Western Ghats (Sahyadri)
Sahya mountains
Range
The Western Ghats at Matheran near Mumbai
Country	India
States	Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
Cities	Ootacamund, Mahabaleshwar
Highest point	Anamudi
- location	Eravikulam, Idukki, South India, Kerala, India
- elevation	2,695 m (8,842 ft)
Lowest point	Palakkad Gap
- location	Palakkad, Palakkad district, South India, Kerala, India
- elevation	300 m (984 ft)
Length	1,600 km (994 mi), N–S
Width	100 km (62 mi), E–W
Area	60,000 km² (23,166 sq mi)
Biome	forests (30%)
Geology	Basalt, Laterite
Period	Cenozoic
The Western Ghats lie parallel to the west coast of India

The Western Ghats (Kannada ಸಹ್ಯಾದ್ರಿ, Marathi सह्यद्रि, Malayalam സഹ്യപര്‍വ്വതം, Tamil மேற்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலை) also known as Sahyadri mountains, is a mountain range in the west of peninsular India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Matheran is a city and a Municipal council in Raigarh district in the Indian Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ooty, short for Ootacamund (officially Udhagamandalam Tamil: உதகமண்டலம் WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mahabaleshwar is a city and a Municipal council in Satara district in the Indian Anamudi (Anamudi in Malayalam meaning The Elephant Peak and Anai mudi in Tamil, meaning elephant's brow) is the highest peak in the Western Ghats in Eravikulam National Park is a 97 km² National park located along the Western Ghats in the Idukki district of Kerala in India Idukki district (ഇടുക്കി is one among the 14 districts of Kerala state, India. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Palakkad Gap is a 32-42 kilometer wide low Mountain pass in the Western Ghats, near Palakkad town in the South Indian State of Kerala For the district with the same name see Palakkad District. Palakkad, also known as Palghat (anglicized is a town and a Municipality Palakkad District ( Malayalam:പാലക്കാട്) or Palghat is one of the 14 districts of Kerala state in South India. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Laterite (from the Latin word "later" meaning brick or tile is a surface formation in hot and wet tropical areas which is enriched in Iron and Aluminium The Cenozoic (also Caenozoic or Cainozoic) Era (ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk/ /ˌsɛn- (meaning "new life" ( Greek ( kainos) "new" Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Not to be confused with the Malay language. Malayalam (മലയാളം malayāḷaṁ) is a Dravidian language used Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country It runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: The range starts near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra, south of the Tapti River, and runs approximately 1600 km through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala ending at Kanyakumari, at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. The Tapti River (original name Tapi River) is a river in central India. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; About sixty percent of the Western Ghats are located in the state of Karnataka. ^[1]

These hills cover 60,000 km² and form the catchment area for a complex of river systems that drain almost 40% of India. ^[2] The average elevation is around 1,200 meters. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International ^[3] The area is one of the world’s eight "Hottest biodiversity hotspots" and has over 5000 species of flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species and 179 amphibian species. A biodiversity hotspot is a Biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction At least 325 globally threatened species occur in the Western Ghats. Threatened species are any species (including Animals Plants fungi, etc ^[4]

Contents 1 Geology 2 Mountains 3 Rivers 4 Climate 5 Ecoregions 6 Biome Protection 7 World Heritage Site 8 Fauna 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links

Geology

The Western Ghats are not true mountains, but are the faulted edge of the Deccan plateau. In Geology a fault, or fault line, is a planar rock fracture which shows evidence of relative movement ^[3] They are believed to have been formed during the break-up of the super continent of Gondwana some 150 million years (mya) ago. Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". Geo-physicists Barren and Harrison from the University of Miami advocate the theory that the west coast of India came into being somewhere around 100 to 80 mya after it broke away from Madagascar. The University of Miami (also known as Miami of Florida, UM, or just The U) is a private non-sectarian University founded in 1925 Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern After the break-up, the western coast of India would have appeared as an abrupt cliff some 1,000 metres in height. ^[5]

Soon after its detachment, the peninsular region of the Indian plate drifted over the Réunion hotspot, a volcanic hotspot in the earth's lithosphere near the present day location of Réunion (21°06′S, 55°31′E). The India or Indian Plate is a Tectonic plate that was originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwanaland from which it split off eventually The Réunion hotspot is a Volcanic hotspot which currently lies under the Island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. Réunion ( French: Réunion or formally La Réunion; previously Île Bourbon) is an island located in the Indian Ocean, east of A huge eruption here some 65 mya is thought to have laid down the Deccan Traps, a vast bed of basalt lava that covers parts of central India. The Deccan Traps are a Large igneous province located on the Deccan Plateau of west-central India (between 17-24N 73-74E and one of the largest Volcanic These volcanic upthrusts led to the formation of the northern third of the Western Ghats. Since these uplifts are dome-shaped in nature, the underlying rock is ancient, dating back 200 mya, and can be observed in some parts such as the Nilgiris. ^[6]

Basalt is the predominant rock found in the hills reaching a depth of 3 km (2 mi). Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Other rock types found are charnockites, granite gneiss, khondalites, leptynites, metamorphic gneisses with detached occurrences of crystalline limestone, iron ore, dolerites and anorthosites. (1 Charnockite (ˈtʃɑrnəkaɪt is applied to any orthopyroxene-bearing granite composed mainly of Quartz, Perthite or antiperthite and Orthopyroxene Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Granulites are fine to medium–grained Metamorphic rocks that have experienced high Temperatures of metamorphism composed mainly of Feldspars sometimes associated Gneiss (ˈnaɪs is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from preexisting formations that were originally Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted Diabase (ˈdaɪəbeɪs or Dolerite is a Mafic, Holocrystalline, Igneous rock equivalent to Volcanic Basalt or plutonic Anorthosite (æˈnɔrθəsaɪt/ /ə- is a Phaneritic, Intrusive Igneous rock characterized by a predominance of Plagioclase Feldspar Residual laterite and bauxite ores are also found in the southern hills. Laterite (from the Latin word "later" meaning brick or tile is a surface formation in hot and wet tropical areas which is enriched in Iron and Aluminium Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and ^[7]

Mountains

The Western Ghats extend from the Satpura Range in the north, go south past Goa, through Karnataka and into Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The Satpura Range is a range of Hills in central India. The range rises in eastern Gujarat state near the Arabian Sea coast running east through Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. The major hill range starting from the north is the Sahyadhri (the benevolent mountains) range. This range is home to many hill stations like Matheran, Mahabaleshwar, Panchgani, Kudremukh and Kodagu. Hill station is a term used for a town usually at somewhat higher elevations WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Matheran is a city and a Municipal council in Raigarh district in the Indian WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Mahabaleshwar is a city and a Municipal council in Satara district in the Indian WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Pānchgani ( Devanāgari: पांचगणी is a town with a Municipal council in Sātārā WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kuduremukha ( ಕುದುರೆಮುಖ in Kannada / Tulu; Konkani - कुद्रेमुख(Also Kodagu ( Kannada:ಕೊಡಗು is a district of Karnataka State in Southern India. The range is called Sayadri in northern Maharashtra and Sahya Parvatam in Kerala. Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India. The Biligirirangans southeast of Mysore in Karnataka, meet the Shevaroys (Servarayan range) and Tirumala range farther east, linking the Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats. Location The hills are in the Mysore (maɪˈsɔɚ in English; renamed to Mysuru|ಮೈಸೂರು) (ಮೈಸೂರು is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India Shavaroys is the Anglicised name for the Selvarayan range of hills which lie near the town of Salem in Tamil Nadu, India. The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains along India 's eastern coast In the south the range is known as the Nilagiri malai in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India.

Smaller ranges, including the Cardamom Hills and the Nilgiri Hills, are in northwestern Tamil Nadu. The Cardamom Hills are part of the southern Western Ghats located in southeast Kerala and Southwest Tamil Nadu in South India. The Nilgiri (Tamil: நீலகிரி or literally Blue Mountains) often referred to as the Nilgiri Hills, are a range of mountains with at least 24 peaks above Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Nilgiri Hills is home to the hill station Ootacamund. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ooty, short for Ootacamund (officially Udhagamandalam Tamil: உதகமண்டலம் Doddabetta is the highest peak at 2,623 metres (8,606 ft). In the southern part of the range in the Anaimalai Hills, in western Tamil Nadu and Kerala, Ana Mudi 2,695 metres (8,842 ft) is the highest peak in India, south of the Himalayas. The Anaimalai Hills (ஆனைமலை or Anamala Hills (in Malayalam is a range of mountains in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu and Kerala Anamudi (Anamudi in Malayalam meaning The Elephant Peak and Anai mudi in Tamil, meaning elephant's brow) is the highest peak in the Western Ghats in Chembra Peak 2,100 metres (6,890 ft), Banasura Peak 2,073 metres (6,801 ft), Vellarimala 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) and Agasthya mala 1,868 metres (6,129 ft) are also in Kerala. Chembra Peak is the highest peak in Wayanad, at 2100m above sea level Vellarimala is a mountain range in Kozhikode district of Kerala, India. Agastya Mala (also known as Agastyarkoodam or Agasthyakoodam) is a peak within Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary in the Western Ghats of South Mullayanagiri is the highest peak in Karnataka 1,950 metres (6,398 ft). Mullayanagiri ( Kannada: ಮುಳ್ಳಯ್ಯನಗಿರಿ) (also spelt Mullayangiri or Mullainagiri) is the highest peak in Karnataka The Western Ghats in Kerala is home to many tea and coffee plantations. The major gaps in the range are the Goa gap, between the Maharashtra and Karnataka sections, and the Palghat Gap on the Tamil Nadu/Kerala border between the Nilgiri Hills and the Anaimalai Hills. Palakkad Gap is a 32-42 kilometer wide low Mountain pass in the Western Ghats, near Palakkad town in the South Indian State of Kerala

The northern portion of the narrow coastal plain between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is known as the Konkan Coast or simply Konkan, and the southern portion is called Malabar region or the Malabar Coast. The Konkan (Marathi कोकण also called the Konkan Coast or Karavali, is a rugged section of the western coastline of India from Raigad The Malabar region lies along the southwest coast of India and forms the northern part of the present-day state of Kerala. The Malabar Coast also known as the Malabarian Coast, is a long and narrow south-western shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent. The foothill region east of the Ghats in Maharashtra is known as Desh, while the eastern foothills of central Karnataka state is known as the Malnad region. Desh (Marathi देश, derived from the Sanskrit word ( देशः) meaning "country" is a region of Maharashtra state in central Malnad ( Kannada: ಮಲೆನಾಡು (an English word for Malenadu in Kannada, male means 'hill' and nadu means 'land' is a region The largest city within the mountains is the city of Pune, in the Desh region on the eastern edge of the range. Pune (ˈpuːneɪ Marathi: पुणे Hindi: पूना formerly Poona, is the second largest city in the state of Maharashtra The Biligirirangan Hills lies at the confluence of the western and Eastern Ghats. Location The hills are in the The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains along India 's eastern coast

The mountains intercept the rain-bearing westerly monsoon winds, and are consequently an area of high rainfall, particularly on their western side. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months The dense forests also contribute to the precipitation of the area by acting as a substrate for condensation of moist rising orographic winds from the sea, and releasing much of the moisture back into the air via transpiration, allowing it to later condense and fall again as rain. Orography is the average height of land measured in geopotential meters, over a certain domain Transpiration is the Evaporation of water from the aerial parts of Plants especially leaves but also stems Flowers and Roots

Rivers

The Western Ghats form one of the three watershed of India, feeding the perennial rivers of peninsular India. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, Important rivers include the Tambaraparani River,Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri. Tamiraparani River, originates on the eastern slopes of Western Ghats in Tirunelveli District of the state of Tamil Nadu in Southern India. This article is about the river Godavari in India. For other uses see Godavari (disambiguation The Godavari ( Marathi language:गोदावरी This article is about an Indian river For other meanings of this river names see Krishna (disambiguation and Krishnaveni. The Kaveri River ( Kannada: ಕಾವೇರಿ ನದಿ Tamil: காவிரி ஆறு also spelled Cauvery in English These rivers flow to the east and drain out into the Bay of Bengal. The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. These rivers are fast-moving, owing to the short distance travelled and steeper gradient. Important rivers include the Mandovi, Zuari. The Mandovi River is described as the lifeline of the state of Goa, India. The Zuari River is the largest river in the state of Goa, India. Many of these rivers feed the backwaters of Kerala and Maharashtra. Rivers that flow eastwards of the Ghats drain into the Bay of Bengal. The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. These are comparatively slower moving and eventually merge into larger rivers such as the Kaveri and Krishna. Smaller rivers include the Chittar River, Bhima River, Malaprabha River, Manimuthar River, Kabini River, Kallayi River, Kundali River, Pachaiyar Riverand the Pennar River and Periyar. Chittar River and its five tributaries and numerous other contributing streams originate in the Courtallam hills of Tirunelveli District in the state of Tamil The Bhima River originates in Bhimashankar hills near Karjat on the western side of Western Ghats, known as Sahyadri in Maharashtra state in The Malaprabha River ( Kannada ಮಲಪ್ರಭ ನದಿ)is a tributary river of the Krishna River and flows through the state of Karnataka in India Manimuthar River originates on the eastern slopes of Western Ghats in Tirunelveli District of the state of Tamil Nadu in Southern India. The Kabini (Kannada ಕಬಿನಿ ನದಿ) is a river of southern India. Kallayi River is one of the rivers in Kerala, India. It originates in Cherikkulathur in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 45 m and is 40 km Kundali River is a river originating in the Kundali Hills of the Western Ghats in the state of Maharashtra and flowing into the Upper Bhima River Basin Pachaiyar River originates on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats approximately 1000 meters above sea level in the state of Tamil Nadu in Southern India The Pennar (also Penner, Penna or Penneru) is a river of southern India. The Periyar River is the longest river in the state of Kerala, India, with a length of 244 km

Fast running rivers and steep slopes have provided sites for many large hydro-electric projects. There are about major 50 dams along the length of the Western Ghats with the earliest project up in 1900 near Khopoli in Maharashtra. Zenith water fall is the most attracting place of khopoli Khopoli ( Marathi: खोपोली is a city in the Indian state of Maharashtra, at the base ^[8] Most notable of these projects are the Koyna Dam in Maharashtra, the Parambikulam Dam in Kerala, and the Linganmakki Dam in Karnataka. Statistics Storage Gross storage 105 TMC Length 1807225 m Height 85 Parambikulam Dam is an Embankment dam on the Parambikulam River, Udumalaipettai located in the Palakkad district in the Western Ghats The Linganamakki dam was constructed by the Karnataka State Government in 1964 The reservoir behind the Koyna Dam, the Shivajisagar Lake, is one of the largest reservoirs in India with a length of 50 km (31 mi) and depth of 80 m (262 ft). The Shivajisagar (Lake of Shivaji is a notable reservoir in the state of Maharashtra, India. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit ^[9]

During the monsoon season, numerous streams fed by incessant rain drain off the mountain sides leading to numerous and often spectacular waterfalls. Among the most well known is the Jog Falls, Kunchikal Falls, Sivasamudram Falls, and Unchalli Falls. Jog Falls ( Kannada -ಜೋಗ ಜಲಪಾತ) created by the Sharavathi River falling from a height of 253 meters (829 ft is the highest plunge waterfall Kunchikal Falls ( Kannada:ಕುಂಚಿಕಲ್‌ ಜಲಪಾತ are the highest waterfalls in India and second highest waterfalls in Asia. Shivanasamudra is a small town in the Mandya District of the state of Karnataka, India. Unchalli Falls, also called Lushington Falls is a Waterfall created by a 116-meter drop in the Aghanashini river The Jog Falls is the highest natural waterfall in South Asia and is listed among the 1001 natural wonders of the world. ^[10] Talakaveri wildlife sanctuary is a critical watershed and the source of the river Kaveri. Talakaveri ( Kannada:ತಲಕಾವೇರಿ is the place that is generally considered to be the source of the Kaveri River. The Kaveri River ( Kannada: ಕಾವೇರಿ ನದಿ Tamil: காவிரி ஆறு also spelled Cauvery in English This region has dense evergreen and semi-evergreen vegetation, with shola-grassland in areas of higher elevation. The steep terrain of the area has resulted in scenic waterfalls along its many mountain streams. Sharavathi and Someshvara Wildlife sanctuaries in Shimoga district are the source of the Tungabhadra River system. Shivamogga District ( Kannada: ಶಿವಮೊಗ್ಗ is a district in the Karnataka state of India. The Tungabhadra River is a sacred river in Southern India that flows through the states of Karnataka and part of Andhra Pradesh to merge with the larger

Climate

Climate in the Western Ghats varies with altitudinal gradation and distance from the equator. The climate is humid and tropical in the lower reaches tempered by the proximity to the sea. Elevations of 1,500 m (4,921 ft) and above in the north and 2,000 m (6,562 ft) and above in the south have a more temperate climate. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Average annual temperature here are around 15 °C (60 °F). In some parts frost is common, and temperatures touch the freezing point during the winter months. Mean temperature range from 20 °C (68 °F) in the south to 24 °C (75 °F) in the north. It has also been observed that the coldest periods coincide with the wettest. ^[6]

During the monsoon season between June and September, the unbroken Western Ghats chain acts as a barrier to the moisture laden clouds. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months The heavy, eastward-moving rain-bearing clouds are forced to rise and in the process deposit most of their rain on the windward side. Rainfall in this region averages 3,000–4,000 mm (120–160 in) with localised extremes touching 9,000 mm (350 in). The eastern region of the Western Ghats which lie in the rain shadow, receive far less rainfall averaging about 1,000 mm (40 in) bringing the average rainfall figure to 2,500 mm (150 in). For the Australian television series see Rain Shadow (TV series. Data from rainfall figures reveal that there is no relationship between the total amount of rain received and the spread of the area. Areas to the north in Maharashtra receive the heaviest rainfall, but are followed by long dry spells, while regions closer to the equator receive less annual rainfall, with rain spells lasting almost the entire year. ^[6]

Ecoregions

The Western Ghats are home to four tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregions – the North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, North Western Ghats montane rain forests, South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, and South Western Ghats montane rain forests. Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF also known as tropical moist forests, are a Tropical and Subtropical Forest An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " The North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest Ecoregion of southwestern India. The North Western Ghats montane rain forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest Ecoregion of southwestern India. The South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest Ecoregion of southern India. The South Western Ghats montane rain forests are an Ecoregion of southern India, covering the southern portion of the Western Ghats range in Kerala

The northern portion of the range is generally drier than the southern portion, and at lower elevations makes up the North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests ecoregion, with mostly deciduous forests made up predominantly of teak. Teak ( Tectona) is a genus of tropical Hardwood Trees in the family Verbenaceae, native to the south and southeast of Asia Above 1,000 meters elevation are the cooler and wetter North Western Ghats montane rain forests, whose evergreen forests are characterized by trees of family Lauraceae. The North Western Ghats montane rain forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest Ecoregion of southwestern India. The Lauraceae or Laurel family comprises a group of Flowering plants included in the order Laurales.

The evergreen Wayanad forests of Kerala mark the transition zone between the northern and southern ecoregions of the Western Ghats. Wayanad District, in the north-east of Kerala, India, was formed on November 1 1980 as the 12th district by carving out areas from The southern ecoregions are generally wetter and more species-rich. At lower elevations are the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, with Cullenia the characteristic tree genus, accompanied by teak, dipterocarps, and other trees. The South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest Ecoregion of southern India. Cullenia is a Genus of Flowering plants native to India and Sri Lanka. Dipterocarpaceae is a family of 17 genera and approximately 500 species of mainly Tropical lowland Rainforest Trees The family name from The moist forests transition to the drier South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests, which lie in its rain shadow to the east. The South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests is an Ecoregion of southern India.

Above 1,000 meters are the South Western Ghats montane rain forests, also cooler and wetter than the surrounding lowland forests, and dominated by evergreen trees, although some montane grasslands and stunted forests can be found at the highest elevations. The South Western Ghats montane rain forests are an Ecoregion of southern India, covering the southern portion of the Western Ghats range in Kerala Montane grasslands and shrublands is a Biome defined by the World Wildlife Fund. The South Western Ghats montane rain forests are the most species-rich ecoregion in peninsular India; eighty percent of the flowering plant species of the entire Western Ghats range are found in this ecoregion. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group

Biome Protection

Historically the Western Ghats were well-covered in dense forests that provided wild foods and natural habitats for native tribal people. Ponmudi (The Golden Peak is a hillstation in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala in South India. Thiruvananthapuram ( Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം Tiruvanantapuraṁ) also known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the The Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve (ABR was Established in 2001 and includes out of which 1828 km² is in Kerala and 1672 The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Its inaccessibility made it difficult for people from the plains to cultivate the land and build settlements. After the arrival of the British in the area, large swathes of territory were cleared for agricultural plantations and timber. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.

The area is ecologically sensitive to development and was declared an ecological hotspot in 1988 through the efforts of ecologist Norman Myers. Norman Myers CMG ( 24 August, 1934 -) is a British environmentalist and authority on Biodiversity. Though this area covers barely five percent of India's land, 27% of all species of higher plants in India (4,000 of 15,000 species) are found here. Almost 1,800 of these are endemic to the region. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere The range is home to at least 84 amphibian species, 16 bird species, seven mammals, and 1,600 flowering plants which are not found elsewhere in the world.

The Government of India established many protected areas including 2 biosphere reserves, 13 National parks to restrict human access, several wildlife sanctuaries to protect specific endangered species and many Reserve Forests, which are all managed by the forest departments of their respective state to preserve some of the ecoregions still undeveloped. India has the following kinds of Protected areas in the sense of the word designated by IUCN. The Indian government has established 14 Biosphere Reserves of India', (categories roughly corresponding to IUCN Category V Protected areas) which protect larger areas This is a list of all national parks of India. India 's first National park (an IUCN category II Protected area) was established in 1935 India has over 500 animal sanctuaries, referred to as Wildlife Sanctuaries ( IUCN Category IV Protected Area) You may be looking for Forest reserve, a generic term associated with protected forest areas which is also used as a specific term for protected forests in some countries Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve comprising 5500 km² of the evergreen forests of Nagarahole, deciduous forests of Bandipur National Park and Nugu in Karnataka and adjoining regions of Wayanad and Mudumalai National Park in the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu forms the largest contiguous protected area in the Western Ghats. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is an International Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats, Nilgiri Hills range of South India. Nagarhole National Park ( Kannada ನಾಗರಹೊಳೆ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉದ್ಯಾನವನ also known as 'Rajiv Gandhi National Park' is located 94 km Bandipur National Park is one of India 's best known sanctuaries and is an important Project Tiger reserve Wayanad District, in the north-east of Kerala, India, was formed on November 1 1980 as the 12th district by carving out areas from The Mudumalai National Park lies on the northwestern side of the Nilgiri Hills (Blue Mountains in Nilgiri District, about 80 km north-west of Coimbatore Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. ^[11] The Western Ghats in Kerala is home to numerous serene hill stations like Munnar, Ponmudi and Waynad. Munnar ( മൂന്നാര്‍ மூணார் is a town located in Kerala state in the southern Western Ghats in South India. Ponmudi (The Golden Peak is a hillstation in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala in South India. The Silent Valley National Park in Kerala is among the last tracts of virgin tropical evergreen forest in India. Silent Valley National Park (Core zone) is located in the Nilgiri Hills, Palakkad district Kerala, in South India. ^[12]

World Heritage Site

In 2006, India applied to the UNESCO MAB for the Western Ghats to be listed as a protected World Heritage Site. Kanyakumari District ( Tamil: கன்னியாகுமரி மாவட்டம்(also spelt 'Kanniyakumari' or 'Kanniakumari District') is United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Asia, Australia and the Pacific ( Australia) ^[13] This will be composed of 7 adjoining areas:

1. Agasthyamalai Sub-Cluster (with Five Site Elements) including: The Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve 900 km², includes Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve 806 km², in Tamilnadu and Neyyar,^[14] Peppara^[15] and Shendurney^[16] Wildlife Sanctuaries and their adjoining areas of Achencoil,^[17] Thenmala, Konni,^[18] Punalur, Thiruvananthapuram Divisions and Agasthyavanam Special Division in Kerala. The Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve (ABR was Established in 2001 and includes out of which 1828 km² is in Kerala and 1672 Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR situated in the Southern Western Ghats in Tirunelveli district, in the South Indian state of Thenmala is a tourist place near Punalur town Kollam district in Kerala. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Punalur is a city and a Municipality in Kollam district in the southern state of Thiruvananthapuram ( Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം Tiruvanantapuraṁ) also known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the ^[19]
2. Periyar Sub-Cluster (with Six Site Elements) including: Periyar National Park and nature reserve 777 km², in Kerala, Ranni, Konni and Achankovil Forest Divisions. Periyar is a Protected area, and a Project Tiger Nature reserve in the South Indian State of Kerala, set high in the mountains Ranni is a Taluk in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerela, in India, approximately 66 Kilometres from the world renowned Ayyappa Temple On the eastern side, lying largely in a rain-shadow area with mostly drier forests, lie the Srivilliputtur Wildlife Sanctuary and reserved forests of the Tirunelveli Forest Division. Tirunelveli (திருநெல்வேலி is a city in Tamil Nadu and was formed into a Municipal corporation in 1999 by merging three municipalities viz
3. Anamalai Sub-Cluster (with Seven Site Elements) including: Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Eravikulam National Park 90 km², Indira Gandhi National Park, Grass Hills National Park and Karian Shola National Park are located within the larger Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary 958 km², and Palani Hills National Park 736. Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, (CWS is located 18 km north of Marayoor on SH 17 in the Marayoor and Kanthalloor Panchayats of Devikulam Taluk in the Eravikulam National Park is a 97 km² National park located along the Western Ghats in the Idukki district of Kerala in India Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (IGWLS&NP is a protected area named after Prime Minister Indira Gandhi who visited here on October 7 The Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park is a proposed Protected area in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu State South India. 87 km² (PRO) in Tamilnadu and Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary 285 km² in Kerala. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary is a 285 km² Protected area in Chittur taluk in Palakkad district of Kerala state South India.
4. Nilgiri Sub-Cluster (with Six Site Elements) including: The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve with Karimpuzha National Park 230 km² (PRO), Silent Valley National Park 89. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is an International Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats, Nilgiri Hills range of South India. Karimpuzha National Park is a 230 km² proposed National Park located at in the Nilgiri Hills, Palakkad district Kerala, in South India Silent Valley National Park (Core zone) is located in the Nilgiri Hills, Palakkad district Kerala, in South India. 52 km² and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary 344 km² in Kerala, Bandipur National Park 874 km², Mukurthi National Park 78. Bandipur National Park is one of India 's best known sanctuaries and is an important Project Tiger reserve Mukurthi National Park is a 7846 km² protected area located in the south-eastern corner of the Nilgiris Plateau west of Ootacamund Hill 46 km²,Mudumalai National Park 321 km², New Amarambalam Reserved Forest in Tamilnadu. The Mudumalai National Park lies on the northwestern side of the Nilgiri Hills (Blue Mountains in Nilgiri District, about 80 km north-west of Coimbatore New Amarambalam Reserved Forest is near Nilambur town and conjoins Silent Valley National Park. This sub-cluster constitutes a largely secure forest complex of over 6,000 km², which is one of the most globally significant conservation areas for highly threatened species such as the Asian elephant, tiger and gaur, besides dozens of endangered species in other taxa.
5. Talacauvery Sub-Cluster (with Six Site Elements) including:Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary 181. 29 km², Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarhole National Park) 321 km², Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary 92. Nagarhole National Park ( Kannada ನಾಗರಹೊಳೆ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉದ್ಯಾನವನ also known as 'Rajiv Gandhi National Park' is located 94 km Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is one of 21 Wildlife Sanctuaries of India 's Karnataka state 65 km², Talacauvery Wildlife Sanctuary (105. 01 km²) in karnataka and Aralam Reserved Forest in Kerala.
6. Kudremukh Sub-Cluster (with Five Site Elements) including: Kudremukh National Park 600. Kudremukh is a mountain in Chikmagalur district in Karnataka, India. 32 km², Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary and surrounding Reserved Forests of Someshwara, Agumbe and Balahalli in karnataka. Someshwara is the presiding deity in the Temple of same name The temple is situated in the heart of Kolar town Agumbe (ಆಗುಂಬೆ is a village located in the Shimoga district in the state of Karnataka, India.
7. Sahyadri Sub-Cluster (with Four Site Elements) including: Anshi National Park 340 km², Chandoli National Park 317. Anshi National Park is located in Uttara Kannada district in the Indian state of Karnataka, bordering the state of Goa. Chandoli National Park (reference in Marathi Language an 31767 km² Indian National Park, established in May 2004 earlier a Wildlife Sanctuary declared in 67 km², Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary and Radhanagri Wildlife Sanctuary in Maharashtra. Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary is a Wildlife sanctuary located in Satara district of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Radhanagri Wildlife Sanctuary, the first wildlife sanctuary of Maharashtra, was notified in 1958.

Fauna

The Western Ghats are home to thousands of animal species including at least 325 globally threatened species. Threatened species are any species (including Animals Plants fungi, etc Many are endemic species, especially in the amphibian and reptilian classes. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order.

• Mammals- There are at least 139 mammal species. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands A critically endangered mammal of the Western Ghats is the nocturnal Malabar Large-spotted Civet. Organisms with a conservation status of critically endangered have an extremely high risk of becoming extinct The Malabar Large-spotted Civet ( Viverra civettina) is a Civet also known as the Malabar Civet and called Jawad in Malayalam The arboreal Lion-tailed Macaque is endangered. The Lion-tailed Macaque ( Macaca silenus) is an Old World monkey that lives only in the Western Ghats of South India. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation Only 2500 of this species are remaining. ^[20] The largest population of Lion tailed macacque is in Silent Valley National Park. Silent Valley National Park (Core zone) is located in the Nilgiri Hills, Palakkad district Kerala, in South India. Kudremukh National Park also protects a viable population. Kudremukh is a mountain in Chikmagalur district in Karnataka, India. ^[21]

These hill ranges serve as important wildlife corridors, allowing seasonal migration of endangered Asian Elephants. The Asian or Asiatic Elephant ( Elephas maximus) sometimes known by the name of one of its subspecies &ndash the Indian Elephant, is one of The Nilgiri Bio-sphere is home to the largest population of Asian Elephants and forms an important Project Elephant and Project Tiger reserve. Project Elephant was launched in 1992 by the Government of India to assist states having free ranging population of wild Elephants The project was aimed at ensuring Project Tiger is a Wildlife conservation project initiated in India in 1972 to protect the Bengal Tigers It was launched on April 1 Brahmagiri and Pushpagiri wildlife sanctuaries are important elephant habitats. Pushpagiri, at 1712 meters is the highest peak in Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary in the Western Ghats of Karnataka. Karnataka's Ghat areas hold over six thousand elephants (as of 2004) and ten percent of India's critically endangered tiger population. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India The Bengal tiger, or Royal Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris or Panthera tigris bengalensis) is a Subspecies of Tiger primarily ^[22]

The largest population of India's Tigers outside the Sundarbans is in the unbroken forests bordering Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Sundarbans (সুন্দরবন Shundorbôn) is the largest single block of tidal halophytic Mangrove forest in the world The largest numbers and herds of vulnerable Gaur are found here with the Bandipur National Park and Nagarahole together holding over five thousand Gaur. A vulnerable species is a Species which is likely to become endangered unless the circumstances threatening its survival and reproduction improve The gaur (ˈɡaʊɚ ( Bos gaurus, previously Bibos gauris) is a large dark-coated bovine animal of South Asia and Southeast Asia. Bandipur National Park is one of India 's best known sanctuaries and is an important Project Tiger reserve ^[23] To the west the forests of Kodagu hold sizeable populations of the endangered Nilgiri Langur. Kodagu ( Kannada:ಕೊಡಗು is a district of Karnataka State in Southern India. The Nilgiri Langur ( Trachypithecus johnii) is a Lutung (a type of Old World monkey) found in the Nilgiri hills of the Western Ghats in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary and project tiger reserve in Chikmagalur has large populations of Indian muntjac. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is 38 km northwest of Chikmagalur town in Karnataka state Chikmagalur is the alternate name of the following places in India: Chikkamagaluru, a small city in the state of Karnataka Chikkamagaluru The Common Muntjac, also called Indian Muntjac ( Muntiacus muntjak) is the most numerous Muntjac deer species Many Asian Elephant, Gaur, Sambar, vulnerable Sloth Bears, Leopard, tiger and Wild Boars dwell in the forests of Kerala. The Sloth Bear ( Melursus ursinus) also known as the Lip Bear, Though originally classed as a "bear sloth" due to the shape of its claws The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring The boar or wild boar ( Sus scrofa) is an Omnivorous, gregarious Mammal of the biological family Suidae.

Bannerghatta National Park and Annekal reserve forest is an important elephant corridor connecting the forests of Tamil Nadu with those of Karnataka. Bannerghatta National Park is situated 22 km south of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Dandeli and Anshi national parks in Uttara Kannada district are home to the Black Panther and normal variety of leopards and significant populations of Great Indian Hornbill. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Dandeli can be recognised as a national integrated city since it boasts of people from all over India Uttara Kannada ( Kannada ಉತ್ತರ ಕನ್ನಡ) is a district in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. A black panther is a black ( melanistic) color variant of one of several Species of larger cat which are often known by the term panther. The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring The Great Hornbill, Buceros bicornis also known as Greater Indian Hornbill or Two-horned Calao, is the largest Asian member of the Hornbill family Bhimgad in Belgaum district is a proposed wildlife sanctuary and is home to the endemic critically endangered Wroughton's freetailed bat. Belgaum ( The Wroughton's free-tailed bat ( Otomops wroughtoni) is a Free-tailed bat formerly considered to be confined to the Western Ghats area of India the Krishnapur caves close by are one of only three places in the country where the little-known Theobald's tomb bat is found. UserPolbot. -->The Theobald's Tomb Bat ( Taphozous theobaldi) is a species of Sac-winged bat in the Large Lesser False Vampire bats are found in the Talevadi caves. The Lesser False Vampire Bat, Megaderma spasma is a Bat found in South Asia and Southeast Asia from Sri Lanka and India ^[24]

• Reptiles- The snake family Uropeltidae of the reptile class is almost entirely restricted to this region. Common names pipe snakes shield-tailed snakes The Uropeltidae are a family of primitive burrowing Snakes found in southern Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers
• Amphibians- The amphibians of the Western Ghats are diverse and unique, with more than 80% of the 179 amphibian species being endemic to the region. Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and Most of the endemic species have their distribution in the rainforests of these mountains. ^[25] The endangered Purple frog was discovered in 2003 to be a living fossil. Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is a Frog species belonging to the family Sooglossidae. Living fossil is an informal term for any living Species (or Clade) of organism which appears This species of frog is most closely related to species found in the Seychelles. Seychelles (seɪˈʃɛl or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ in English and seʃɛl in French) officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles Creole
• Fish- Some Western Ghats streams are home to several brilliantly coloured ornamental fishes like Red line torpedo barb, Red-tailed barb,^[26] mahseers such as Malabar mahseer^[27]
• Birds- There are at least 508 bird species. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two The red line torpedo barb, roseline shark, or Denison barb ( Puntius denisonii) is a Subtropical Fish belonging to the barb Mahseer is the Common name used for the Genera Tor, Neolissochilus, and Naziritor in the family Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Most of Karnataka's five hundred species of birds [13] are from the Western Ghats region. ^[28] Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is located at the northern end of the Malabar ranges and the southern tip of the Sahyadri ranges and bird species from both ranges can be seen here. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is 38 km northwest of Chikmagalur town in Karnataka state
• Insects- There are roughly 6,000 insect species from Kerala alone. ^[29] Of 334 butterfly species recorded from the Western Ghats, 316 species have been reported from the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is an International Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats, Nilgiri Hills range of South India. ^[30]
• Molluscs- Seasonal rainfall patterns of the Western Ghats necessitate a period of dormancy for its land snails, resulting in their high abundance and diversity including at least 258 species of gastropods from 57 genera and 24 families. Diapause is a Physiological state of Dormancy with very specific triggering and releasing conditions The word snail is a Common name that can be used for almost all members of the Molluscan class Gastropoda which have coiled shells in the The class Gastropoda or the gastropods, also previously known as gasteropods, or univalves, and more commonly known as Snails ^[31]

Lion-tailed macaque	Tiger at Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary	Great Indian Hornbill	Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon
Monkey (Bonnet Macaque) seen in Nelliampathi mountains

Notes

References

External links

• Pictures and Images of Sahyadri nature
• Squirrels of the Western Ghats
• Sahyadri forts, old temples & caves
• Pictures and stories on Western Ghats
• Western Ghats travel guide from Wikitravel
• Rivers of Western Ghats
• Pictures of Sahyadri
• Photographs of forts and other in Sahyadri
• Unique tool to share pictures of forts, other prominent places, birds, flowers in Sahyadri

Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE was established in 1996 as a Non-profit organisation. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.

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