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White-tailed deer

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Cervidae
Subfamily: Odocoileinae
Genus: Odocoileus
Species: O. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future Least Concern ( LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands The even-toed ungulates form the Mammal order Artiodactyla. They are Ungulates whose weight is borne (if they have more than two toes about A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. Odocoileus is a genus of medium-sized Deer that contains three species virginianus
Binomial name
Odocoileus virginianus
Zimmermann, 1780

The White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known as the Virginia deer, or simply as the whitetail, is a medium-sized deer found throughout most of the continental United States, southern Canada, Mexico, Central America, northern portions of South America as far south as Peru, and some countries in Europe. Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann ( August 17, 1743 &ndash July 4, 1815) was a German Geographer and Zoologist A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The term continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states located on the North American continent south of the border with Canada plus the District Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.

The species is most common east of the American cordillera, and is absent from much of the western United States, including Nevada, Utah, and California (though its close relatives, the mule deer and black-tailed deer, can be found there). In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. The American cordillera consists of an essentially continuous sequence of Mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of North America, Central The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) is a Deer whose habitat is in the western half of North America. The Black-tailed deer, or Blacktail deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) is a species of Deer found in western North America, specifically the It does, however, survive in aspen parklands and deciduous river bottomlands within the Central and Northern Great Plains, and in mixed deciduous riparian corridors, river valley bottomlands, and lower foothills of the Northern Rocky Mountain Regions from Wyoming to Southeastern British Columbia. Aspen parkland refers to a transitional biome between Prairie and Boreal forest stretching from northeastern British Columbia through central and northwestern The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada The conversion of land adjacent to the Northern Rocky Mountains into agriculture use and partial clear-cutting of coniferous trees (resulting in widespread deciduous vegetation) has been favorable to the white-tailed deer.

The westernmost population, the Columbian white-tailed deer once was widespread in the mixed forests along the Willamette River (Willamette Valley Forests Ecoregion) and Cowlitz River Valleys of Western Oregon and Southwestern Washington (endangered). The Columbian White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) is one of the three Subspecies of White-tailed deer in North America

There are also populations of Arizona (coues) and Carmen Mountains (carminis) white-tailed deer that inhabit the mountain mixed deciduous/pine forests of Arizona, New Mexico, and West Texas extending southwards into Mexico.

As a result of introductions, white-tailed deer are found also in localised areas of northern Europe such as Finland. Smaller populations are localized in the Czech Republic.

White-tailed deer are generalists and can adapt to a wide variety of habitats. A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. Although most often thought of as forest animals depending on relatively small openings and edges, white-tailed deer can equally adapt themselves to life in more open savanna and even sage communities as in Texas and in the Venezuelan llanos region. Los Llanos redirect here for the Chilean region see Los Llanos Chile Los Llanos (meaning the flat plains is a vast Tropical grassland These savanna adapted deer have relatively large antlers in proportion to their body size and large tails. Also, there is a noticeable difference in size between male and female deer of the savannas.

Contents

Description

White-tailed deer during late winter
White-tailed deer during late winter

The deer's coat is a reddish-brown in the spring and summer and turns to a grey-brown throughout the fall and winter. The deer can be recognized by the characteristic white underside to its tail, which it shows as a signal of alarm by raising the tail during escape.

The male (also known as a buck) usually weighs from 130 to 220 pounds (60 to 100 kg) but, in rare cases, animals in excess of 350 pounds (160 kg) have been recorded. The female (doe) usually weighs from 90 to 200 pounds (40 to 90 kg), but some can weigh as much as 165 to 230 pounds (75 or 105 kg). Length ranges from 62 to 87 inches (160 to 220 cm), including the tail, and the shoulder height is 32 to 40 inches (80 to 100 cm). [1] White-tailed deer from the tropics tend to much smaller than temperate populations, averaging 77-110 pounds (35-50 kg). [2]

A female with characteristic tail coloring.
A female with characteristic tail coloring.

Males re-grow their antlers every year. Approximately 1 in 10,000 does also have antlers, although this is sometimes caused by hermaphrodity. Bucks with very small antlers, about 3 in (7 cm) or less, are often termed "button bucks" or "spiked bucks". Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth Some may even have their antler pedicles hidden in the hair and can be mistaken for a doe. Bucks less than two years of age typically have short spiked antlers. However the number of points or thickness of the antlers do not determine the age of a buck. Antlers begin to grow in late spring, covered with a highly vascularised tissue known as velvet. Bucks either have a typical or non-typical antler arrangement. Typical antlers are symmetrical on both sides and the points grow straight up off the main beam. Non-typical antlers are asymmetrical and the points may project at any angle from the main beam. These descriptions are not the only limitations for typical and atypical antler arrangement. The Boone and Crockett or Pope & Young scoring systems also define relative degrees of typicality and atypicality by procedures to measure what proportion of the antlers are asymmetrical. The Boone and Crockett Club is a Conservationist organization founded in the United States in 1887 by Theodore Roosevelt. Therefore, bucks with only slight asymmetry will often be scored as "typical". A buck's inside spread can be anywhere from 3–25 in (8–64 cm). Bucks shed their antlers when all females have been bred, from late December to February.

Behavior and reproduction

These bucks were pursuing a pair of does across the Loxahatchee River in Florida— the does lost them by entering a Mangrove thicket too dense for the buck's antlers
These bucks were pursuing a pair of does across the Loxahatchee River in Florida— the does lost them by entering a Mangrove thicket too dense for the buck's antlers

Females enter estrus, colloquially called the rut, in the fall, normally in late October or early November, triggered mainly by declining photoperiod. The Loxahatchee River ( Seminole for river of turtles is a 76 mile river on the southeast coast of Florida. Oestrus is also the biological genus name of the gadfly. The estrous cycle (also oestrous cycle; derived from Latin The Rut is the period of time when antlered Ungulates mate Ungulates include Deer, Sheep, Elk, Moose, Caribou, Photoperiodicity is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night Sexual maturation of females depends on population density. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume Females can mature in their first year, although this is unusual and would occur only at very low population levels. Most females mature at one or, sometimes, two years of age.

Males compete for the opportunity of breeding females. Sparring among males determines a dominance hierarchy. Dominance in the context of Biology and Anthropology is the state of having high social status relative to other individuals who react submissively to Bucks will attempt to copulate with as many females as possible, losing physical condition since they rarely eat or rest during the rut. The general geographical trend is for the rut to be shorter in duration at increased latitude.

Females give birth to one, two or even possibly three spotted young, known as fawns in mid to late spring, generally in May or June. Fawns lose their spots during the first summer and will weigh from 44 to 77 pounds (20 to 35 kg) by the first winter. Male fawns tend to be slightly larger and heavier than females.

Whitetails communicate in many different ways including sounds, scent, body language, and marking. All whitetail deer are capable of producing audible noises, unique to each animal. Fawns release a high pitched squeal, known as a bleat, to call out to their mothers. Does also bleat, as well as grunt. Grunting produces a low, guttural sound that will attract the attention of any other deer in the area. Both does and bucks snort, a sound that often signals danger. As well as snorting, bucks also grunt at a pitch that's gets lower with maturity. Bucks are unique, however, in their grunt-snort-wheeze pattern that often shows aggression and hostility. Another way whitetail deer communicate is with their white tail. When a white-tail deer is spooked it will raise its tail to warn the other deer in the area that can see them.

Antlered white-tailed deer
Antlered white-tailed deer

Whitetails possess many glands that allow them to produce scents, some of which are so potent they can be detected by the human nose. A gland is an organ in an animal's body that synthesizes a substance for release such as Hormones or Breast milk, often into the Bloodstream Three major glands are the orbital, tarsal, and metatarsal glands. Orbital glands are found on the head, and scent is deposited from them by rubbing the head, often the area around the eyes, on hanging twigs. The tarsal glands are found on the lower outside of each hind leg. Scent is deposited from these glands when deer walk through and rub against vegetation. The metatarsal glands, found on the inside "knee" of each hind leg, are the most potent.

During the breeding season, deer will rub-urinate, a process during which a deer squats while urinating so that urine will run down the insides of the deer's legs. The deer then rubs its metatarsal glands together, rubbing the urine into the tuft of hair found at this location. Secretions from the metatarsal gland mix with the urine and bacteria to produce a strong smelling odor. Also in breeding season, does release hormones and pheromones that tell bucks the doe is in heat and able to breed.

Markings are a very obvious way that whitetail communicate. Although bucks do most of the marking, does visit these locations often. One form of marking is known as rubbing. To make a rub, a buck will use its antlers to strip the bark off of small diameter trees, helping to mark his territory and polish his antlers. Also to help mark territory, bucks will make scrapes. Often occurring in patterns known as scrape lines, scrapes are areas where a buck has used its front hooves to expose bare earth. Bucks usually then rub-urinate into these scrapes and scrapes are often found under twigs that have been marked with scent from orbital glands.

Range and population

White-tailed deer fawn at Ricketts Glen State Park, Pennsylvania
White-tailed deer fawn at Ricketts Glen State Park, Pennsylvania

Commercial exploitation, unregulated hunting and poor land-use practices, including deforestation severely depressed deer populations in much of their range. A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. Ricketts Glen State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on in Sugarloaf Township in Columbia County, Fairmount and Ross townships in Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. For example, by about 1930, the U. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. population was thought to number about 300,000. After an outcry by hunters and other conservation ecologists, commercial exploitation of deer became illegal and conservation programs along with regulated hunting were introduced. "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. Recent estimates put the deer population in the United States at around 30 million. Conservation practices have proved so successful that, in parts of their range, the white-tailed deer populations currently far exceed their carrying capacity and the animal may be considered a nuisance. Motor vehicle collisions with deer are a serious problem in many parts of the animal's range, especially at night and during rutting season, causing injuries and fatalities among both deer and humans. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus At high population densities, farmers can suffer economic damage by deer depredation of cash crops, especially in maize and orchards. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica An orchard is an intentional planting of Trees or Shrubs maintained for Food production.

The species is the state animal of Arkansas, Illinois, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, South Carolina, and Wisconsin, as well as the provincial animal of Saskatchewan. A state mammal is the official or representative Animal of a U Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 The profile of a White-tailed deer buck caps the Vermont coat-of-arms and can be seen in the Flag of Vermont and in stained glass at the Vermont State House. The Flag of Vermont consists of the state's Coat of arms and motto. The Vermont State House, located in Montpelier Vermont, is the capitol and seat of Vermont General Assembly. It is also the national animal of Honduras. Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Texas is home to the most white-tailed deer of any other U.S. state or Canadian province, with an estimated population of over four million. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Notably high populations of white-tailed deer occur in the Edwards Plateau of Central Texas. The Edwards Plateau is a region of west-central Texas which is bounded by the Balcones Fault to the south and east the Llano Uplift and the plains region Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania also boast high deer densities. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern In many U. S. states and Canadian provinces, hunting for white-tailed deer is deeply ingrained in local cultures and is central to the economy of many rural areas. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic

Since the second half of the nineteenth century, white-tailed deer have been introduced to Europe. [3] In 1884, one of the first hunts of white-tailed deer was conducted in Opočno and Dobříš (Brdy mountains area), in what is now the Czech Republic. Opočno (ˈopotʃno is a small town in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. Dobříš (ˈdobr̝̊iʃ is town with about 7900 inhabitants 40 km south of Prague. Brdy are hills in the Czech Republic, forming a long massif stretching for cca The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, A population of white-tailed deer in the Brdy area remains stable today. Brdy are hills in the Czech Republic, forming a long massif stretching for cca [4] In 1935, white-tailed deer were introduced to Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The introduction was successful, and the deer have recently begun spreading through northern Scandinavia and southern Karelia, competing with, and sometimes displacing, native fauna. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Karelia ( Karelian and Finnish Karjala, Карелия ( Kareliya) Karelen the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time The current population of some 30,000 deer originate from four animals provided by Finnish Americans from Minnesota. Finnish Americans are Americans of Finnish descent who currently number about 700000 Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers

There is a population of white-tailed deer in the state of New York that is entirely white (except for areas like their noses and toes) - not albino - in color. Albinism (from Latin albus, "white" see extended etymology) is a form of hypopigmentary Congenital disorder, The former Seneca Army Depot in Romulus, New York, has the largest known concentration of white deer. The former Seneca Army Depot occupied 10587 Acres (43  km²) between Seneca Lake and Cayuga Lake in Seneca County Romulus is a town in Seneca County, New York, United States. The population was 2036 at the 2000 census New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Strong conservation efforts have allowed white deer to thrive within the confines of the depot.

In western regions of the United States and Canada, the white-tailed deer range overlaps with those of the black-tailed deer and mule deer. The Black-tailed deer, or Blacktail deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) is a species of Deer found in western North America, specifically the The mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) is a Deer whose habitat is in the western half of North America. In the extreme north of the range, their habitat is also used by moose in some areas. The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. White-tails may occur in areas that are also exploited by elk (wapiti) such as in mixed deciduous river valley bottomlands and formerly in the mixed deciduous forest of Eastern United States. The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in In places such as Glacier National Park in Montana and several national parks in the Columbian Mountains (Mount Revelstoke National Park) and Canadian Rocky Mountains (e. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Mount Revelstoke National Park is located adjacent to the city of Revelstoke British Columbia, Canada. g. , Yoho National Park and Kootenay National Park), white-tailed deer are shy and more reclusive than the coexisting mule deer, elk, and moose. Yoho National Park is located in the Canadian Rocky Mountains along the western slope of the Continental Divide in southeastern British Columbia. Kootenay National Park is located in southeastern British Columbia Canada covering 1406 km² (543 mi² in the Canadian Rockies and forms part of

Diet

The white-tailed deer is a ruminant, which means it has a four-chambered stomach. Each chamber has a different and specific function that allows it to quickly eat a variety of different food, digesting it at a later time in a safe area of cover.

Whitetail deer eat large varieties of food, commonly eating legumes and foraging on other plants, including shoots, leaves, cactus, and grasses. A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants Shoots are new plant growth they can include stems, flowering stems with flower buds leaves Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include They also eat acorns, fruit, and field corn or any kind of corn. Their special stomach allows them to eat some things that humans cannot, such as mushrooms that are poisonous to humans. A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source Their diet varies in the seasons according to availability of food sources. They will also eat hay and other food that they can find in a farm yard.

The Whitetail stomach hosts a complex set of bacteria that change as the deer's diet changes through the seasons. If the bacteria necessary for digestion of a particular food stuff (hay, e. g. ) is absent it will not be digested. [5]

Taxonomy

Fawn waving its white tail.
Fawn waving its white tail.

Until recently, some taxonomists have attempted to separate white-tailed deers into a host of subspecies, based largely on morphological differences. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the Anatomy of Organisms It is closely related to Evolutionary biology and Phylogeny Genetic studies, however, suggest that there are fewer subspecies within the animal's range as compared to the 30 to 40 subspecies that some scientists described in the last century. The Florida Key deer, O. The Key Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus clavium) is an endangered Deer that lives only in the Florida Keys. virginianus clavium, and the Columbian white-tailed deer, O. The Columbian White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) is one of the three Subspecies of White-tailed deer in North America virginianus leucurus, are both listed as endangered under the U. S. Endangered Species Act. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( et seq or ESA is the most wide-ranging of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s The dominant subspecies across the deers' range is the Virginia white-tail, O. virginianus virginianus which is also the type species for the Odocoileus genus. In Taxonomy, a type species is the species that originally defined a genus. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic The White-tailed deer species has tremendous genetic variation and is adaptable to several environments. Several local deer populations, especially in the Appalachian and Piedmont regions of the eastern United States, are descended from white-tailed deer transplanted from other areas. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. Piedmont is a plateau region located in the eastern United States between the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the main Appalachian Mountains, stretching Some of these deer may have been from northern mixed forests in the Great Lakes region, or from more open savannas and riparian bottomlands in the midwest and Texas, yet are also quite at home in the Appalachians and Piedmont. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. These deer over time have intermixed with the local indigenous deer populations.

Central and South America have a complex number of white-tailed deer subspecies that range from southern Mexico as far south as Peru. This list of subspecies of deer is more exhaustive than its North American counterpart and is also questionable, but populations are difficult to study due to over-hunting in many parts and lack of protection. Some areas no longer carry deer, so it is difficult to assess the genetic difference of these animals. Central American white-tailed deer prefer tropical dry deciduous forests, seasonal mixed deciduous forests, and savanna habitats over dense rainforests and cloud forests. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally Tropical or Subtropical evergreen Montane moist forest characterized by a

South American subspecies of white-tailed deer live in two types of environments. The first is found in the savannas, dry deciduous forests, and riparian corridors of southern Venezuela and eastern Colombia. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The other is the higher elevation mountain grassland/mixed forest ecozones in the Andes Mountains, from Venezuela to Bolivia and Peru. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Andean white-tailed deer seem to retain gray coats due to the colder weather at high altitudes, whereas the lowland savanna forms retain the reddish brown coats. South American white-tailed deer, like those in Central America, generally avoid dense rainforests and cloud forests.

Male white-tail in Kansas
Male white-tail in Kansas

Subspecies

Below is information on white-tailed deer classification and taxonomy, and some of the subspecies of white-tailed deer.

References

  1. ^ http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Odocoileus_virginianus.html
  2. ^ http://www.1-costaricalink.com/costa_rica_information/deer.htm
  3. ^ Erhardová-Kotrlá, B. The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial Ecozones dividing the Earth's land surface In Biogeography, Neotropic or Neotropical refers to one of the world's eight terrestrial Ecozones This ecozone includes South and Central America the The Key Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus clavium) is an endangered Deer that lives only in the Florida Keys. The Columbian White-tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) is one of the three Subspecies of White-tailed deer in North America Guanacaste is a province of Costa Rica. Geography Guanacaste is located in the northwestern part of the country along the coast of the Pacific Los Llanos redirect here for the Chilean region see Los Llanos Chile Los Llanos (meaning the flat plains is a vast Tropical grassland , 1971. The occurrence of Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) in Czechoslovakia. Academia, Prague, 155 pp.
  4. ^ Biolib-Czech Republic, Odocoileus virginianus
  5. ^ Nelson, Richard. Heart and Blood, Living With Deer In America, Chap. 1

External links

Dictionary

white-tailed deer

-noun

  1. A medium-sized deer found throughout most of North and Central America and northern portions of South America; Odocoileus virginianus.
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