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Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery near Paris, a necropolis of White Russians.
Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery near Paris, a necropolis of White Russians. Cimetiere russe017jpg|thumb|The graves of White Émigres ]] Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Cemetery, specifically the one known as Cimetière de Liers, as there are two Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

White émigré (in Russian Beloemigrant, or Белоэмигрант), is a term used to describe a Russian who emigrated from Russia in the wake of the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed Another term popular in Russia is Эмигрант первой волны (first wave émigré).

Many white émigrés were participants in the White movement or supported it, although the term is often broadly applied to anyone who may have left the country due to the change in regimes (some of them, like Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, were opposed to the Bolsheviks but had not supported the White movement, some were just apolitical), as well as to the descendants of those who left and still retain a Russian Orthodox Christian identity while living abroad. The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard The Mensheviks (Minority (Меньшевик) were a faction of the Russian Revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (the PSR the SRs, or Esers; Партия социалистов-революционеров (ПСР эсеры was a Russian The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world It should be noted that the term "white émigrés" (белоэмигранты, белая эмиграция) was much more often used in the Soviet Union where it had a strong negative connotation, than by the émigrés themselves, who preferred to call themselves simply "Russian émigrés" (русская эмиграция) or "Russian military émigrés"(русская военная эмиграция) if they participated in the White movement. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Most white émigrés left Russia from 1917 to 1920 (estimates vary between 900,000 and 2 million), although some managed to leave during the twenties and thirties or were exiled by the Soviet Government (such as, for example, philosopher Ivan Ilyin). Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin (Иван Александрович Ильин ( March 28, 1883 - December 21, 1954) was a Russian religious They spanned all classes and included military soldiers and officers, Cossacks, intellectuals of various professions, dispossessed businessmen and landowners, as well as officials of the Russian Imperial Government and various anti-Bolshevik governments of the Russian Civil War period. The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern They were not only ethnic Russians but belonged to other ethnic groups as well.

Contents

Distribution

Most émigrés initially fled from Southern Russia and Ukraine to Turkey and then moved to eastern European Slavic countries, such as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland A large number also fled to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Germany and France. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Berlin and Paris developed thrieving émigré communities. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Many civilians and military officers living or stationed in Siberia and the Russian Far East moved to Shanghai and other surrounding areas of China, Central Asia, and Eastern Turkestan, as well as Japan. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Turkestan (literally meaning "Land of the Turks" is a region in Central Asia, which today is largely inhabited by Turkic peoples. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. During and after World War II many Russian émigrés moved to the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Ideological inclinations

White émigrés were generally speaking anticommunist and did not consider the Soviet Union and its legacy to be Russian at its core. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 They consider the period of 1917 to 1991 to have been a period of occupation by the Soviet regime which was internationalist and anti-Christian. International Socialism redirects here For the journal of the same name see International Socialism (journal Proletarian internationalism is a

A significant percent of white émigrés may be described as monarchists, although many adopted a position of being "unpredetermined" ("nepredreshentsi"), believing that Russia's political structure should be determined by popular plebiscite. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita

Many white émigrés believed that their mission was to preserve the pre-revolutionary Russian culture and way of life while living abroad, in order to return this influence to Russian culture after the fall of the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

A religious mission to the outside world was another concept promoted by people such as Bishop John of Shanghai and San Francisco (canonized as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad) who said at the 1938 All-Diaspora Council:

"To the Russians abroad it has been granted to shine in the whole world with the light of Orthodoxy, so that other peoples, seeing their good deeds, might glorify our Father Who is in Heaven, and thus obtain salvation for themselves. Saint John ( Maximovitch) of Shanghai and San Francisco (1896 - 1966 was a noted Eastern Orthodox ascetic and Hierarch of the The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (Ру́сская Правосла́вная Це́рковь Заграни́цей ru Russkaya Pravoslavnaya Tserkov' Zagranitsey "

Many white émigrés also believed it was their duty to remain active in combat against the Soviet dicatorship, with the hopes of liberating Russia. This ideology was largely inspired by General Pyotr Wrangel, who said upon the White army's defeat "The battle for Russia has not ceased, it has merely taken on new forms". Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel (Пётр Николаевич Врангель (Peter von Wrangel ( August 15, 1878, Zarasai, Lithuania (then

White army veteran Captain Vasili Orekhov, publisher of the "Sentry" journal, encapsulated this idea of responsibility with the following words:

"There will be an hour - believe it - there will be, when the liberated Russia will ask each of us: "What have you done to accelerate my rebirth. " Let us earn the right not to blush, but be proud of our existence abroad. As being temporarily deprived of our Motherland let us save in our ranks not only faith in her, but an unbending desire towards feats, sacrifice, and the establishment of a united friendly family of those who did not let down their hands in the fight for her liberation"

Organizations and activities

The émigrés formed various organizations for the purpose of combatting the Soviet regime such as the Russian All-Military Union, the Brotherhood of Russian Truth, and the NTS. The Russian All-Military Union (in Russian Русский Обще Воинский Союз abbreviated РОВС ROVS) was founded by White Army General The Brotherhood of Russian Truth ( Братство Русской Правды was a Russian patriotic organization established by Pyotr Krasnov and other former members The National Alliance of Russian Solidarists (Национально Трудовой Союз or Народно-Трудовой Союз российских солидаристов This made the white émigrés a target for infiltration by the Soviet secret police (i. e. operation TREST and the Inner Line). Operation Trust (операция "Трест" was a Counterintelligence operation of the State Political Directorate (OGPU of the Soviet Union The Inner Line (Внутренняя Линия was a secret intelligence organization started in the 1920s within the Russian emigre community living in Europe and controlled Seventy-five White army veterans served as volunteers supporting Francisco Franco during the Spanish civil war. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of

Some white émigrés adopted pro-Soviet sympathies, for which they were labelled "Soviet patriots". These people formed organizations such as the Mladorossi, the Evraziitsi, and the Smenovekhovtsi. The Union of Mladorossi (Soyuz Mladorossov in Russian Союз Младороссов was a political group of Russian emigre monarchists (mostly living in Europe who advocated The Eurasianists (Russian Евразийцы Evraziitsy) was a political movement in the Russian emigre community in the 1920s The Smenovekhovtsy ( Сменовеховцы) is the name for a political movement in the Russian émigré community that began shortly after the publication of the

During World War II, many white émigrés took part in the Russian Liberation Movement. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Russian Liberation Movement (Русское Освободительное Движение is a term used to describe Russians during World War II who tried to create an anti-communist On the other hand, a significant number participated in anti-Nazi movements such as the French resistance. The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German During the war, the white émigrés came into contact with former Soviet citizens from German-occupied territories who used the German retreat as an opportunity to flee from the Soviet Union or were in Germany and Austria as POWs and forced labourers and preferred to stay in the West, often referred to as the second wave of emigres (often also called DPs - displaced persons, see Displaced persons camp. OST-Arbeiter (Ostarbeiter Eastern Workers was a designation for Slave workers gathered from Eastern Europe to do Forced labor in Nazi Germany A displaced persons camp is in principle any temporary facility for Displaced persons In recent times Displaced Persons Camps have existed in many parts of the world for many This smaller second wave fairly quickly began to assimilate into the White emigre community. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot.

Page from an emigre history text for children, titled "The Purpose of Fighting Communism"
Page from an emigre history text for children, titled "The Purpose of Fighting Communism"

After the war, active anti-Soviet combat was almost exclusively continued by NTS: other organizations either dissolved, or began concentrating exclusively on self-preservation and/or educating the youth. Various youth organizations, such as the Russian scouts in exile became functional in raising children with a background in pre-Soviet Russian culture and heritage. Scouts-in-Exile, also referred to as Scouts-in-Exteris, are Scouting and Guiding groups formed outside of their native country as a result of war and

The white émigrés, acting to preserve their church from Soviet influence, formed the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad in 1924. The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (Ру́сская Правосла́вная Це́рковь Заграни́цей ru Russkaya Pravoslavnaya Tserkov' Zagranitsey The church continues its existence to this day, acting as both the spiritual and cultural center of the Russian Orthodox community abroad. On May 17th 2007, the Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate reestablished canonical ties between the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Russian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, after more than eighty years of separation. The Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate reunited the two branches of the Russian Orthodox Church: the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure

Notable "First Wave" Emigrés

White Emigre organizations and entities

Orthodox Church Jurisdictions:

Military and semi-Military Organizations:

Political organizations:

Youth organizations:

Charitable organizations:

See also

References

External links

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