Wheat
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Subfamily: Pooideae Tribe: Triticeae Genus: Triticum L.
Species
T. aestivum T. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Liliopsida is a Botanical name for the class containing the family Liliaceae (or Lily Family Poales is an order of Flowering plants in the Monocotyledons and includes families of plants such as the grasses, Bromeliads, Poaceae or Gramineae is a family in the Class Liliopsida of the flowering plants. The Pooideae is a Subfamily of the true grass family Poaceae. Triticeae is a tribe within the Pooideae subfamily of grasses that includes genera with many domesticated species Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Common wheat, Triticum aestivum, (also known as bread wheat) is a cultivated wheat species aethiopicum T. araraticum T. boeoticum T. Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "one grain" can refer either to the wild species of Wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling carthlicum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. Emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccon) also known as farro especially in Italy is a low yielding awned Wheat. Emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccon) also known as farro especially in Italy is a low yielding awned Wheat. Durum wheat or macaroni wheat (also spelled Durhum Triticum durum or Triticum turgidum durum) is the only Tetraploid species of Wheat ispahanicum T. karamyschevii T. macha T. militinae T. monococcum T. Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "one grain" can refer either to the wild species of Wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling polonicum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii T. Spelt ( Triticum spelta) is a Hexaploid species of Wheat. Spelt was an important staple in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times Common wheat, Triticum aestivum, (also known as bread wheat) is a cultivated wheat species Timopheev's Wheat ( Triticum timopheevii, also called Zanduri Wheat) is a Tetraploid Wheat that has both cultivated and wild forms turanicum T. turgidum T. urartu T. vavilovii T. zhukovskyi References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22

Wheat (Triticum spp. )^[1] is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Poaceae or Gramineae is a family in the Class Liliopsida of the flowering plants. See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Globally, after maize, wheat is the second most produced food among the cereal crops; rice ranks third. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many ^[2] Wheat grain is a staple food used to make flour for leavened, flat and steamed breads; cookies, cakes, pasta, noodles and couscous;^[3] and for fermentation to make beer,^[4] alcohol, vodka^[5] or biofuel. In Botany, a caryopsis is a type of simple dry Fruit &mdash one that is monocarpelate (formed from a single Carpel) and Indehiscent (not A staple food is a Food that forms the basis of a Traditional diet. Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. In the United States and Canada, a cookie is a small flat-baked treat usually round containing milk flour eggs and sugar etc Cake is a form of Food that is usually sweet and often baked. Pasta ( Italian for "dough" is a generic term for Italian variants of Noodles. A noodle is food made from unleavened Dough that is cooked in a boiling liquid For the possum species see Cuscus Couscous or kuskus as it is known in Morocco Algeria Tunisia and Libya (ˈkuːskuːs in the US /ˈkʊskʊs/ Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Vodka is one of the world's most popular Distilled beverages It is a clear liquid which consists of mostly Water and Ethanol purified by Distillation ^[6] Wheat is planted to a limited extent as a forage crop for livestock, and the straw can be used as fodder for livestock or as a construction material for roofing thatch. In Agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any Foodstuff that is used specifically to feed Domesticated Livestock, such as Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food Straw is an agricultural By-product, the dry stalk of a Cereal plant after the Grain or Seed has been removed In Agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any Foodstuff that is used specifically to feed Domesticated Livestock, such as ^[7][8]

Although wheat supplies much of the world's dietary protein and food supply, as many as one in every 100 to 200 persons in the United States has Coeliac disease, a condition which results from an inappropriate immune system response to a protein found in wheat: gluten. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Coeliac Gluten is a composite of the proteins Gliadin and Glutenin. These exist conjoined with Starch, in the Endosperms of some ^[9][10][11]

Contents 1 History 2 Genetics 3 Plant breeding 4 Hulled versus free-threshing wheat 5 Naming 5.1 Major cultivated species of wheat 5.2 In the United States 6 As a food 6.1 Nutrition 6.2 Health concerns 7 Economics 8 Production and consumption statistics 9 Agronomy 9.1 Diseases 9.2 Pests 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links

History

Wheat originated in Southwest Asia in the area known as the Fertile crescent. Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. The Fertile Crescent is a Crescent -shaped region in the Middle East, originally incorporating the Levant and Ancient Mesopotamia, and often The genetic relationships between einkorn and emmer indicate that the most likely site of domestication is near Diyarbakır in Turkey. Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "one grain" can refer either to the wild species of Wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling Emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccon) also known as farro especially in Italy is a low yielding awned Wheat. Diyarbakır (دیاربکر Diyâr-i Bekr 'land of the Bekr ' (from Persian) Kurdish Amed Zazaki language Dêrbekir Syriac Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches ^[12] These wild wheats were domesticated as part of the origins of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent. The Neolithic Revolution was the first Agricultural revolution &mdashthe transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands to Agriculture and Cultivation and repeated harvesting and sowing of the grains of wild grasses led to the domestication of wheat through selection of mutant forms with tough ears which remained intact during harvesting, larger grains, and a tendency for the spikelets to stay on the stalk until harvested. Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals ^[13] Because of the loss of seed dispersal mechanisms, domesticated wheats have limited capacity to propagate in the wild. ^[14]

The cultivation of wheat began to spread beyond the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos By 5,000 years ago, wheat had reached Ethiopia, India, Great Britain, Ireland and Spain. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A millennium later it reached China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ^[14] Three thousand years ago agricultural cultivation with horse drawn plows increased cereal grain production, as did the use of seed drills to replace broadcast sowing in the 18th century. A seed drill is a device for planting Seeds in the soil Before the introduction of the seed drill the common practice was to "broadcast" seeds by hand Yields of wheat continued to increase, as new land came under cultivation and with improved agricultural husbandry involving the use of fertilizers, threshing machines and reaping machines, tractor-drawn cultivators and planters, and better varieties (see green revolution and Norin 10 wheat). Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant The thrashing machine, or in modern spelling threshing machine (or simply thresher) was a Machine first invented by Scottish Mechanical A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used The Green Revolution refers to the transformation of Agriculture that began in 1945 at the request of the Mexican government to establish an agricultural research station to Wheat Norin 10 is a semi-dwarf cultivar of Wheat, with very large ears which was bred in the experimental station of Iwate Prefecture With population growth rates falling in the more technologically advanced countries, while yields continue to rise, the area devoted to wheat may now begin to decline for the first time in modern human history. Prehistory See also Prehistory Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens ^[15] But now in 2007 wheat stocks have reached their lowest since 1981, and 2006 was the first year in which the world consumed more wheat than the world produced - a gap that is continuously widening as the requirement for wheat increases beyond production.

Genetics

Wheat genetics is more complicated than that of most other domesticated species. Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "one grain" can refer either to the wild species of Wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling Some wheat species are diploid, with two sets of chromosomes, but many are stable polyploids, with four sets of chromosomes (tetraploid) or six (hexaploid). "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. ^[16]

• Einkorn wheat (T. Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "one grain" can refer either to the wild species of Wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling monococcum) is diploid. ^[1]
• Most tetraploid wheats (e. g. emmer and durum wheat) are derived from wild emmer, T. Emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccon) also known as farro especially in Italy is a low yielding awned Wheat. Durum wheat or macaroni wheat (also spelled Durhum Triticum durum or Triticum turgidum durum) is the only Tetraploid species of Wheat dicoccoides. Wild emmer is the result of a hybridization between two diploid wild grasses, T. urartu and a wild goatgrass such as Aegilops searsii or Ae. speltoides. Aegilops speltoides ( Syn Sitopsis speltoides ( Tausch) ÁLöve) is an Edible plant in the Poaceae family The hybridization that formed wild emmer occurred in the wild, long before domestication. ^[16]
• Hexaploid wheats evolved in farmers' fields. Either domesticated emmer or durum wheat hybridized with yet another wild diploid grass (Aegilops tauschii) to make the hexaploid wheats, spelt wheat and bread wheat. Aegilops cylindrica is a species of grass known by the common name jointed goatgrass. Polyploidy occurs in cells and Organisms when there are more than two homologous sets of Chromosomes. Spelt ( Triticum spelta) is a Hexaploid species of Wheat. Spelt was an important staple in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times Common wheat, Triticum aestivum, (also known as bread wheat) is a cultivated wheat species ^[16]

Plant breeding

Main article: physiological and molecular wheat breeding

In traditional agricultural systems wheat populations often consist of landraces, informal farmer-maintained populations that often maintain high levels of morphological diversity. Plant Breeding is art and Science of improving the Heredity of plants for benefit of mankind Landrace refers to domesticated animals or plants adapted to the natural and cultural environment in which they live (or originated and in some cases work they often develop Although landraces of wheat are no longer grown in Europe and North America, they continue to be important elsewhere. The origins of formal wheat breeding lie in the nineteenth century, when single line varieties were created through selection of seed from a single plant noted to have desired properties. Modern wheat breeding developed in the first years of the twentieth century and was closely linked to the development of Mendelian genetics. Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism) is a set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent The standard method of breeding inbred wheat cultivars is by crossing two lines using hand emasculation, then selfing or inbreeding the progeny. Selections are identified (shown to have the genes responsible for the varietal differences) ten or more generations before release as a variety or cultivar. ^[17]

F1 hybrid wheat cultivars should not be confused with wheat cultivars deriving from standard plant breeding. Heterosis or hybrid vigor (as in the familiar F1 hybrids of maize) occurs in common (hexaploid) wheat, but it is difficult to produce seed of hybrid cultivars on a commercial scale as is done with maize because wheat flowers are complete and normally self-pollinate. Heterosis is a term used in Genetics and Selective breeding. The term heterosis also known as hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement, Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Self-pollination is a form of Pollination that can occur when a Flower has both Stamen and a Carpel in which the Cultivar or ^[17] Commercial hybrid wheat seed has been produced using chemical hybridizing agents, plant growth regulators that selectively interfere with pollen development, or naturally occurring cytoplasmic male sterility systems. Hybrid wheat has been a limited commercial success in Europe (particularly France), the USA and South Africa. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[18]

The major breeding objectives include high grain yield, good quality, disease and insect resistance and tolerance to abiotic stresses include mineral, mositure and heat tolerance. The major diseases in temperate environments include Fusarium head blight, leaf rust and stem rust, whereas in tropical areas spot blotch (wheat) (also known as Helminthosporium leaf blight). The stem, black or cereal rusts are caused by the Fungus Puccinia graminis and are a significant disease affecting cereal crops Spot blotch is a leaf disease of wheat caused by Cochliobolus sativus. See physiological and molecular wheat breeding

Hulled versus free-threshing wheat

The four wild species of wheat, along with the domesticated varieties einkorn,^[19] emmer^[20] and spelt,^[21] have hulls (in German, Spelzweizen). Plant Breeding is art and Science of improving the Heredity of plants for benefit of mankind Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "one grain" can refer either to the wild species of Wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling Emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccon) also known as farro especially in Italy is a low yielding awned Wheat. Spelt ( Triticum spelta) is a Hexaploid species of Wheat. Spelt was an important staple in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times This more primitive morphology consists of toughened glumes that tightly enclose the grains, and (in domesticated wheats) a semi-brittle rachis that breaks easily on threshing. The result is that when threshed, the wheat ear breaks up into spikelets. To obtain the grain, further processing, such as milling or pounding, is needed to remove the hulls or husks. In contrast, in free-threshing (or naked) forms such as durum wheat and common wheat, the glumes are fragile and the rachis tough. On threshing, the chaff breaks up, releasing the grains. Hulled wheats are often stored as spikelets because the toughened glumes give good protection against pests of stored grain. ^[19]

Naming

For more details on this topic, see Wheat taxonomy. During 10000 years of cultivation numerous forms of Wheat have evolved under human selection

There are many botanical classification systems used for wheat species, discussed in a separate article on Wheat taxonomy. During 10000 years of cultivation numerous forms of Wheat have evolved under human selection The name of a wheat species from one information source may not be the name of a wheat species in another. Within a species, wheat cultivars are further classified by wheat breeders and farmers in terms of growing season, such as winter wheat vs. Winter Wheat is a Cereal. In the Northern Hemisphere, winter wheats are planted in the autumn from September through December spring wheat,^[8] by gluten content, such as hard wheat (high protein content) vs. Gluten is a composite of the proteins Gliadin and Glutenin. These exist conjoined with Starch, in the Endosperms of some soft wheat (high starch content), or by grain color (red, white or amber).

In British English wheat may be referred to as corn. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the ^[22]

Major cultivated species of wheat

• Common wheat or Bread wheat — (T. Common wheat, Triticum aestivum, (also known as bread wheat) is a cultivated wheat species aestivum) A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world. "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle.
• Durum — (T. Durum wheat or macaroni wheat (also spelled Durhum Triticum durum or Triticum turgidum durum) is the only Tetraploid species of Wheat durum) The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat.
• Einkorn — (T. Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "one grain" can refer either to the wild species of Wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling monococcum) A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants. "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance.
• Emmer — (T. Emmer wheat ( Triticum dicoccon) also known as farro especially in Italy is a low yielding awned Wheat. dicoccon) A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use. "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle.
• Spelt — (T. Spelt ( Triticum spelta) is a Hexaploid species of Wheat. Spelt was an important staple in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times spelta) Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities.

In the United States

Classes used in the United States are

• Durum — Very hard, translucent, light colored grain used to make semolina flour for pasta. Durum wheat or macaroni wheat (also spelled Durhum Triticum durum or Triticum turgidum durum) is the only Tetraploid species of Wheat Semolina is the purified middlings of hard wheat used in making Pasta; also the coarse middlings used for breakfast cereals puddings and Polenta. Pasta ( Italian for "dough" is a generic term for Italian variants of Noodles.
• Hard Red Spring — Hard, brownish, high protein wheat used for bread and hard baked goods. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Bread Flour and high gluten flours are commonly made from hard red spring wheat. It is primarily traded at the Minneapolis Grain Exchange. The Minneapolis Grain Exchange (MGEX was formed in 1881 as a cash market for Grains.
• Hard Red Winter — Hard, brownish, mellow high protein wheat used for bread, hard baked goods and as an adjunct in other flours to increase protein in pastry flour for pie crusts. Some brands of unbleached all-purpose flours are commonly made from hard red winter wheat alone. It is primarily traded by the Kansas City Board of Trade. The Kansas City Board of Trade (KCBT located at 4800 Main Street in Kansas City Missouri, is a Commodity futures and options exchange regulated One variety is known as "turkey red wheat", and was brought to Kansas by Mennonite immigrants from Russia.
• Soft Red Winter — Soft, low protein wheat used for cakes, pie crusts, biscuits, and muffins. Cake flour, pastry flour, and some self-rising flours with baking powder and salt added for example, are made from soft red winter wheat. It is primarily traded by the Chicago Board of Trade. The Chicago Board of Trade ( CBOT) established in 1848 is the world's oldest futures and options exchange.
• Hard White — Hard, light colored, opaque, chalky, medium protein wheat planted in dry, temperate areas. Used for bread and brewing.
• Soft White — Soft, light colored, very low protein wheat grown in temperate moist areas. Used for pie crusts and pastry. Pastry flour, for example, is sometimes made from soft white winter wheat.

Hard wheats are harder to process and red wheats may need bleaching. Therefore, soft and white wheats usually command higher prices than hard and red wheats on the commodities market.

As a food

Wheat germ, crude Nutritional value per 100 g (3. 5 oz)
Energy 360 kcal   1510 kJ
Carbohydrates     51. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most 8 g - Dietary fiber  13. Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation. 2 g   Fat 9. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water 72 g Protein 23. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl 15 g Thiamin (Vit. B1)  1. For the similarly spelled pyrimidine see Thymine Thiamin or thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1 882 mg   145% Riboflavin (Vit. B2)  0. Riboflavin ( E101) also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed Micronutrient with a key role in maintaining Health 499 mg   33% Niacin (Vit. B3)  6. Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin which prevents the deficiency disease Pellagra. 813 mg   45% Pantothenic acid (B5)  0. Pantothenic acid, also called Vitamin B5 (a B vitamin) is a water- Soluble vitamin required to sustain life ( 05 mg  1% Vitamin B6  1. Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble Vitamin. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of Amino acid metabolism including 3 mg 100% Folate (Vit. Folic acid (also known as Vitamin M and Folacin) and Folate (the Anionic form are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9 B9)  281 μg  70% Calcium  39 mg 4% Iron  6. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 26 mg 50% Magnesium  239 mg 65%  Phosphorus  842 mg 120% Potassium  892 mg   19% Zinc  12. Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 29 mg 123% Manganese 13. Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. 301 mg
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Reference Daily Intake (or Recommended Daily Intake ( RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient which was considered (at the time they were defined to be sufficient Source: USDA Nutrient database

Raw wheat berries can be powdered into flour, germinated and dried creating malt, crushed and de-branned into cracked wheat, parboiled (or steamed), dried, crushed and de-branned into bulgur, or processed into semolina, pasta, or roux. Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further Bulgur (also bulghur or burghul)(from Turkish bulgur, known as πλιγούρι, pligoúri, in Greek and Semolina is the purified middlings of hard wheat used in making Pasta; also the coarse middlings used for breakfast cereals puddings and Polenta. Pasta ( Italian for "dough" is a generic term for Italian variants of Noodles. Roux (ˈruː (pronounced somewhat like the English word "rue" is a mixture of wheat Flour and Fat, traditionally butter They are a major ingredient in such foods as bread, breakfast cereals (e. Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. A breakfast cereal (often simply called cereal is a packaged food product made from Cereal intended to be consumed as part of a Breakfast. g. Wheatena, Cream of Wheat, Shredded Wheat), porridge, crackers, biscuits, pancakes, cakes, gravy and boza (a fermented beverage). Wheatena is an American high- Fiber, toasted- Wheat Cereal that originated on Mulberry Street in New York City, New Cream of Wheat is a hot Breakfast cereal invented in 1893 by wheat millers in Grand Forks North Dakota. Shredded Wheat is a Breakfast cereal made from whole Wheat. It comes in two sizes bite sized (3/4 in x 1 in and normal size which are sometimes Porridge, or porage, is a simple dish made by boiling Oats (normally crushed oats occasionally Oatmeal) or another cereal in Water A cracker is a type of Biscuit that developed from military Hardtack and nautical ship biscuits A biscuit (ˈbɪskɨt is a small baked product the exact meaning varies markedly in different parts of the world Pancakes are a type of Flatbread prepared from a sweet batter that is cooked on a hot Griddle or in a Frying pan. Cake is a form of Food that is usually sweet and often baked. Gravy is an English Sauce made often from the juices that run naturally from meat or vegetables during cooking Boza is a popular Fermented beverage in Turkey, Albania, Bulgaria, The Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia

Nutrition

100 grams of hard red winter wheat contain about 12. 6 grams of protein, 1. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl 5 grams of total fat, 71 grams of carbohydrate (by difference), 12. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most 2 grams of dietary fiber, and 3. Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. 2 mg of iron (17% of the daily requirement); the same weight of hard red spring wheat contains about 15. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 4 grams of protein, 1. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl 9 grams of total fat, 68 grams of carbohydrate (by difference), 12. Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most 2 grams of dietary fiber, and 3. Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. 6 mg of iron (20% of the daily requirement). Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 ^[23]

Gluten, a protein found in wheat (and other Triticeae), cannot be tolerated by people with celiac disease (an autoimmune disorder in ~1% of Indo-European populations). Gluten is a composite of the proteins Gliadin and Glutenin. These exist conjoined with Starch, in the Endosperms of some Triticeae is a tribe within the Pooideae subfamily of grasses that includes genera with many domesticated species Coeliac ^[24]

Health concerns

Main article: Gluten sensitivity

Main article: Coeliac disease

Roughly 1% of the population[1] has coeliac or celiac disease—a condition that is caused by an adverse immune system reaction to gliadin, a gluten protein found in wheat (and similar proteins of the tribe Triticeae which includes other cultivars such as barley and rye). Gluten sensitivity (GS encompasses a collection of medical conditions in which Gluten has an adverse effect Coeliac An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Gliadin is a Glycoprotein present in Wheat and several other Cereals within the grass genus Triticum. Gluten is a composite of the proteins Gliadin and Glutenin. These exist conjoined with Starch, in the Endosperms of some In Biology, a tribe &mdashor infrafamily&mdashis a Taxonomic rank between family and Genus. Triticeae is a tribe within the Pooideae subfamily of grasses that includes genera with many domesticated species Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Rye ( Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and forage crop Upon exposure to gliadin, the enzyme tissue transglutaminase modifies the protein, and the immune system cross-reacts with the bowel tissue, causing an inflammatory reaction. Tissue transglutaminase (abbreviated as TG2 or tTG) is an Enzyme ( of the Transglutaminase family Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens That leads to flattening of the lining of the small intestine, which interferes with the absorption of nutrients. Malabsorption is a state arising from abnormality in Digestion or Absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal(GI tract. The only effective treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet. A gluten-free diet is recommended amongst other things in the treatment of Coeliac disease and Wheat allergy. While the disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as wheat allergy. Wheat Allergy, also known as wheat hypersensitivity is most commonly a Food allergy, but can also be a respiratory or contact allergy resulting

Economics

Top Ten Wheat Producers — 2005 (million metric ton)
China	96
India	72
United States	57
Russia	46
France	37
Canada	26
Australia	24
Germany	24
Pakistan	22
Turkey	21
World Total	626
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[25]

Harvested wheat grain that enters trade is classified according to grain properties (see below) for the purposes of the commodities market. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Commodity markets are markets where raw or primary products are exchanged Wheat buyers use the classifications to help determine which wheat to purchase as each class has special uses. Wheat producers determine which classes of wheat are the most profitable to cultivate with this system.

Wheat is widely cultivated as a cash crop because it produces a good yield per unit area, grows well in a temperate climate even with a moderately short growing season, and yields a versatile, high-quality flour that is widely used in baking. In Agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for Money. In Agriculture, the growing season is the period of each Year when crops can be grown Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Baking is the technique of prolonged Cooking of Food by dry heat acting by conduction, and not by radiation, normally in an Oven, Most breads are made with wheat flour, including many breads named for the other grains they contain like most rye and oat breads. Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Rye ( Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and forage crop Oats redirects here It may mean either the common cereal oat discussed here or any cultivated or wild species of the Genus Avena. The popularity of foods made from wheat flour creates a large demand for the grain, even in economies with significant food surpluses. The term surplus is used in Economics for several related quantities

In 2007 there was a dramatic rise in the price of wheat due to freezes and flooding in the northern hemisphere and a drought in Australia. Wheat futures in September, 2007 for December and March delivery had risen above $9. 00 a bushel, prices never seen before. ^[26] There were complaints in Italy about the high price of pasta. ^[27] This followed a wider trend of escalating food prices around the globe, driven in part by climactic conditions such as drought in Australia, the diversion of arable land to other uses (such as producing government-subsidised bio-oil crops), and later by some food-producing nations placing bans or restrictions on exports in order to satisfy their own consumers.

Other drivers affecting wheat prices include the movement to bio fuels (in 2008, a third of corn crops in the US are expected to be devoted to ethanol production) and rising incomes in developing countries, which is causing a shift in eating patterns from predominantly rice to more meat based diets (a rise in meat production equals a rise in grain production - seven kilograms of grain is required to produce one kilogram of beef. ^[28]

Production and consumption statistics

Main article: International wheat production statistics

In 1997, global per capita wheat consumption was 101 kg, with the highest per capita consumption (623 kg) found in Denmark. The following international wheat production statistics come from International Grains Council figures from the report "Grain Market Report The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe

Unlike rice, wheat production is more widespread globally though China's share is almost one-sixth of the world.

Agronomy

While winter wheat lies dormant during a winter freeze, wheat normally requires between 110 and 130 days between planting and harvest, depending upon climate, seed type, and soil conditions. Crop management decisions require the knowledge of stage of development of the crop. In particular, spring fertilizer applications, herbicides, fungicides, growth regulators are typically applied at specific stages of plant development. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed Fungicides are Chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores Plant hormones (also known as phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate plant growth

For example, current recommendations often indicate the second application of nitrogen be done when the ear (not visible at this stage) is about 1 cm in size (Z31 on Zadoks scale). The Zadoks scale is a Cereal development scale proposed by the Dutch phytopathologist Jan C Knowledge of stages is also interesting to identify periods of higher risk, in terms of climate. For example, the meiosis stage is extremely susceptible to low temperatures (under 4 °C) or high temperatures (over 25 °C). Farmers also benefit from knowing when the flag leaf (last leaf) appears as this leaf represents about 75% of photosynthesis reactions during the grain-filling period and as such should be preserved from disease or insect attacks to ensure a good yield.

Several systems exist to identify crop stages, with the Feekes and Zadoks scales being the most widely used. The Feekes scale is used to identify wheat growth stage Other systems of identifying wheat group stages include the Haun Zadoks and BBCH scales The Zadoks scale is a Cereal development scale proposed by the Dutch phytopathologist Jan C Each scale is a standard system which describes successive stages reached by the crop during the agricultural season.

• Wheat at the anthesis stage (face and side view)

Diseases

Main articles: Wheat diseases and List of wheat diseases

Estimates of the amount of wheat production lost owing to plant diseases vary between 10-25% in Missouri. See also List of wheat diseases In Europe Cereals are at risk from numerous diseases due to the level of intensification necessary for profitable production since This article is a list of diseases of Wheat ( Triticum spp Bacterial diseases Corynebacterium michiganense pv ^[29] A wide range of organisms infect wheat, of which the most important are viruses and fungi.

Pests

Wheat is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including The Flame, Rustic Shoulder-knot, Setaceous Hebrew Character and Turnip Moth. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. The Flame ( Axylia putris) is a Moth of the family Noctuidae. The Rustic Shoulder-knot ( Apamea sordens) is a Moth of the family Noctuidae. The Setaceous Hebrew Character ( Xestia c-nigrum) is a Moth of the family Noctuidae. The Turnip Moth ( Agrotis segetum) is a Moth of the family Noctuidae.

See also

• Bran
• Chaff
• Husk
• Wheat germ oil
• Starch

References

Further reading

• Bonjean, A. The Kansas City Star is a McClatchy Newspaper based in Kansas City Missouri, in the United States. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio P. , and W. J. Angus (editors). The World Wheat Book: a history of wheat breeding. Lavoisier Publ. , Paris. 1131 pp. (2001). ISBN 2-7430-0402-9.
• S. Padulosi, K. Hammer, J. Heller, editors (1996). Hulled wheats, Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 4. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.  
• Garnsey Peter, Grain for Rome, in Garnsey P. , Hopkins K. , Whittaker C. R. (editors), Trade in the Ancient Economy, Chatto & Windus, London 1983
• Jasny Naum, The daily bread of ancient Greeks and Romans, Ex Officina Templi, Brugis 1950
• Jasny Naum, The Wheats of Classical Antiquity, J. Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1944
• Heiser Charles B. , Seed to civilisation. The story of food, Harvard University Press, Harvard Mass. 1990
• Harlan Jack R. , Crops and man, American Society of Agronomy, Madison 1975
• Saltini Antonio, I semi della civiltà. Grano, riso e mais nella storia delle società umane, Prefazione di Luigi Bernabò Brea, Avenue Media, Bologna 1996
• Sauer Jonathan D. , Geography of Crop Plants. A Select Roster, CRC Press, Boca Raton

External links

• Photos of wheat fields
• Watch Australian science documentary on developing drought-resistant wheat
• Wheat Foods Council Est. 1972
• NAWG — Web site of the National Association of Wheat Growers
• CIMMYT — Web site of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
• Triticum species at Purdue University
• A Workshop Report on Wheat Genome Sequencing
• Molecular Genetic Maps in Wild Emmer Wheat
• Winter Wheat in the Golden Belt of Kansas by James C. The National Association of Wheat Growers (NAWG is an advocacy group based in Washington D The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (in Spanish: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo CIMMYT) is one of the 15 Malin, University of Kansas, 1944
• Varieties of club wheat hosted by the UNT Government Documents Department
• Decorative Wheat Bundles and Stalks

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