The Western is a fiction genre seen in film, television, radio, literature, painting and other visual arts. The Great Train Robbery is a 1903 western film by Edwin S Porter. Monument Valley is located on the southern border of Utah with northern Arizona (around) The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography Westerns are devoted to telling stories set primarily in the later half of the 19th century in what became the Western United States (known as the American Old West or Wild West), but also in Western Canada, Mexico (The Wild Bunch, Vera Cruz), Alaska (The Far Country, North to Alaska) and even Australia (Quigley Down Under, The Proposition). The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost Western Canada, commonly referred to as the West, is a region of Canada normally including all parts of Canada west of the province The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Wild Bunch ( directed by Sam Peckinpah, is a Western film about an aging outlaw gang at the Texas-Mexico border trying to exist in the modern world Vera Cruz is a 1954 Film starring Gary Cooper, Burt Lancaster, Denise Darcel, and Cesar Romero. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The Far Country is a 1955 American Western movie directed by Anthony Mann and starring James Stewart in their fourth North to Alaska is a 1960 comedic western directed by Henry Hathaway and starring John Wayne and Stewart Granger For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Quigley Down Under is a 1990 western film It was originally intended to star Steve McQueen in 1980 but after an illness by the star the project The Proposition is a 2005 movie directed by John Hillcoat and written by musician Nick Cave. Some Westerns are set as early as the Battle of the Alamo in 1836 but most are set between the end of the American Civil War and the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890, though there are several "late Westerns" (e. The Battle of the Alamo was fought in February and March 1836 in San Antonio, Texas. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Wounded Knee Massacre also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the Oglala Lakota and the United States Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common g. , The Wild Bunch and 100 Rifles) set as late as the Mexican Revolution in 1913. The Wild Bunch ( directed by Sam Peckinpah, is a Western film about an aging outlaw gang at the Texas-Mexico border trying to exist in the modern world The Mexican Revolution (Revolución Mexicana was a major armed struggle that started with an uprising led by Francisco I There are also a number of films about Western-type characters in contemporary settings where they don't fit in, such as Junior Bonner set in the 1970s, and Down in the Valley and The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada in the 21st Century. Junior Bonner is a Western film and Melodrama released in 1972 and starring Steve McQueen, Joe Don Baker, Robert Preston The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada is a 2005 Drama Film directed by Tommy Lee Jones and written by Guillermo Arriaga

Westerns often portray how primitive and obsolete ways of life confronted modern technological or social changes. This may be depicted by showing conflict between natives and settlers or U.S. Cavalry, or by showing ranchers being threatened by the onset of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the American Westerns of the 1940s and 1950s emphasise the values of honor and sacrifice. Westerns from the 1960s and 1970s often have more pessimistic view, glorifying a rebellious anti-hero and highlighting the cynicism, brutality and inequality of the American West.

Contents 1 Themes 2 Film 2.1 Characteristics 2.2 Subgenres 2.3 Genre studies 2.4 Influences 3 Television 4 Literature 5 Visual art 6 Other media 7 Notable actors and directors 7.1 Actors 7.2 Actresses 7.3 Singing cowboys 7.4 Directors 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

Themes

The Western genre, particularly in films, often portrays the conquest of the wilderness and the subordination of nature in the name of civilization or the confiscation of the territorial rights of the original inhabitants of the frontier. The Western depicts a society organised around codes of honor, rather than the law, in which persons have no social order larger than their immediate peers, family, or perhaps themselves alone. Honor or Honour (see spelling differences) (the latter directly from the Latin word honos honoris) is the evaluation of a person's Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The popular perception of the Western ^[1] is a story that centres on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, usually a cowboy or a gunfighter. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that A cowboy is an animal Herder who tends Cattle on Ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback and often performs a multitude of

In some ways, such protagonists could be considered the literary descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of an earlier extensive genre. A knight-errant (plural knights-errant) is a figure of medieval chivalric romance literature. Like the cowboy or gunfighter of the Western, the knight errant of the earlier European tales and poetry was wandering from place to place on his horse, fighting villains of various kinds and bound to no fixed social structures but only to his own innate code of honour. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress. The subject of the damsel in distress, or persecuted maiden is a classic theme in world literature art and film

The technology of the era – such as the telegraph, printing press, and railroad – may be evident, usually symbolising the imminent end of the frontier. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image A frontier is a Political and Geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature In some "late Westerns", such as The Wild Bunch, the motor car and even the aeroplane are referenced. The Wild Bunch ( directed by Sam Peckinpah, is a Western film about an aging outlaw gang at the Texas-Mexico border trying to exist in the modern world Overview Fixed-wing aircraft range from small training and recreational aircraft to Wide-body aircraft and military cargo aircraft. Weapons technology is very evident and a recurring theme is the merit of the latest piece of "hardware", be it a repeating rifle produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company or a Colt Single Action Army handgun. A repeating rifle is a single barreled Rifle containing multiple rounds of Ammunition. The Winchester Repeating Arms Company was a prominent American maker of repeating firearms during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century The Colt Single Action Army Handgun (also known as the Colt Peacemaker, Single Action Army or SAA, Colt. Dynamite also features somewhat, both as a blasting agent and as a weapon, and to a lesser extent the Gatling gun. Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of Nitroglycerin, initially using Diatomaceous earth (kieselgur US Spelling kieselguhr The Gatling gun is considered by some to have been the first Machine gun: although it did not automatically reload under its own power it was capable of firing continuously

The Western takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, usually set against the spectacular scenery of the American West. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in a desert-like landscape. Specific settings include isolated forts, ranches and homesteads; the Native American village; or the small frontier town with its saloon, general store, livery stable and jailhouse. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasises that this is the "Wild West": it is the place to go for music (raucous piano playing), girls (often prostitutes), gambling (draw poker or five card stud), drinking (beer or whiskey), brawling and shooting. In some Westerns, where "civilisation" has arrived, the town has a church and a school; in others, where frontier rules still hold sway, it is, as Sergio Leone said, "where life has no value". Sergio Leone ( January 3, 1929 &ndash April 30, 1989) was an Italian Film director.

Film

Characteristics

Most of the characteristics of Westerns were part of 19th century popular Western literature and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form. ^[2] Referred to as "dumbo's" in film industry headlinese, Western films commonly feature as their protagonists stock characters such as cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, often depicted as semi-nomadic wanderers who wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, and buckskins, use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival, and ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on faithful steeds. Headlinese is nonconversational language used in Newspaper headlines The Protagonist or main character is the central figure of a story. Stetson hats or Stetsons are a brand of hat manufactered by the John B A kerchief (from the French couvre-chef, "cover the head" is a triangular or square piece of Cloth tied around the A spur is a metal tool designed to be worn in pairs on the heels of Riding boots for the purpose of directing a Horse to move forward or laterally while riding Buckskins are Clothing, usually consisting of a Jacket and Leggings, made from buckskin, a soft sueded leather from the hide of Deer rEVOLVEr is the fourth studio album by Swedish metal band The Haunted. A rifle is a Firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves ("rifling" cut into the barrel walls The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae.

The films often depict conflicts with Native Americans. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States While early ethnocentric Westerns frequently portray the "Injuns" as dishonorable villains, the later more culturally neutral Westerns give the natives more sympathetic treatment. Other recurring themes of Westerns include Western treks and groups of bandits terrorising small towns such as in The Magnificent Seven. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment The Magnificent Seven is a 1960 Western film directed by John Sturges about a group of hired gunmen protecting a Mexican village from

Early Westerns were mostly filmed in the studio, just like other early Hollywood films, but when location shooting became more common from the 1930s, producers of Westerns used desolate corners of New Mexico, California, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Kansas, Texas, Colorado or Wyoming. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. While many Westerns were filmed in California and Arizona, most of them depicted Texas. Productions were also filmed on location at movie ranches. A movie ranch is a Ranch that is at least partially dedicated to being used as a site for the production of Motion pictures.

Often, the vast landscape becomes more than a vivid backdrop; it becomes a character in the film. After the early 1950s, various wide screen formats such as cinemascope (1953) and VistaVision used the expanded width of the screen to display spectacular Western landscapes. CinemaScope was a Widescreen movie format used from 1953 to 1967 VistaVision is a variant of the 35 mm motion picture film format created by Paramount Pictures in 1954 based on the Glamorama and Superama John Ford's use of Monument Valley as an expressive landscape in his films from Stagecoach (1939) to Cheyenne Autumn (1965) "present us with a mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West, embodied most memorably in Monument Valley, with its buttes and mesas that tower above the men on horseback, whether they be settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans". Monument Valley is located on the southern border of Utah with northern Arizona (around) For other meanings see Stagecoach (disambiguation. A stagecoach (also called diligence) is a type of four-wheeled enclosed Cheyenne Autumn is a 1964 western starring Richard Widmark, Carroll Baker, James Stewart, and Edward G ^[3]

Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in a desert-like landscape with isolated forts, ranches, homesteads, Native American villages, and small frontier towns. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Wild west towns often have a saloon, general store, livery stable and jailhouse. Many films focus on the conflicts between the settled townspeople and farmers (the epitome of "civilisation") as against the free-ranging cattle herders opposed to fencing the land (epitomising "nature").

Western films, until recent times, had many anachronisms, particularly the firearms. Winchester 1892-model rifles were frequently used in films set in the 1870s. The name Winchester rifle is frequently used to describe any of the Lever-action rifles manufactured in the U Since the late 1960s, however, films have shown more of the wide variety of period-appropriate arms used during the 1870s. For example, Arthur Hunnicutt carries a revolving rifle during part of El Dorado (1967) and Lee Van Cleef is equipped with a veritable arsenal of frontier firearms in For A Few Dollars More (1965). Arthur Hunnicutt ( February 17, 1910 &ndash September 26, 1979) was an American actor known for his portrayal of wise grizzled old rural characters Lee Van Cleef ( January 9 1925 &ndash December 16 1989) was an American film actor who appeared mostly in Western and action pictures For a Few Dollars More ( Per Qualche Dollaro in Più) is a 1965 Spaghetti western film directed by Sergio Leone and starring

Subgenres

The Western genre itself has sub-genres, such as the epic Western, the shoot 'em up, singing cowboy Westerns, and a few comedy Westerns. The Epic Western is a sub- Genre of the Western movie. An archetypical example is Once Upon a Time in the West, a lengthy revenge A singing cowboy was a subtype of the archetypal Cowboy hero of early Western films popularized by many of the B-movies of the 1930s and the 1940s In the 1960s and 1970s, the Western was re-invented with the revisionist Western. The Revisionist Western, Modern Western or Anti Western traces to the late 1960s and early 1970s as a sub- Genre of the

Classical Westerns

The first Western film was the 1903 film The Great Train Robbery, a silent film directed by Edwin S. Porter and starring Broncho Billy Anderson. The Great Train Robbery is a 1903 western film by Edwin S Porter. Edwin Stanton Porter ( April 21, 1870 &ndash April 30, 1941) was an early film pioneer most famous as a director with Thomas Edison Broncho Billy Anderson ( March 21, 1880 – January 20, 1971) was an American actor writer director and producer who is best The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen's first cowboy star, making several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon had competition in the form of William S. Hart. William Surrey Hart ( December 6, 1864 &ndash June 23, 1946) was an American Silent film Actor, Screenwriter The Golden Age of the Western film is epitomised by the work of two directors: John Ford (who often used John Wayne for lead roles) and Howard Hawks. The Golden Age of the Western was an era of the Western movie usually identified as starting in the 1930s through the 1950s though some date it to the 1970s John Wayne ( May 26, 1907 &ndash June 11, 1979) was an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award -winning American Howard Winchester Hawks ( May 30, 1896 &ndash December 26, 1977) was an American Film director, producer and

Spaghetti Westerns

During the 1960s and 1970s, a revival of the Western emerged in Italy with the "Spaghetti Westerns" or "Italo-Westerns". Spaghetti Western, also known in some countries in mainland Europe as the Italo-Western, is a nickname for a broad sub-genre of Western Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Many of these films are low-budget affairs, shot in locations (for example, the Spanish desert region of Almería) chosen for their inexpensive crew and production costs as well as their similarity to landscapes of the Southwestern United States. The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37 Spaghetti Westerns were characterised by the presence of more action and violence than the Hollywood Westerns.

The films directed by Sergio Leone have a parodic dimension (the strange opening scene of Once Upon a Time in the West being a reversal of Fred Zinnemann's High Noon opening scene) which gave them a different tone to the Hollywood Westerns. Sergio Leone ( January 3, 1929 &ndash April 30, 1989) was an Italian Film director. A parody (ˈpɛɹədiː US, [ˈpaɹədiː] UK) in contemporary usage is a work created to mock comment on or poke fun at an original work its subject Once Upon a Time in the West ( Italian title C'Era una Volta il West) is a 1968 epic Spaghetti Western Fred Zinnemann ( April 29, 1907 &ndash March 14, 1997) was an Academy Award -winning Austrian American High Noon is a 1952 Western film directed by Fred Zinnemann and starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. Charles Bronson, Lee van Cleef and Clint Eastwood became famous by starring in Spaghetti Westerns, although they were also to provide a showcase for other noted actors such as Jason Robards, James Coburn, Klaus Kinski and Henry Fonda. Charles Bronson (born Charles Dennis Buchinsky, Lithuanian name Karolis Bučinskis, November 3, 1921 – August 30, Lee Van Cleef ( January 9 1925 &ndash December 16 1989) was an American film actor who appeared mostly in Western and action pictures Clinton "Clint" Eastwood Jr (born May 31 1930 is a four-time Academy Award winning American Actor and Filmmaker. Jason Nelson Robards Jr, ( July 26, 1922 &ndash December 26, 2000) was an American Actor. James Harrison Coburn Jr ( 31 August &ndash 18 November) was an American film and television actor known for his charisma and natural charm Klaus Kinski ( October 18, 1926 &ndash November 23, 1991) was a German Actor, famous for his ability to project onscreen Henry Jaynes Fonda ( May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American Academy Award -winning Film and

Osterns

Eastern-European-produced Westerns were popular in Communist Eastern European countries, and were a particular favorite of Joseph Stalin. "Ostern" is also an alternative spelling of Ostara and German for Easter Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party "Red Western" or "Ostern" films usually portrayed the American Indians sympathetically, as oppressed people fighting for their rights, in contrast to American Westerns of the time, which frequently portrayed the Indians as villains. "Ostern" is also an alternative spelling of Ostara and German for Easter Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States They frequently featured Yugoslavians or Turkic people in the role of the Indians, due to the shortage of authentic Indians in Eastern Europe. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family

Gojko Mitic portrayed righteous, kind hearted and charming Indian chiefs ("Die Söhne der großen Bärin" directed by Josef Mach). Gojko Mitić (Гojкo Митић (born June 13, 1940 in Leskovac, Morava Banovina, Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is a famous A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a Tribe, or the head of a tribal form of self-government The Sons of Great Bear (Die Söhne der großen Bärin is a German language Red Western of 1966, directed by Josef Mach. Josef Mach is a writer and film director from the Czech Republic best known for the Red Western he did for the East German DEFA The Sons of the Great Mother Bear He became honorary chief of the tribe of Sioux when he visited the United States of America in the 1990s and the television crew accompanying him showed the tribe one of his films. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people The United States of America —commonly referred to as the American actor and singer Dean Reed, an expatriate who lived in East Germany, also starred in several films. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Dean Cyril Reed ( September 22, 1938 – June 13, 1986) was an American actor singer and songwriter who lived a great part of The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state

The Ostern genre developed in the Soviet Union as a home-grown counterpart to the American Western. "Ostern" is also an alternative spelling of Ostara and German for Easter Osterns are set in Central Asia or the Russian steppes during the post-revolutionary Russian Civil War. "Ostern" is also an alternative spelling of Ostara and German for Easter Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed The historic setting of the Russian Civil War shared many of the iconic features of the Wild West: a romantic opposition of good and evil, a culture clash with occasionally hostile natives, horseback riding, trains, lawlessness, gunplay, and vast landscapes. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed The quintessential example of the Ostern is the cult film The White Sun of the Desert. "Ostern" is also an alternative spelling of Ostara and German for Easter White sun of the desert ( Белое солнце пустыни; Beloye solntse pustyni) ( 1969) a classic 'Eastern' or Ostern

Revisionist Western

In genre studies, films that change traditional elements of a genre are called "revisionist. The Revisionist Western, Modern Western or Anti Western traces to the late 1960s and early 1970s as a sub- Genre of the Genre studies are a structuralist approach to Literary theory, Film theory, and other cultural theories. " After the early 1960s, many American film-makers began to question and change many traditional elements of Westerns. One major change was in the increasingly positive representation of Native Americans who had been treated as "savages" in earlier films (Little Big Man). Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Little Big Man is a 1970 film directed by Arthur Penn and based on the 1964 novel by Thomas Berger. Audiences were encouraged to question the simple hero-versus-villain dualism and the morality of using violence to test one's character or to prove oneself right.

Some recent Westerns give women more powerful roles. One of the earlier films that encompasses all these features was the 1956 adventure film The Last Wagon in which Richard Widmark played a white man raised by Commanches and persecuted by Whites, with Felicia Farr and Susan Kohner playing young women forced into leadership roles. Richard Widmark ( December 26, 1914 &ndash March 24, 2008) was an American Actor of Films stage, The Comanche are a Native American ethnic group whose range (the Comancheria) consisted of present-day eastern New Mexico, southern Colorado White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. Felicia Farr (born 4 October 1932) is a former American actress and model Susan Kohner (born November 11 1936 in Los Angeles California) is an Academy Award -nominated Golden Globe -winning American

Acid Western

Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum refers to makeshift 1960s and 1970s genre called the acid Western, associated with Dennis Hopper, Jim McBride, and Rudy Wurlitzer, as well as films like Monte Hellman's The Shooting, Alejandro Jodorowsky's bizarre experimental film El Topo (The Mole), and Robert Downey Sr.'s Greaser's Palace. Acid Western is a sub-genre of the Western film that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s that combined the metaphorical ambitions of top-shelf Westerns like Shane Acid Western is a sub-genre of the Western film that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s that combined the metaphorical ambitions of top-shelf Westerns like Shane Dennis Lee Hopper (born May 17, 1936) is an Academy Award -nominated American Actor and Film -maker Jim McBride (born September 16, 1941, in New York New York) is an American Television and Film director, producer Rudolph "Rudy" Wurlitzer (born 1937 is an American novelist and screenwriter Monte Hellman (born July 12, 1932, in New York City, New York) is an American Film director, producer, and Film editor The Shooting is a 1966 western film directed by Monte Hellman, with a screenplay by Carole Eastman (using the Pseudonym Alejandro Jodorowsky (ɑːlɛˈxɑːndrɒ jɒdɒˈrɒvskiː (born February 7 1929 in Tocopilla, Chile, of a Jewish Russian (Ukranian immigrant family El Topo ( The Mole) is a 1970 allegorical, cult Western movie and Underground film, directed by and The 1970 film El Topo is an allegorical, cult Western and underground film about the eponymous character - a violent, black-clad gunfighter - and his quest for enlightenment. An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation A cult film is a Film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. An underground film is a film that is out of the mainstream either in its style genre or financing The film is filled with bizarre characters and occurrences, use of maimed and dwarf performers, and heavy doses of Christian symbolism and Eastern philosophy. Dwarfism ( is a medical condition in humans characterized by extreme small size A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth "Symbolic" redirects here For other uses see Symbolism (disambiguation and Symbolic (disambiguation. Eastern philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophies of Asia, including Indian philosophy, Chinese philosophy, Persian Some spaghettis also crossed over into the acid genre, such as Enzo G. Castellari's mystical Keoma (released in 1976), a western reworking of Ingmar Bergman's metaphysical The Seventh Seal. Enzo G Castellari (born July 29, 1938 in Rome, as Enzo Girolami) is an Italian film director Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ernst Ingmar Bergman ( pronounced) (14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007 was a nine-time Academy Award -nominated Swedish film, stage For the Biblical concept see Seven seals. For the Rakim album see The Seventh Seal (Rakim album.

More recent films include Alex Cox's Walker, and Jim Jarmusch's Dead Man. Alexander Cox (born December 15, 1954) is a British Film director and sometime Actor, notable for his idiosyncratic style and approach Walker is an Acid western by British director Alex Cox based on the life story of William Walker ( Ed Harris) the American Jim Jarmusch (born January 22 1953 in Akron Ohio; ˈdʒɑrməʃ is an American independent Film director. Dead Man is a 1995 film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch. Rosenbaum describes the "acid Western" as "formulating a chilling, savage frontier poetry to justify its hallucinated agenda. " Ultimately, the "acid Western" expresses a counterculture sensibility to critique and replace capitalism with alternative forms of exchange. ^[4]

Contemporary Westerns

Although these films have contemporary American settings, they utilise Old West themes and motifs (a rebellious anti-hero, open plains and desert landscapes, and gunfights). For the most part, they still take place in the American West and reveal the progression of the Old West mentality into the late twentieth century. The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost This sub-genre often features Old West-type characters struggling with displacement in a "civilised" world that rejects their outdated brand of justice.

Examples include Hud starring Paul Newman (1963), Tommy Lee Jones' The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada; Sam Peckinpah's Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia (1974); John Sayles' Lone Star (1996); Robert Rodríguez's Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003); Ang Lee's Brokeback Mountain (2005); Wim Wenders' Don't Come Knocking (2005); and the Coen brothers' Academy Award-winning No Country For Old Men (2007). For other meanings of Hud see HUD Hud is a 1963 film which tells the story of a self-centered modern-day Cowboy Paul Leonard Newman (January 26 1925 &ndash September 26 2008 was an Academy Award Tommy Lee Jones (born September 15, 1946) is an Academy Award - Golden Globe - Screen Actors Guild - and Emmy Award -winning The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada is a 2005 Drama Film directed by Tommy Lee Jones and written by Guillermo Arriaga David Samuel "Sam" Peckinpah (February 21 1925 &ndash December 28 1984 was an American Film director who achieved iconic status following the release Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia ( Tráiganme la cabeza de Alfredo García) (1974 is a film directed by Sam Peckinpah and featuring Warren John Thomas Sayles (born September 28 1950) is an American Independent film director and Screenwriter who frequently See Lone Star for the 1952 film starring Clark Gable and Ava Garner Robert Anthony Rodriguez (born June 20 1968 is an American director, writer, producer, Cinematographer, editor and Musician Once Upon a Time in Mexico is a 2003 action Film written edited and directed by Robert Rodriguez. Ang Lee ( (born October 23, 1954) is an Academy Award -winning Film director from Taiwan. Brokeback Mountain ( 2005) is a romantic - Drama film that depicts the complex romantic and sexual relationship between two men in the Ernst Wilhelm ("Wim" Wenders (born August 14, 1945) is a German Film director, Playwright, Author, Don't Come Knocking is a 2005 Film, a comedy-drama Road movie directed by German director Wim Wenders and written by Wenders and actor/playwright Joel Coen and Ethan Coen, known together professionally as the Coen brothers, are four-time Academy Award winning American filmmakers No Country for Old Men is a 2007 crime [[thriller (genre| thriller film]] adapted for the screen and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, starring

Science fiction Western

These films introduces science fiction themes or futuristic elements into a Western setting. A science fiction Western is a work of Fiction which has elements of Science fiction in a Western setting Examples include The Dark Tower series by Stephen King, Back to the Future Part III, Westworld, and Wild Wild West. The Dark Tower is a series of seven books written by American author Stephen King between 1970 and 2004 Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American Author, Screenwriter, Musician, Columnist, Back to the Future Part III is the third installment of the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy. WestWorld of Scottsdale popularly shortened to WestWorld is a sports and convention complex located in Scottsdale Arizona. Wild Wild West ( 1999) is a Science fiction action-comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld, starring Will Smith, This style is distinguished from space Westerns, such as Serenity or Bravestarr, which introduce Western elements into a science fiction backdrop. Space Western is a subgenre of Science fiction, primarily grounded in film and television that transposes themes of American Western books and film to a backdrop Serenity is a 2005 space western Film written and directed by Joss Whedon. BraveStarr is an American Space Western Animated television series.

Genre studies

In the 1960s academic and critical attention to cinema as a legitimate art form emerged. With the increased attention, film theory was developed to attempt to understand the significance of film. Film theory debates the essence of the cinema and provides conceptual frameworks for understanding film's relationship to Reality, the other Arts individual From this environment emerged (in conjunction with the literary movement) an enclave of critical studies called genre studies. Genre studies are a structuralist approach to Literary theory, Film theory, and other cultural theories. This was primarily a semantic and structuralist approach to understanding how similar films convey meaning.

Long derided for its simplistic morality, the Western film genre came to be seen instead as a series of conventions and codes that acted as a short-hand communication methods with the audience. For example, a hero wears a white hat, while the villain wears a black hat; when two men face each other down a deserted street, there will be a showdown; cattlemen and ranchers are loners, while townsfolk are family and community-minded, etc. All Western films can be read as a series of codes and the variations on those codes.

Since the 1970s, the Western genre has been unraveled through a series of films that used the codes but primarily as a way of undermining them (Little Big Man and Maverick did this through comedy). Little Big Man is a 1970 film directed by Arthur Penn and based on the 1964 novel by Thomas Berger. Maverick is an Academy Award nominated 1994 Comedy Western movie, based on the 1950s television series Maverick, created Kevin Costner's Dances with Wolves actually resurrects all the original codes and conventions. Kevin Michael Costner (born January 18, 1955) is an American Actor, producer and Academy Award -winning director Dances with Wolves is a 1990 Epic film which tells the story of a United States Lieutenant who travels to the American Frontier to find a military post Unforgiven, written by David Webb Peoples and directed by Clint Eastwood, uses every one of the original conventions, only reverses the outcomes. This article is about the 1992 film For other uses see Unforgiven (disambiguation. This article is about David Peoples the screenwriter for the golfer of the same name see David Peoples (golfer. Clinton "Clint" Eastwood Jr (born May 31 1930 is a four-time Academy Award winning American Actor and Filmmaker. Instead of dying bravely or stoically, characters whine, cry, and beg; instead of a hero saving the innocent, it is a villain who steps in to seek revenge.

One of the results of genre studies is that some have argued that "Westerns" need not take place in the American West or even in the 19th century, as the codes can be found in other types of films. For example, a very typical Western plot is that an eastern lawman heads west, where he matches wits and trades bullets with a gang of outlaws and thugs, and is aided by a local lawman who is well-meaning but largely ineffective until a critical moment when he redeems himself by saving the hero's life. This description can be used to describe any number of Westerns, as well as the action film Die Hard. Die Hard is an Academy Award nominated 1988 American Action film. Hud, starring Paul Newman, and Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, are other frequently cited examples of films that do not take place in the American West but have many themes and characteristics common to Westerns. For other meanings of Hud see HUD Hud is a 1963 film which tells the story of a self-centered modern-day Cowboy Paul Leonard Newman (January 26 1925 &ndash September 26 2008 was an Academy Award is a 1954 Japanese film co-written edited and directed by Akira Kurosawa. Likewise, films set in the old American West may not necessarily be considered "Westerns. "

Influences

Many Western films after the mid-1950s were influenced by the Japanese samurai films of Akira Kurosawa. A film poster is a Poster used to advertise a Film. There may be several versions for one film is a 1954 Japanese film co-written edited and directed by Akira Kurosawa. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. For instance The Magnificent Seven was a remake of Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, and both A Fistful of Dollars and Last Man Standing were remakes of Kurosawa's Yojimbo, which itself was inspired by Red Harvest, an American detective novel by Dashiell Hammett. The Magnificent Seven is a 1960 Western film directed by John Sturges about a group of hired gunmen protecting a Mexican village from is a 1954 Japanese film co-written edited and directed by Akira Kurosawa. A Fistful of Dollars ( Per un Pugno di Dollari in Italy and officially on-screen in the U Last Man Standing is a 1996 Action film written and directed by Walter Hill, starring Bruce Willis, Christopher Walken, is a 1961 Jidaigeki (period drama film directed by Akira Kurosawa. This article deals with the Dashiell Hammett novel called Red Harvest Samuel Dashiell Hammett ( May 27, 1894 — January 10, 1961) was an American Author of Hardboiled detective Kurosawa was influenced by American Westerns and was a fan of the genre, most especially John Ford. ^[5]

Despite the Cold War, the Western was a strong influence on Eastern Bloc cinema, which had its own take on the genre, the so called "Red Western" or "Ostern". Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the "Ostern" is also an alternative spelling of Ostara and German for Easter Generally these took two forms: either straight Westerns shot in the Eastern Bloc, or action films involving the Russian Revolution and civil war and the Basmachi rebellion in which Turkic peoples play a similar role to Mexicans in traditional Westerns. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed The Basmachi Revolt (Восстание басмачей or Basmachestvo (Басмачество was a Muslim and largely Turkic uprising against Russian The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family

An offshoot of the Western genre is the "post-apocalyptic" Western, in which a future society, struggling to rebuild after a major catastrophe, is portrayed in a manner very similar to the 19th century frontier. Examples include The Postman and the Mad Max series, and the computer game series Fallout. The Postman is a 1997 Film adaptation of the award-winning post-apocalyptic themed novel of the same name, written in 1985 by author Mad Max is a 1979 Australian apocalyptic action thriller Film directed by George Miller and written Fallout is a Computer role-playing game produced by Tim Cain, developed by Black Isle Studios (though before the studio was named "Black Many elements of space travel series and films borrow extensively from the conventions of the Western genre. This is particularly the case in the space Western subgenre of science fiction. Space Western is a subgenre of Science fiction, primarily grounded in film and television that transposes themes of American Western books and film to a backdrop Peter Hyams' Outland transferred the plot of High Noon to interstellar space. Outland is a British 1981 Science fiction movie written and directed by Peter Hyams. High Noon is a 1952 Western film directed by Fred Zinnemann and starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. Gene Roddenberry, the creator of the Star Trek series, once described his vision for the show as "Wagon Train to the stars". Eugene Wesley "Gene" Roddenberry (August 19 1921 &ndash October 24 1991 was an American Screenwriter and producer.

More recently, the space opera series Firefly used an explicitly Western theme for its portrayal of frontier worlds. Space opera is a subgenre of Speculative fiction or Science fiction that emphasizes romantic, often Melodramatic adventure set mainly or entirely Firefly is an American Science fiction Television series created by writer/director Joss Whedon, creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Anime shows like Cowboy Bebop, Trigun and Outlaw Star have been similar mixes of science fiction and Western elements. (anime in Japanese, is a Japanese animated television series. Directed by Shinichirō Watanabe and written by Keiko Nobumoto, Cowboy Bebop was produced by is a Manga series written and illustrated by Yasuhiro Nightow, published from 1995 to 2007 and spanning 14 collected volumes. is a Manga series written and illustrated by Takehiko Ito. The series takes place in the distant future 150 years after the development of Spacecraft capable The science fiction Western can be seen as a subgenre of either Westerns or science fiction. A science fiction Western is a work of Fiction which has elements of Science fiction in a Western setting Elements of Western films can be found also in some films belonging essentially to other genres. For example, Kelly's Heroes is a war film, but action and characters are Western-like. Kelly's Heroes is an offbeat 1970 War film about a group of enterprising World War II soldiers who set out to rob a bank behind enemy lines The British film Zulu set during the Anglo-Zulu War has sometimes been compared to a Western, even though it is set in South Africa. Zulu is a historical War film depicting the Battle of Rorke's Drift between the British Army and the Zulus in January 1879 during The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

The character played by Humphrey Bogart in film noir films such as Casablanca, To Have and Have Not or The Treasure of the Sierra Madre - an individual bound only by his own private code of honour -has a lot in common with the classic Western hero. Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly those that emphasize moral ambiguity and sexual motivation Casablanca ( is an American Romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz, starring Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman and To Have and Have Not ( 1944) is a thriller romance war Adventure film directed by Howard Hawks and starring The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is John Huston 's 1948 Feature film adaptation of B In turn, the Western, has also explored noir elements, as with the film Sugar Creek.

In many of Robert A. Heinlein's books, the settlement of other planets is depicted in ways explicitly modeled on American settlement of the West. Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. For example, in his Tunnel in the Sky settlers set out to the planet "New Cannan", via an interstellar teleporter portal across the galaxy, in conestoga wagons, their captain sporting moustaches and a little goatee and riding a Palomino horse - with Heinlein explaining that the colonists would need to survive on their own for some years, so horses are more practical than machines. Tunnel in the Sky is a Science fiction book written by Robert A An interstellar teleporter is a hypothetical Technology appearing in Science fiction, typically in hard sci-fi, which Teleports people and/or The Conestoga wagon is a heavy broad-wheeled covered freight carrier used extensively during the United States in the late 1700s and 1800s Palomino is a coat color in Horses consisting of a gold coat and white mane and tail

Stephen King's The Dark Tower is a series of seven books that meshes themes of Westerns, high fantasy, science fiction and horror. Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American Author, Screenwriter, Musician, Columnist, The Dark Tower is a series of seven books written by American author Stephen King between 1970 and 2004 High fantasy, or epic fantasy, is a subgenre of Fantasy fiction that is set in invented or parallel worlds. Horror fiction is broadly Fiction in any medium intended to scare unsettle or horrify the audience The protagonist Roland Deschain is a gunslinger whose image and personality are largely inspired by the "Man with No Name" from Sergio Leone's films. Roland Deschain of Gilead is a fictional character the protagonist and Anti-hero of Stephen King 's The Dark Tower series The Man with No Name is a Stock character in western films but the term usually applies specifically to the character (or possibly characters played by Sergio Leone ( January 3, 1929 &ndash April 30, 1989) was an Italian Film director. In addition, the superhero fantasy genre has been described as having been derived from the cowboy hero, only powered up to omnipotence in a primarily urban setting. A superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero) is a Fictional character "of unprecedented physical prowess dedicated to acts of derring-do Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting The Western genre has been parodied on a number of occasions, famous examples being Support Your Local Sheriff!, Cat Ballou, Mel Brooks's Blazing Saddles, and Rustler's Rhapsody. Support Your Local Sheriff! is a 1968 American comic Western film which parodies the often-filmed scenerio of an iconoclastic new arrival who tames Cat Ballou is a 1965 comedy-western film which tells the story of a woman who hires a famous gunman to avenge her father's murder but finds that the man she Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky; June 28, 1926) is an American director, Writer, Composer, Lyricist Blazing Saddles ( 1974) is a satiric Western Comedy film directed by Mel Brooks. Rustlers' Rhapsody ( 1985) is an American comedy - Western film

George Lucas's Star Wars films use many elements of a Western, and Lucas has said he intended for Star Wars to revitalise cinematic mythology, a part the Western once held. George Walton Lucas Jr (born May 14, 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer, Screenwriter Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded The Jedi, who take their name from Jidaigeki, are modeled after samurai, showing the influence of Kurosawa. The Jedi are members of a fictional monastic order in the ''Star Wars'' galaxy, created by George is a Genre of Film, Television, and Theatre in Japan. The name means "period drama" and the period is usually the Edo period The character Han Solo dressed like an archetypal gunslinger, and the Mos Eisley Cantina is much like an Old West saloon. Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars universe. He was played by Harrison Ford in Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope, The Mos Eisley Cantina is a fictional bar ( Cantina) of the Star Wars universe located in the "pirate

See also: Weird West

Television

Main articles: Television Westerns and List of TV Westerns

Television Westerns are a sub-genre of the Western, a genre of film, fiction, and drama in which stories are set primarily in the later half of the 19th century in the American Old West), Western Canada and Mexico during the period from about 1860 to the end of the so-called "Indian Wars. Weird West is used to describe a combination of the Western with another Genre, usually horror, occult or fantasy Television Westerns are a sub-genre of the Western, a genre of film fiction and drama in which stories are set primarily in the later half of the 19th century in the American A western television show is a Western which takes place in the old west and involves cowboys cattle ranchers miners farmers Indians guns and horses Television Westerns are a sub-genre of the Western, a genre of film fiction and drama in which stories are set primarily in the later half of the 19th century in the American Western Canada, commonly referred to as the West, is a region of Canada normally including all parts of Canada west of the province The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. " When television became popular in the late 1940s and 1950s, TV Westerns quickly became an audience favorite. A number of long-running TV Westerns became classics in their own right. Television Westerns are a sub-genre of the Western, a genre of film fiction and drama in which stories are set primarily in the later half of the 19th century in the American Notable TV Westerns include Gunsmoke, The Lone Ranger, and Bonanza. Gunsmoke is an American radio and television Western drama series created by director Norman MacDonnell and writer John Meston The Lone Ranger is an American, long-running Old-time radio and early Television show created by George W Bonanza is an American television series that ran on NBC from September 12 1959 to January 16 1973

The peak year for television Westerns was 1959, with 26 such shows airing during prime-time. Increasing costs of American television production led to most action half hour series vanishing in the early 1960s to be replaced by hour long television shows, increasingly in colour. Television is one of the major major mass media of the United States. ^[6] In the 1970s, new elements were incorporated into TV Westerns, such as crime drama and mystery whodunnit elements. Western shows from the 1970s included McCloud, Hec Ramsey, Little House on the Prairie, and Kung Fu. McCloud is an American television police drama that aired on NBC from 1970 to 1977. Hec Ramsey is a television Western, a production of Jack Webb 's production company Mark VII Limited, in association with Universal Little House on the Prairie is an American one-hour dramatic Television program that aired on the NBC network from September 11 1974 to This article is specifically about the original TV series (1972–1975 "Kung Fu" In the 1990s and 2000s, hour-long Westerns and slickly packaged made-for-TV movie Westerns were introduced. As well, new elements were once again added to the Western formula, such as the Western-science fiction show Firefly, created by Joss Whedon in 2002. Firefly is an American Science fiction Television series created by writer/director Joss Whedon, creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Joseph Hill " Joss " Whedon ( born June 23, 1964 in New York City is an Academy Award -nominated and Hugo Award Deadwood, which aired on HBO, was a critically-acclaimed Western series which aired from 2004 through 2006. Deadwood is an American western &ndash Drama Television series created produced and almost entirely written by David Milch

Literature

Main article: Western fiction

Western fiction is a genre of literature set in the American Old West between the years of 1860 and 1900. Western fiction is a genre of literature set in the American Old West between the years of 1860 and 1900 Western fiction is a genre of literature set in the American Old West between the years of 1860 and 1900 Well-known writers of Western fiction include Zane Grey from the early 1900s and Louis L'Amour from the mid 20th century. Zane Grey ( January 31, 1872 – October 23, 1939) was an American author best known for his popular adventure Novels and Louis L'Amour ( March 22, 1908 &ndash June 10, 1988) was an American author The genre peaked around the early 1960s, largely due to the popularity of televised Westerns such as Bonanza. Television Westerns are a sub-genre of the Western, a genre of film fiction and drama in which stories are set primarily in the later half of the 19th century in the American Bonanza is an American television series that ran on NBC from September 12 1959 to January 16 1973 Readership began to drop off in the mid- to late 1970s and has reached a new low in the 2000s. Most bookstores, outside of a few Western states, only carry a small number of Western fiction books.

Literary forms that share similar themes include the gaucho literature of Argentina and tales of the European settlement of the Australian Outback. A picturesque imitation- Gaucho literature purporting to use the language of the gauchos and reflect their mentality arose in the 1870s as a result of a developing evolution in the understanding For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Outback or the Outback refers to remote arid areas of Australia, although the term colloquially can refer to any lands outside of the main Urban areas

Visual art

Main article: Artists of the American West

A number of visual artists focused their work on representations of the American Old West. American West-oriented art is sometimes referred to as "Western Art" by Americans. This relatively new category of art includes paintings, sculptures and sometimes Native American crafts. Initially, subjects included exploration of the Western states and cowboy themes. Frederic Remington and Charles M. Frederic Sackrider Remington ( October 4, 1861 - December 26, 1909) was an American painter, Illustrator, Russell are two artists who captured the "Wild West" on canvas. Some art museums and art collectors feature American Western Art.

Other media

Main article: Western genre in other media

The Western genre is also used in comic books, computer and video games and role playing games. The Western genre in other media is application of the Western genre to media such as comics and computer games rather than the traditional forms of film television shows A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. In comics, the Western has been done straight, as in the classic comics of the late 1940s and early 1950s; in the 1990s and 2000s, the Western comic has been done in a more Weird West fashion, usually involving supernatural horror such as vampires and ghouls. Weird West is used to describe a combination of the Western with another Genre, usually horror, occult or fantasy In computer games, the Western genre is either straight Western or a Western-horror hybrid. Some Western themed-computer games include the 1970s game The Oregon Trail, the 1990s game Outlaws (a first-person shooter), and the 2000s-era GUN and Red Dead Revolver. Red Dead Revolver is a western Third-person shooter Video game published by Rockstar Games and developed by Rockstar San

Notable actors and directors

Actors

Alan Ladd Audie Murphy Ben Johnson Buck Jones Burt Lancaster Charles Bronson Christian Bale Chuck Connors Clayton Moore Clint Eastwood Clint Walker Dan Blocker Dean Martin Dennis Weaver Duncan Renaldo Edgar Buchanan Eli Wallach Emilio Esteves Ernest Borgnine Errol Flynn Fess Parker Franco Nero Fred MacMurray Gary Cooper Gene Autry Gene Hackman Gene Wilder Glenn Ford Gregory Peck

Guy Madison Harrison Ford Harry Carey Jr. Harry Carey Henry Fonda Hugh O'Brian Jack Elam Jack Holt Jack Palance James Arness James Coburn James Garner James Stewart Jay Silverheels Joel McCrea John McIntire John Wayne Jonathan Gilbert Ken Curtis Kevin Costner Kevin Kline Kirk Douglas Kurt Russell Lee Marvin Lee Van Cleef Leo Carrillo Leonardo DiCaprio Lindsay Greenbush Lorne Greene Lou Diamond Phillips Michael Landon

Pernell Roberts Randolph Scott Richard Boone Richard Dix Richard Bull Richard Widmark Robert Duvall Robert Mitchum Robert Redford Robert Ryan Ron Howard Roy Rogers Russell Crowe Sam Elliott Sidney Greenbush Tim Holt Tim McCoy Tom Mix Tom Selleck Tom Tyler Val Kilmer Victor Mature Walter Brennan Ward Bond William Boyd William Holden William S. Hart

Actresses

Allison Arngram Anna Lee Barbara Stanwyck Candice Bergen Claire Trevor Dale Evans Dorothy Malone Felicia Farr

Jane Russell Jean Arthur Joanne Dru Karen Grassle Katherine MacGregor Katharine Ross Katy Jurado Marin Sais

Maureen O'Hara Melissa Gilbert Melissa Sue Anderson Olivia de Havilland Rhonda Fleming Sharon Stone Valerie French Vera Miles

Singing cowboys

See Singing cowboy

Gene Autry Rex Allen

Roy Rogers Sons of the Pioneers

Tex Ritter Kirpatrick Thomas

Directors

Andrew V. McLaglen Anthony Mann Budd Boetticher Cecil B. DeMille Clint Eastwood Don Siegel George Stevens

Gunnar Hellstrom Howard Hawks John Ford John Huston Kevin Costner Lawrence Kasdan Michael Curtiz

Michael Landon Monte Hellman Nathan H. Juran James Mangold Raoul Walsh Rouben Mamoulian Sam Peckinpah Sam Raimi Sergio Leone

See also

American Old West American West Dime Western Frederic Remington Charles Russell Earl W. Bascom Golden Boot Awards History of United States continental expansion

List of film genres List of Western fiction authors List of Western films TV Western Movie ranches Northern (genre) Owen Wister List of Western computer and video games Western Writers of America Science fiction Western Space Western

References

External links

• Yezbick, Daniel. The Western, St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture, 2002
• Top Fifty Westerns on Imdb
• Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum
• Western Writers of America website
• Cowboy Pal
• Sethi, Arjun, No Escaping the Violence: The Emergence of the Maimed Hero, University of Maryland 2006 Online Article

The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum is a Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Arjun Charan Sethi (born 18 September, 1941) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India.

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