phillips The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC is an Non-Departmental Public Body body in Great Britain which was established by the Equality Act 2006. ^[26]

Demographic trends show evidence of simultaneous ethnic minority dispersal and segregation: in the 1980s and 1990s, minority groups grew rapidly (in percentage terms) in many suburban neighbourhoods and smaller towns that were formerly almost devoid of non-whites, but minorities also grew strongly (in numerical terms) in the inner urban districts of first immigrant settlement. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. ^[27] Simultaneously, white populations in many of these urban centres declined (over 600,000 between 1997 and 2007 in London alone), consistent with a long-term trend of counter urbanisation. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[28]

While many skilled working class/lower middle class whites have moved out of the less desirable areas of London to suburban communities in Essex, Kent and Surrey, this has been tempered, especially in Central London, by rapid gentrification. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types In developed nations across the earth the lower middle class, is a sub-division of the greater Middle class which constitutes by far the largest socio-economic class London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. The term Central London refers to the districts of London England which are considered closest to the centre Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class However, in some areas such as Newham and Brent, demographics have been skewed to the extent that white people are in a minority - a relatively new phenomenon in urban Britain. The London Borough of Newham ( is a London borough in East London, within Greater London. The London Borough of Brent ( is a London borough in north west London, UK and forms part of Outer London. ^[29]

Industrial towns and cities with large south Asian populations such as Oldham and Rochdale in Greater Manchester, Nelson, Blackburn and Burnley in Lancashire, Bradford, Dewsbury and Keighley in West Yorkshire, Slough in Berkshire, and Leicester have also experienced significant ethnic change. Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England It lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock Rochdale is a large Market town in Greater Manchester, England Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 Nelson is a town in the borough of Pendle in Lancashire, England with a population of 28998 in 2001 Blackburn ( is a large town in Lancashire, England. It lies to the north of the West Pennine Moors on the southern edge of the Ribble Valley Burnley is a large Market town in the borough of Burnley in Lancashire, England, with a population of around 73500 Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Bradford ( lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a Metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. Dewsbury is a Market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England. Keighley ( IPA /ˈkiːθli/ "Keeth-ly" is a town and Civil parish within the Metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire is a Metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of Slough ( ˈslaʊ is a Borough and Unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England. Berkshire (ˈbɑːkʃə or /ˈbɑːkʃɪə/ say Baak-shuh/-sheer sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a Home County in the South Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional Non-white minorities in these areas have experienced strong demographic growth (a result of young age structure, the high fertility rate of some minority groups, and continued immigration)^[30] gradually expanding to new districts adjacent to their areas of first settlement. A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a The total fertility rate ( TFR, sometimes also called the fertility rate, period total fertility rate (PTFR or total Since the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1922 there has been substantial Immigration from other parts of The world. Meanwhile, white communities have been moving away from these older, less attractive urban centres to suburbs and small towns, although in recent years there have been claims that some cities are experiencing an urban renaissance attracting new residents including (white) students and young professionals. Urban renaissance is a term used to describe the recent period of repopulation and regeneration of many British cities including Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff ^[31]

Australia

In Australia, comparable trends have taken place around the areas of Australia's greatest immigration inflows, particularly Sydney. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 In that city, Anglo-Celtic Australians have left the south-western suburbs in response to growing concentrations of Asian immigrants, and have relocated to outer suburban areas, notably Penrith and the northern coastal area of Gosford-Wyong. Anglo-Celtic Australian is an Ethnic or cultural category used to describe Australians with British and/or Irish ancestral origins South-western Sydney is a general term which is used to describe the metropolitan area in south-west Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Penrith is a Suburb in western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. These growth areas have remained predominantly Anglo-Celtic. ^[32] It should be noted that gentrification in Australia refers to wealthier people moving into traditionally working class, often migrant areas and renovating properties (for example, Melbourne suburbs such as Collingwood or Prahran); these areas often have not experienced anything comparable to white flight for over a century, but rather had been continuously working class until the 1970s or 80s. Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class Collingwood is an Inner city Suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Prahran (pronounced "pruh-RAN" also known colloquially as "Pran" is an Inner city Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria,

The Netherlands

Since 2004, and particularly after the murder of Theo van Gogh, large numbers of middle-class whites are leaving the Netherlands to migrate to Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Theo (or Theodore or Theodorus) van Gogh may refer to Theodore van Gogh (1822&ndash1885 father of Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The rise of ethnic violence and crime, unassimilated immigrants from Muslim nations, fears that social order is breaking down, combined with the high population density, have been cited as motives of white emigrants. ^{[33] [34]}

Gentrification

Main article: Gentrification

The opposing social trend of more prosperous social groups moving into an inner city area and displacing the existing residents is called gentrification. Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class See Gentrification#The_role of certain social groups. Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class

See also

• Ethnic succession theory
• Planned shrinkage
• Residential Segregation
• Urban decay
• Xenophobia

Notes

References

• Gamm, Gerald (1999). Urban Exodus: Why the Jews Left Boston and the Catholics Stayed Harvard University Press.
• Kruse, Kevin M. (2005), White Flight: The Strategies, Ideology, and Legacy of Segregationists in Atlanta Southern Spaces.
• Kruse, Kevin M. (2005), White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Lupton, R. and Power, A. (2004) 'Minority Ethnic Groups in Britain'. CASE-Brookings Census Brief No. 2, London: LSE.
• Seligman, Amanda I. (2005), Block by Block: Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago's West Side Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Wiese, Andrew. (2006) "African American Suburban Development in Atlanta" Southern Spaces.