| Whiplash (medicine) Classification and external resources |
|
| ICD-10 | S13.4 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 847.0 |
| DiseasesDB | 14122 |
| MedlinePlus | 000025 |
| MeSH | D014911 |
Whiplash and whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) represent a range of injuries to the neck caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings S00-T14 - Injury (S00-S09 Head ( Superficial Injury of head ( Superficial injury of The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. MedlinePlus, with the MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, is a website network containing Health information from the world's largest medical Library Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Injury or bodily injury is Damage or Harm caused to the Structure or function of the Body caused by an outside agent or The neck is the part of the Body on many limbed Vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the Torso or trunk [1]
Whiplash is commonly associated with motor vehicle accidents,[2] usually when the vehicle has been hit in the rear[3] however the injury can be sustained in many other ways, including falls from bicycles[4] or horses[5]. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae.
Contents |
Cause
The exact injury mechanism that causes whiplash injuries is unknown. A whiplash injury may be the result of impulsive stretching of the spine, mainly the ligament: anterior longitudinal ligament which is stretched or tears, as the head snaps forward and then back again causing a whiplash injury. In Human anatomy, the vertebral column ( backbone or spine) is a column of 34 Vertebrae the Sacrum, Intervertebral The anterior longitudinal ligament is a Ligament that runs down the anterior surface of the spine. [6]
Whiplash may be caused by any motion similar to a rear-end collision in a motor vehicle, such as may take place on a roller coaster or other rides at an amusement park, sports injuries such as skiing accidents, other modes of transportation such as airplane travel, or from being hit or shaken. "Rear end" redirects here but is also a name for the Buttocks. A motor Vehicle is a Machine which incorporates a motor (sometimes known as an Engine) and which is used for Transportation The roller coaster is a popular Amusement ride developed for Amusement parks and modern Theme parks LaMarcus Adna Thompson patented the first Theme park is the generic term for a collection of rides and other Entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a large group Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively [7] Shaken baby syndrome can result in a whiplash injury. Shaken baby syndrome ( SBS) is a form of Child abuse that occurs when an abuser violently shakes an infant or small child creating a whiplash -type [6]
Symptoms
Symptoms reported by sufferers include: pain and aching to the neck and back, referred pain to the shoulders, sensory disturbance (such as pins and needles) to the arms & legs and headaches. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Symptoms can appear directly after the injury, but often are not felt until days afterwards. [3] Whiplash is usually confined to the spinal cord (neck to pubic bone), and the most common areas of the spinal cord affected by whiplash are the neck, and the mid-back (middle of the spine).
Diagnosis
Diagnosis occurs through a patient history, head and neck examination, X-rays to rule out bone fractures and may involve the use of medical imaging to determine if there are other injuries. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated # or Fx or Fx) is a medical condition in which a Bone is cracked or broken Medical imaging refers to the techniques and processes used to create Images of the human body (or parts thereof for clinical purposes ( Medical procedures seeking to [8]
Québec Task Force
The Québec Task Force (QTF) was a task force sponsored by the Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec, the public auto insurer in Quebec, Canada. For the computer game see Joint Task Force (computer game. A task force (TF is a temporary unit or formation established to work The Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec ( SAAQ) (Quebec automobile insurance corporation is a Crown corporation (government-owned company in Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The QTF submitted a report on whiplash-associated disorders in 1995, which made specific recommendations on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of WAD. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 These recommendations have become the base for Guideline on the Management of Claims Involving Whiplash-Associated, a guide to classifying WAD and guidelines on managing the disorder. [9] The full report titled Redefining "Whiplash" was published in the April 15, 1995 issue of Spine. This article is about the Lippincott-published journal For the one published by Elsevier see The Spine Journal. [10] An update was published in January 2001. [11]
Québec Task Force grades of disorder
Four grades of Whiplash-Associated Disorder were defined by the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-associated disorders (WADs):
- Grade 1: complaints of neck pain, stiffness or tenderness only but no physical signs are noted by the examining physician.
- Grade 2: neck complaints and the examining physician finds decreased range of motion and point tenderness in the neck.
- Grade 3: decreased range of motion plus neurological signs such as decreased deep tendon reflexes, weakness, insomnia and sensory deficits.
- Grade 4: neck complaints and fracture or dislocation, or injury to the spinal cord. [9]
Consequences
The consequences of whiplash range from mild pain for a few days (which is the case for most people)[12], to severe disability caused by restricted head movement or of the cervical spine, sometimes with persistent pain. Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm In Vertebrates cervical vertebrae (singular vertebra) are those vertebrae immediately behind (posterior to the Skull. Chronic pain is defined as Pain that persists longer than the temporal course of natural healing associated with a particular type of injury or disease process
Whiplash protection
Protection efforts are hampered by lack of knowledge about the causes of whiplash injuries. The focus of preventive measures to date has been on the design of car seats, primarily through the introduction of headrestraints, often incorrectly called headrests. Car seat is a Seat used in Cars Most car seats are made from cheap but durable materials made to withstand as much beating as possible In an Automobile, the headrest or head restraint is a device attached to the top of the seat behind the occupant's head This approach is potentially problematic given the underlying assumption that purely mechanical factors cause whiplash injuries - an unproven theory. So far the injury reducing effects of head restraints appears to have been low, approximately 5-10%, because car seats have become stiffer in order to increase crash-worthiness of cars in high-speed rear-end collisions which in turn could increase the risk of whiplash injury in low-speed rear impact collisions. Improvements in the geometry of car seats through better design and energy absorption could offer additional benefits. Active devices move the body in a crash in order to shift the loads on the car seat. [3]
Some car manufacturers have begun to implement various whiplash protection devices in their products in order to reduce the risk for and severity of injury, such as
- Mercedes-Benz A-Class Active Head Restraint (AHR)[13] [3],
- Saab (Responsible for the first active head restraint), Opel, Ford, Nissan, Subaru, and Peugeot - Active Head restraint (SAHR)[14] [3],
- Volvo and Jaguar - Whiplash Protection System/Whiplash Prevention System (WHIPS)[15], and
- Toyota - Whiplash Injury Lessening (WIL). Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the The Mercedes-Benz A-Class is a Subcompact car produced by the German Automaker Mercedes-Benz. Saab Automobile AB, better known as Saab, is a Swedish car manufacturer and currently a wholly-owned Subsidiary of General Motors. Adam Opel GmbH (commonly known as Opel) is a German automaker part of General Motors. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following is the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Fuji Heavy Industries Co For the article about the bicycle manufacturer see Cycles Peugeot. Volvo Cars, or Volvo Personvagnar AB, is a Swedish premium Automobile maker founded in 1927 in the city of Gothenburg in Sweden Jaguar Cars Limited is a luxury car manufacturer based in Coventry, England, now operated as part of the Jaguar Land Rover business WHIPS is the Acronym for Wh iplash I njury P rotection S ystem, a system of protection against automotive whiplash injuries (pronounced) is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest Automaker. [3]
Whether or not such devices offer a substantial benefit over vehicles without them remains controversial. In a test undertaken by the Swedish National Road Administration and an insurance company (Folksam), one test showed that a whiplash protection device was no guarantee against injury and that the degree of protection varies between vehicles both with and without whiplash protection devices. The Swedish Road Administration, (Vägverket is a Government agency in Sweden. Folksam is one of the largest Insurance companies in Sweden. The company headquarters are located in Stockholm. [16] Yet The Journal of TRAUMA, Volume 51, No 5, November 2001 found that an Active Head Restraint helps reduce the risk of neck injuries by up to 75% in rear-end collisions.
References
- ^ Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety is a US Non-profit organization funded by auto insurers Q&A: Neck Injury (html) (english). Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
- ^ citation needed
- ^ a b c d e f Krafft, M; Kullgren A, Lie A, Tingval C (2005-04-01). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Assessment of Whiplash Protection in Rear Impacts (pdf) (english). Swedish National Road Administration & Folksam. The Swedish Road Administration, (Vägverket is a Government agency in Sweden. Folksam is one of the largest Insurance companies in Sweden. The company headquarters are located in Stockholm. Retrieved on 2008-01-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
- ^ citation needed
- ^ citation needed
- ^ a b MedlinePlus (2007-06-05). MedlinePlus, with the MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, is a website network containing Health information from the world's largest medical Library Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Whiplash (html) (english). Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
- ^ Whiplash injury (english) (2006-08-23). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire
- ^ Whiplash - Topic Overview. WebMD (2006-11-16). WebMD is a medical and wellness information service primarily known for its public Internet site which provides health information a symptom checklist pharmacy information blogs of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Retrieved on 2008-01-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
- ^ a b Guideline on the Management of Claims Involving Whiplash-Associated Disorders (html) (english) (2005-11-24). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
- ^ Freeman MD, Croft AC, Rossignol AM (1998). ""Whiplash associated disorders: redefining whiplash and its management" by the Quebec Task Force. A critical evaluation". Spine 23 (9): 1043–9. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 9589544.
- ^ Update Quebec Task Force Guidelines for the Management of Whiplash-Associated Disorders (pdf) (english) (2001-01-01). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Retrieved on 2007-09-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated
- ^ Ferrari R, Schrader H (2001). "The late whiplash syndrome: a biopsychosocial approach". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 70 (6): 722–6. PMID 11385003.
- ^ Long Fibre-Reinforced Polyamide for Crash-Active Car Headrests, August 22, 2006 (English)
- ^ Top Safety Ratings For Saab Active Head Restraints, UK Motor Search Engine, August 22, 2006 (English)
- ^ Volvo Seat Is Benchmark For Whiplash Protection, Volvo Owners Club, August 22, 2006 (English)
- ^ Whiplashskydd inte alltid säkrare (Whiplash protection not always safer), NTF, August 22, 2006 (Swedish)
Bibliography
- Ferrari, R. (2006). The Whiplash Encyclopedia: The Facts and Myths of Whiplash. Jones and Bartlett. ISBN 0763729345.
External links
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