Weight loss, in the context of medicine or health or physical fitness, is a reduction of the total body weight, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon and other connective tissue. The food guide pyramid was the previous nutritional guide (created at Tufts University School of Medicine of the USDA, replaced in April 2005 by the new USDA nutrition Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Physical fitness is used in two close meanings general fitness (a state of Health and well-being and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition based on the ability Although many people prefer the less-ambiguous term body mass, the term body weight is overwhelmingly used in daily English speech and in biological and medical science contexts "Adipose" redirects here For the Doctor Who monster see " Partners in Crime "
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Unintentional weight loss
A significant loss of total body weight is a serious, chronic illness. Substantial, unintentional weight loss is a symptom of acute or chronic illness, especially if other evidence is present. A symptom' (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident misfortune that which befalls" from συμπίπτω, "I befall" from
Weight loss, for example, accompanied by early satiety, bilious vomiting of partially undigested food, postprandial epigastric pain and eructation may indicate Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome[1]. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA syndrome is a rare life-threatening Gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a compression of the third portion of the Duodenum Weight loss accompanied by insatiable thirst and hunger and fatigue may indicate diabetes mellitus, a chronic disease characterized by an abnormal accumulation of carbohydrates in the bloodstream due to insufficient production of insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas that, when secreted into the bloodstream, permits cellular metabolism and utilization of glucose. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology.
Poor management of type 1 diabetes mellitus, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), leads to an excessive amount of glucose and an insufficient amount of insulin in the bloodstream. This triggers the release of triglycerides from adipose (fat) tissue and catabolism (breakdown) of amino acids in muscle tissue. (more properly known as, TAG or triacylglyceride) is Glyceride in which the Glycerol is Esterified with three Fatty acids It is the For the related metabolic process see Anabolism. Catabolism is the set of Metabolic pathways which break down molecules into In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this This results in a loss of both fat and lean mass, leading to a significant reduction in total body weight. Note that untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus will usually not produce weight loss, as these patients get acutely ill before they would have had time to lose weight.
Myriad of additional scientific considerations are applicable to weight loss, including but not limited to: physiological and exercise sciences, nutrition science, behavioral sciences, and other sciences. Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Behavioural science (or Behavioral science) is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among Organisms in the natural
One area involves the science of bioenergetics including biochemical and physiological energy production and utilization systems, that is frequently evidence of diabetes, and ketone bodies, acetone particles occurring in body fluids and tissues involved in acidosis, also known as ketosis, somewhat common in severe diabetes. Bioenergetics is the subject of a field of Biochemistry that concerns Energy flow through living systems Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when Fatty acids are broken down for energy in the Liver and Acidosis is an increased Acidity (ie an increased Hydrogen ion Concentration) Ketosis (kiːˈtoʊsɪs is a state in Metabolism occurring when the Liver excessively converts fat into fatty acids and Ketone
In addition to weight loss due to a reduction in fat and lean mass, illnesses such as diabetes, certain medications, lack of fluid intake and other factors can trigger fluid loss. And fluid loss in addition to a reduction in fat and lean mass exacerbates the risk for cachexia. Cachexia (kəˈkɛksiə is loss of weight, Muscle atrophy, fatigue weakness and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to
Infections such as HIV may alter metabolism, leading to weight loss. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [2]
Hormonal disruptions, such as an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) , may also exhibit as weight loss. Hyperthyroidism is the term for overactive tissue within the Thyroid gland resulting in overproduction and thus an excess of circulating free thyroid hormones Thyroxine [3]
Intentional weight loss
Weight loss may refer to the loss of total body mass in an effort to improve fitness, health, and/or appearance.
Therapeutic weight loss, in individuals who are overweight, can decrease the likelihood of developing diseases such as diabetes. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc [4] Overweight and obese individuals face a greater risk of health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, osteoarthritis[5] and certain types of cancer. Overweight is generally defined as having more body fat (adipose tissue than is optimally Healthy Being overweight is a common condition especially where Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Osteoarthritis ( OA, also known as degenerative Arthritis, degenerative joint disease) is a clinical syndrome in which low-grade inflammation Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled For healthy weight loss, a physician should be consulted to develop a weight loss plan that is tailored to the individual.
Weight loss occurs when an individual is in a state of negative energy balance. When the human body is spending more energy in work and heat than it is gaining from food or other nutritional supplements, it will catabolise stored reserves of fat or muscle. In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός In Physics, mechanical work is the amount of Energy transferred by a Force. In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature
Although weight loss may involve loss of fat, muscle or fluid, weight loss for the purposes of maintaining health should aim to lose fat while conserving muscle and fluid.
It is not uncommon for people who are already at a medically healthy weight to intentionally lose weight. In some cases it is with the goal of improving athletic performance or to meet weight classifications in a sport. In other cases, the goal is to attain a more attractively shaped body. Being underweight is associated with health risks. The term underweight refers to a Human who is considered to be under a healthy Weight. Health problems can include difficulty fighting off infection, osteoporosis, decreased muscle strength, trouble regulating body temperature and even increased risk of death. [6]
Therapeutic weight loss techniques
The least intrusive weight loss methods, and those most often recommended by physicians, are adjustments to eating patterns and increased physical exercise. Bariatrics is the branch of Medicine that deals with the causes prevention and treatment of Obesity. Usually, health professionals will recommend that their overweight patients combine a reduction of the caloric content of the diet with an increase in physical activity. This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. [7]
Other methods of losing weight include use of drugs and supplements that decrease appetite, block fat absorption, or reduce stomach volume. Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Surgery is another method. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Bariatric surgery artificially reduces the size of the stomach, limiting the intake of food energy. Food energy is the amount of Energy in food that is available through Digestion. Some of these treatments may have serious side-effects. In Medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as Chemotherapy or Surgery.
"Crash Dieting"
A crash diet is where a person willfully restricts themselves of all nourishment (except water) for more than 12 hours. A crash diet is a diet which is extreme in its nutritional deprivations typically severely restricting Calorie intake The desired result is to have the body burn fat for energy with the goal of losing a significant amount of weight in a short time. Crash dieting is not the same as flexible intermittent fasting, where dieters fast for 2 days each week and calories are cycled. Generally the weight lost in a crash diet returns when normal eating resumes.
Weight loss industry
In the developed world, there is a substantial market for products which promise to make weight loss easier, quicker, cheaper, more reliable, or less painful. These include books, CDs, cremes, lotions, pills, rings and earrings, body wraps, body belts and other materials, fitness centers, personal coaches, weight loss groups and food products and supplements. US residents in 1992 spent an estimated $30 billion a year on all types of diet programs and products, including diet foods and drinks. [8]
Between $33 billion and $55 billion is spent annually on weight loss products and services, including medical procedures and pharmaceuticals, with weight loss centers garnering between six percent and 12 percent of total annual expenditure. About 70 percent of American's dieting attempts are of a self-help nature. Although often short-lived, these diet fads are a positive trend for this sector as Americans ultimately turn to professionals to help them meet their weight loss goals [9].
See also
References
- ^ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/410569
- ^ Mangili A, Murman DH, Zampini AM, Wanke CA (2006). Dieting is the practice of ingesting food in a regulated fashion to achieve or maintain a controlled weight "Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort". Clin. Infect. Dis. 42 (6): 836-42. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16477562.
- ^ Overactive thyroid and weight loss
- ^ Diabetes Study Shows Value In Diet, Exercise, september 2001
- ^ Prevalence of various medical conditions increases with overweight and obesity
- ^ Mayo Clinic: Being Underweight Poses Health Risks. Retrieved January 13,2007
- ^ Choosing a Safe and Successful Weight Loss Program
- ^ US Food and Drug Administration: The Facts About Weight Loss Products and Programs
- ^ http://www.cnbc.com/id/24236487/ Profiting From America's Portly Population
External links
- Weight-control Information Network
- U.S. FDA - Losing Weight Safely
- Weight loss at the Open Directory Project
- WEIGHT-LOSS ADVERTISING: An Analysis of Current Trends. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory Federal Trade Commission (September 2002)]
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