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For other uses, see Wedding (disambiguation).
Preparing for the photographs, at a wedding at Thornbury Castle, England
Preparing for the photographs, at a wedding at Thornbury Castle, England

A wedding is a ceremony that celebrates the beginning of a marriage or civil union. Thornbury Castle is a castle in Thornbury South Gloucestershire, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A ceremony is an activity infused with Ritual significance performed on a special occasion NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. Wedding traditions and customs vary greatly between cultures, ethnic groups, religions, countries, and social classes. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. In some countries, cultures and religions, the actual act of marriage begins during the wedding ceremony. In others, the legal act of marriage occurs at the time of signing a marriage license or other legal document, and the wedding is then an opportunity to perform a traditional ceremony and celebrate with friends and family. A woman being married is called a bride, a man called a groom, and after the ceremony they become a wife or a husband, respectively. Participants in wedding ceremonies, also known as the wedding party, include the bride and groom (or bridegroom) the maid of honor A wife is a Female spouse or participant in a Marriage, or Civil union or Civil partnership. A husband is a Male spouse (participant in a Marriage, Civil union or Civil partnership.

Nuptial is the adjective of "wedding". In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the It is used for example in zoology to denote plumage, coloration, behavior, etc related to or occurring in the mating season. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Oestrus is also the biological genus name of the gadfly. The estrous cycle (also oestrous cycle; derived from Latin

Contents

Overview

Most weddings contain wedding vows and a proclamation of marriage, usually by the officiant. Marriage vows are promises a couple makes to each other during a Wedding Ceremony. Most weddings also involve wearing traditional clothes (i. e. , kilts, white gown, red sari, etc. ). A wedding is often followed or accompanied by a wedding reception. A wedding reception is a Party held after the completion of a Marriage ceremony

Other elements may include music, poetry, prayer or scripture. Some elements of the traditional Western wedding ceremony symbolize the bride's departure from her father's control and entry into a new family with her husband. In modern Western weddings, this symbolism is largely vestigial.

A wedding carriage in Bristol, England
A wedding carriage in Bristol, England

The common element in a wedding is the assumption of spousal roles by the primary participants. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The wedding is a special moment that marks the beginning of a new life together. Often, it is also a precursor to parenthood, marking the promise of a new family and a new generation. Parenthood is a 1989 film starring Steve Martin, Dianne Wiest, Dennis Dugan, Mary Steenburgen, Jason Robards This moment is recognized with traditions, ceremonies and rituals including engagement and wedding ceremonies.

When it comes to planning a wedding, people often honor traditions, even if they do not fully understand their origin or meaning. Every culture cherishes its own wedding traditions and superstitions. Some of those are closely followed even by those who are normally not superstitious.

The figure of a bride in white is an important element of the ritual of marriage in western culture. However, new designs of gown are available so brides today may find themselves attracted to designs that do not look traditional. The symbolism behind the wedding dress, however, has not changed.

Wedding types and kinds

Double wedding

A double wedding is a single ceremony where two affianced couples rendezvous for two simultaneous or consecutive weddings. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Typically, a fiancé with a sibling might plan a double wedding with that sibling. In the Philippines, however, the wedding of two siblings within the same year is considered bad luck and is called sukob. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

Destination wedding

A destination wedding is any wedding in which the engaged couple and/or a majority of their guests travel to attend the ceremony. This could be a beach ceremony in the Caribbean, a lavish event in Las Vegas, or a simple ceremony at the home of a geographically distant friend or relative.

Weekend wedding

A weekend wedding is a wedding in which couples and their guests celebrate over the course of a weekend. Special activities, such as spa treatments and golf tournaments, may be scheduled into the wedding itinerary throughout the weekend. Lodging usually is at the same facility as the wedding and couples often host a Sunday brunch for the weekend's finale.

White wedding

Main article: white wedding

A white wedding is a term for a traditional formal or semi-formal Western wedding. A white wedding is a traditional formal or semi-formal Western Wedding. This term refers to the color of the wedding dress, which became popular in the Victorian era and came to symbolize purity of heart and the innocence of childhood. A wedding dress or wedding gown is Clothing worn by a Bride during a Wedding ceremony Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Later attribution suggested that the color white symbolized virginity.

Military wedding

A military wedding is a ceremony conducted in a military chapel and may involve a Saber Arch. A Saber Arch is a UK and US Military tradition sometimes performed at the weddings of service members wherein the newly married bride and groom pass under an honorary arch of In most military weddings the groom will wear a military dress uniform in lieu of civilian formalwear, although military dress uniforms largely serve the same purpose. Some retired military personnel who marry after their service has ended may opt for a military wedding.

Civil wedding

A civil wedding is a ceremony presided over by a local civil authority, such as an elected or appointed judge, justice of the peace or the mayor of a locality. Elected is the latest EP by Dutch Progressive metal project Ayreon. A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law A Justice of the Peace ( JP) is a Puisne Judicial officer appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Civil wedding ceremonies may use references to God or a deity (in UK law), but generally no references to a particular religion or denomination. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Church (disambiguation A religious denomination is a subgroup within a Religion that operates under a common name tradition and identity They can be either elaborate or simple. Many civil wedding ceremonies take place in local town or city halls or courthouses in judge's chambers.

Sneak wedding

Eloping, the act of getting married behind people's back and without consent or approval.

Same-sex wedding

A same-sex wedding or same-gender wedding is a ceremony in which two people of the same sex are married or civilly united. A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. This may be an official and legally recognized event, or, in places that do not allow same-sex marriage, it may simply be a symbolic ceremony designed to provide the opportunity to make the same public declarations and celebration with friends and family that any other type of wedding may afford. Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same

Church wedding

A church wedding is a ceremony presided over by a Christian priest or pastor. A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Ceremonies are based on reference to God, are frequently embodied into other church ceremonies such as Holy Mass [1]. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Customs may vary widely between denominations.

Jewish wedding

A Jewish wedding is a ceremony presided over by someone who can read Hebrew and knows Jewish law, usually, but not necessarily, a rabbi. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master The rabbi recites the two wedding blessings, reads out the ketubah, and recites the seven blessings, or Sheva Brachot. A ketubah ( pl ketubot) is a Jewish Prenuptial agreement. It is considered an integral part of a traditional Jewish marriage. Today, a second Rabbi or another honored guest is given the privilege of reading the ketubah, and seven other people are given the honor of reciting the blessings. The ceremony concludes when the groom breaks a glass underfoot. After that the bride and groom are lifted by chairs.

International wedding customs

Common elements in wedding customs across cultures

A number of cultures utilize the western custom of a bride wearing a white dress. This tradition came to symbolize purity in the Victorian era (despite popular misconception, the white dress did not indicate virginity, which was symbolized by the face veil). Within the ‘white wedding’ tradition, a white dress and veil would not have been considered appropriate for a second or third wedding of a widow or a divorcee.

The custom of exchanging rings may be the oldest and most universal symbol of marriage, but the origins are unclear. The ring’s circular shape represents perfection and never-ending love. The rings are exchanged during the wedding ceremony and symbolize the love, faithfulness and commitment of the marriage union.

The wedding is often followed by a reception during which the rituals include toasting the bride and groom, the newlyweds' first dance as husband and wife, cake cutting, etc.

Wedding clothing

Music

Western weddings

Music often played at western weddings includes a processional song for walking down the aisle (ex: Wedding March) and reception dance music. A topor is a type of conical Headgear traditionally worn by grooms as part of the Bengali Hindu wedding ceremony Black tie is a dress code for semi-formal evening events and is worn to many types of social functions White tie ( evening dress, full evening dress in the UK is the most formal evening Dress code. This article pertains to the garment For information on the tribe see Sherwani (tribe. A veil is an article of clothing worn almost exclusively by women that is intended to cover some part of the head or Face. A wedding dress or wedding gown is Clothing worn by a Bride during a Wedding ceremony Wedding music applies to vocal and/or instrumental Music performed at wedding rehearsals rehearsal dinners wedding Ceremonies, and receptions (post-wedding party A wedding march is a piece of music played during a Wedding, usually during the entrance of the bride ( Processional or the departure of the married couple

Music played at Western weddings includes:

Chinese weddings

Chinese music plays an important role in creating a happy, friendly environment during the wedding ceremony. A band of musicians with gongs and flute-like instruments accompanies the bride parade to groom's home. Similar music is also played at the wedding banquet.

Jewish weddings

At traditional Jewish weddings, a solemn, wordless tune is sung as the groom and then bride walk down the aisles. Chabad tradition is to sing a special tune composed by their founding Rebbe, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the tune is comprised of four stanzas corresponding to the four worlds of kabbalistic cosmology, and is only sung at solemn occasions[6]. Chabad-Lubavitch is one of the largest Hasidic movements in Orthodox Judaism, and is based in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( שניאור זלמן מליאדי) ( September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O Kabbalah distinguishes between four different "worlds" or "planes" based on the verse in Isaiah 43 7 Even every one that is called by my name for Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. During the recessional, lively Hebrew songs are sung by the guests, who escort the couple from the chuppah. A chuppah ( חוּפָּה) (also spelled hupah, chupah, or chuppa - plural chuppot or chuppahs, Hebrew

Asian customs

Customs vary throughout the Asian continent.

Arabic customs

Arabic weddings vary depending on the country and religion of the bride and groom. Although Christian weddings in the Arab World bear clear similarities to Western weddings, the Muslim weddings in the Arab countries are influenced by Muslim traditions. Muslim weddings (pre-arranged or not) start with a Shaikh and Al-Kitab (book) for the bride and groom. The groom may or may not see his bride until the wedding day. Men and women in wedding ceremonies and receptions are segregated affairs, with areas for both men and women. An old tradition, now rarely observed, involves the women at the ceremony symbolically mourning the loss of the bride by doing the "wedding wail". The bride's dress is an ornate Caftan, and the bride's hands and feet are decorated in intricate lace-like patterns painted using a henna dye. Customarily women guests do not show their hair, shoulders or legs; and all guests at a Mosque remove their shoes on entering. Guests may give gifts to the bride and groom. Also, in many Arab countries including Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and the Palestinian terroritories,the practice of carrying the bride and groom on chairs and dancing in a circle around them is still carried out today. Many times, the bride and groom hold separate corners of a handkercheif. However, these are all the old traditions; Arabs, nowadays, have Western-like weddings, but still preserve most Arab customs and traditions.

Bengali customs

Main article: Bengali wedding

Bengali wedding refers to both Muslim wedding and Hindu wedding in Bangladesh and West Bengal. Bengali wedding refers to both Muslim Wedding and Hindu wedding in Bangladesh and West Bengal. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Hindu wedding ceremonies are traditionally though not always conducted at least partially in Sanskrit, the language in which most holy Hindu ceremonies are ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. Although Muslim and Hindu marriages have their distinctive religious rituals, there are many common cultural rituals in marriages across religion among Bengali people. The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between Bangladesh and India) on the Indian subcontinent with a history dating

Chinese customs

Main article: Chinese marriage
See also: Chinese tea culture and Red packet

Traditional Chinese marriage is a ceremonial ritual within Chinese societies that involve a marriage established by pre-arrangement between families. Chinese marriage ( is a ceremonial ritual within Chinese societies that involve a marriage established by pre-arrangement between families. Chinese tea culture refers to the methods of preparation of Tea, the equipment used to make tea and the occasions in which tea is consumed in China In Chinese society, a red envelope or red packet (Known as Hong Bao in Mandarin Ang Pao in Hokkien and Lai See in Cantonese is a China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Arranged marriage (also called prearranged marriage) is a Marriage arranged by someone other than the persons getting married curtailing or avoiding the process Within Chinese culture, romantic love was allowed, and monogamy was the norm for most ordinary citizens. The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate in a Relationship, thus forming a Couple.

Cantonese customs
Main article: Cantonese wedding

Most Cantonese wedding rituals follow the main Chinese wedding traditions, although some rituals are unique to the Cantonese people. Most Cantonese weddings follow the main Chinese wedding traditions although some rituals are unique to the Cantonese. Chinese marriage ( is a ceremonial ritual within Chinese societies that involve a marriage established by pre-arrangement between families.

Filipino Customs

Customs and superstitions regarding marriage in the Philippines vary. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Some examples are:

Indian customs

Main article: Indian wedding

Indian weddings are very bright events, filled with ritual and celebration, that continue for several days. Hindu weddings are very bright events filled with Ritual and Celebration, that continue for several days A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions They are not small affairs, often with 400-1000 people attending (many of whom are unknown to the bride and groom). Participants in wedding ceremonies, also known as the wedding party, include the bride and groom (or bridegroom) the maid of honor Though arranged marriages were predominant, nowdays western influenced dating and "love" marriages have an equal following.

Rajput customs
Main article: Rajput wedding

Rajputs - one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India - traditionally had their own typical rituals of marriage as it is one of the most important functions of life. Rajput Wedding Rajputs traditionally had their own distinct rituals of marriage as marriage is one of the most important events in life Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Kshatriya (क्षत्रिय kṣatriya from क्षत्र kṣatra) is one of the four varnas (social orders in Hinduism It is relation which is created for seven generations between the two families of the Bride & the Groom. It comprises a ceremony each for the TILAK (engagement), the BAN (starting of the wedding ceremony, MEL the community feast, the Nikasi is the departure of the Bridegroom party for the wedding, Sehla & Dhukav reception of wedding party at the Brides place be her parents. Solemnisation of wedding Sat Fere.

Japanese customs

Japanese wedding customs fall predominantly into two categories: traditional Shinto ceremonies, and modern Western-style ceremonies. is the native religion of Japan and was once its State religion. In either case, the couple must first be legally married by filing for marriage at their local government office, and the official documentation must be produced in order for the ceremony to be held.

Shinto ceremony
A traditional Japanese wedding ceremony
A traditional Japanese wedding ceremony

Traditional Japanese wedding customs (shinzen shiki) involve an elaborate ceremony held at a Shinto shrine. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan is the native religion of Japan and was once its State religion. A Shinto shrine is a structure whose main purpose is to house ("enshrine" a Shinto Kami, and is usually characterized by the presence of a (also called

Western-style ceremony

In recent years, the "Western Style Wedding" (influenced by a Christian church wedding) has become an increasingly popular choice. To that end, an entire industry has sprung up, dedicated to providing couples with a ceremony modeled after Protestant church ceremonies. Japanese western style weddings are generally held in a chapel, either in a simple or elaborate ceremony, often at a dedicated wedding chapel within a hotel. Typically, much like in Western ceremonies, the bride and groom get their own changing rooms within the chapel, as does the bride's father and any other important guest who requires such a room. There is also a room to hold the reception afterwards.

Before the ceremony, there is a rehearsal. Often during this rehearsal, the bride's mother lowers the veil for her daughter, signifying the last act that a mother can do for her daughter, before giving her away. The father of the bride, much like in Western ceremonies, walks the bride down the aisle to her awaiting groom.

After the rehearsal comes the procession. The wedding celebrant will often wear a wedding cross, or cana, a cross with two interlocking wedding rings attached, which symbolize a couple's commitment to sharing a life together in the bonds of holy matrimony. The wedding celebrant gives a brief welcome and an introductory speech before announcing the bride's entrance. The procession ends with the groom bowing to the bride's father. The father bows in return.

The service then starts. The service is given either in Japanese or English, or, in some cases, a mix of both. It follows a traditional Protestant ceremony, relaxed and not overtly religious. The opening hymn is usually the Japanese version of "What a Friend We Have in Jesus". Part of 1 Corinthians 13 is read from the Bible. The First Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. After the reading, there is a prayer and a short message, explaining the sanctity of the wedding vows (seiyaku). The bride and groom share their vows and exchange rings. The chapel register is signed and the new couple is announced. This is often followed by the traditional wedding kiss. The service concludes with another hymn and a benediction.

Malay customs

Main article: Malay wedding

A Malay wedding ceremony spreads over two days, beginning with the akad nikah ceremony. A Malay wedding ceremony spreads over two days beginning with the akad nikah ceremony The groom signs the marriage contract and agrees to provide the bride with a mas kahwin(dowry). After that, their hands are dyed with henna during the berinai besar ceremony. The bride's hair is also trimmed or her eyebrows shaped by a beautician known as the mak andam.

Pakistani customs

Main article: Pakistani wedding

A Pakistani wedding typically consist of four ceremonies on four separate days. A Pakistani wedding typically consist of four ceremonies on four separate days Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

Russian customs

Main article: Russian wedding

A traditional Russian wedding lasts for at least two days and some weddings last as long as a week. A traditional Russian Wedding lasts for at least two days and some weddings last as long as a week Throughout the celebration there is dancing, singing, long toasts, and a lot of food and drinks. The best man and maid of honor are called witnesses, “svideteli” in Russian. The ceremony and the ring exchange takes place on the first day of the wedding and on this special day many events take place. Throughout the years, Russian weddings have adopted many western cultures, including bridesmaids and flower girls.

European customs

Customs vary throughout the European continent.

The Western custom of a bride wearing a white wedding dress, came to symbolize purity in the Victorian era (despite popular misconception and the hackneyed jokes of situation comedies the white dress did not actually indicate virginity, which was symbolized by a face veil). Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin A white wedding is a traditional formal or semi-formal Western Wedding. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities A veil is an article of clothing worn almost exclusively by women that is intended to cover some part of the head or Face. Within the "white wedding" tradition, a white dress and veil would not have been considered appropriate in the second or third wedding of a widow or divorcee. A white wedding is a traditional formal or semi-formal Western Wedding. The specific conventions of Western weddings, largely from a Protestant and Catholic viewpoint, are discussed at "White wedding. A white wedding is a traditional formal or semi-formal Western Wedding. "

A wedding is often followed or accompanied by a wedding reception, at which an elaborate wedding cake is served. A wedding reception is a Party held after the completion of a Marriage ceremony A wedding cake is the traditional Cake served to the guests at a Wedding reception (or in parts of England at a Wedding breakfast) after Western traditions include toasting the couple, the newlyweds having the first dance, and cutting the cake. A toast is someone or something in Honor of which people usually have a drink the drink or honor itself or the act ( Pledge) of indicating that honor SpecialShortpages.-- The first dance is an element in a number of traditions being an opening of a certain Dance function ball, Prom, etc A bride may throw her bouquet to the assembled group of all unmarried women in attendance, with folklore suggesting the person who catches it will be the next to wed. A fairly recent equivalent has the groom throwing the bride's garter to the assembled unmarried men; the man who catches it is supposedly the next to wed. Garters are articles of Clothing: narrow bands of fabric fastened about the leg used to keep Stockings up

A modern tradition is for brides to wear or carry "something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue" during the service. It is considered good luck to do so. Often the bride attempts to have one item that meets all of these qualifications, such as a borrowed blue handkerchief which is "new to her" but loaned by her grandmother (thus making it old). Another addition to this custom is to wear a penny in your shoe, this will bring you prosperity.

French customs

In smaller French towns, the groom may meet his fiancée at her home on the day of the wedding and escort her to the chapel where the ceremony is being held. As the couple proceeds to the chapel, children will stretch long white ribbons across the road which the bride will cut as she passes.

At the chapel, the bride and groom are seated on two red velvet chairs underneath a silk canopy called a carre. Laurel leaves may be scattered across their paths when they exit the chapel. Sometimes small coins are also tossed for the children to gather.

A traditional French wedding celebration at Château de Hattonchâtel
A traditional French wedding celebration at Château de Hattonchâtel

At the reception, the couple customarily uses a toasting cup called a Coupe de Marriage. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Château de Hattonchâtel is a Château in Vigneulles-lès-Hattonchâtel in the Meuse department France. The origin of giving this toast began in France, when a small piece of toast was literally dropped into the couple's wine to ensure a healthy life. The couple would lift their glass to "a toast", as is common in Western culture today.

Some couples choose to serve a croquembouche instead of a wedding cake. A croquembouche or croquenbouche is a French Dessert, a kind of Pièce montée often served at weddings A wedding cake is the traditional Cake served to the guests at a Wedding reception (or in parts of England at a Wedding breakfast) after This dessert is a pyramid of crème-filled pastry puffs, drizzled with a caramel glaze.

At a more boisterous wedding, tradition involves continuing the celebration until very late at night. After the reception, those invited to the wedding will gather outside the newlyweds' window and bang pots and pans. A wedding reception is a Party held after the completion of a Marriage ceremony They are then invited into the house for some more drinks in the couple's honor, after which the couple is finally allowed to be alone for their first night together as husband and wife.

Another practice that is becoming more common at wedding celebrations is "beheading" a bottle of champagne with a sabre made for the occasion. Champagne is a Sparkling wine produced by inducing the in-bottle Secondary fermentation of Wine to effect Carbonation. The sabre or saber (see spelling differences) is a kind of Sword that usually but not always has It was started as a way for the Hussars (under Napoleon's command) to celebrate victories and exhibit their horseback skills: they would "behead" the top off a bottle of champagne while on horseback. Hussar (original Hungarian spelling huszár, plural huszárok, Husaria refers to a number of types of Light cavalry created in Hungary Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Legend has it that the skilled horsemen would ride at a full gallop while brave women held up bottles of champagne. The sabre must strike the neck of the bottle at exactly the right angle (champagne bottles have over 100 pounds of pressure per square inch).

This practice spread throughout France as a way to celebrate special occasions. Decorative replicas of these special sabres can be purchased from artisans in Lyon, France (the French capital of cutlery). An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Cutlery refers to any hand Implement used in preparing serving and especially eating Food in the Western world.

Italian customs

In some parts of Italy, a party, known as a Serenade, is thrown outside of the bride’s home by the groom. His family and friends come and wait for the bride, entertaining themselves until she appears. The groom then sings to his bride to further seduce her. Once his song is sung, the party ends.

The day of the wedding the groom’s men try their hardest to make the groom as uncomfortable as possible by saying things like “Maybe she forgot where the church is”

It is also traditional for the grooms family to give a dowry to the bride and to provide the engagement ring. The bride’s family is then responsible for receiving the guests of the wedding in their home for a reception afterward.

The color green is very important in the Italian wedding. In Italy, the tradition of some thing blue is replaced with something green. This color brings good luck to the married couple. The veil and brides maids also were important in an Italian wedding. The tradition began in Ancient Rome when the veil was used to hide the bride from any spirits that would corrupt her and the bridesmaids were to wear similar outfits so that the evil spirits were further confused.

In Sicilian customs, the dessert course is often presented as a Venetian Table, a dazzling array of pastries, fruits, coffees, cakes, (etc) presented in great quantity with much celebration. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. This is often called Venetian Hour.

After dessert, more dancing commences, gifts are given, and the guests eventually begin to leave. In Southern Italy, as the guests leave, they hand envelopes of money to the bride and groom, who return the gift with a wedding favor, a small token of appreciation. Wedding favors are small Gifts given as a gesture of appreciation or Gratitude to guests from the Bride and Groom during a Wedding

Polish customs

In Polish weddings the celebrations may continue for two or three days. In the past, the engagement ceremony was organized by the future groom as a formal family gathering, during which he asked his chosen lady to marry him. In the recent years this custom has changed and today an engagement is much more personal and intimate. An elegant dinner party afterwards is still a nice way to inform the closest family members about the couples' decision to get married.

In some regions of Poland the tradition to invite the wedding guests in person is still upheld. Many young couples, accompanied by the parents, visit their family and friends to hand them the wedding invitations personally.

According to the old tradition a groom arrives with his parents at the house of a bride just before the wedding ceremony. At that time both parents and parents-in-law give a young couple their blessing. The couple enter the church together and walks up to the altar followed by two witnesses and the parents. In Poland it is quite unusual for the bride to be walked down the aisle or to have bridesmaids and groomsmen in a wedding. The couple is assisted by two witnesses, a man (usually grooms' side) and a woman (usually brides' side) who are either family members or close friends.

The Polish bride traditionally wears a white dress and a veil. The groom, on the other hand usually wears a fitted suit with a bow tie and a boutonnière that matches the brides' bouquet. A boutonnière is a Flower or floral Decoration worn by men typically a single flower or bud During the ceremony wedding rings are exchanged and both the husband and wife wear them on their right hand. When they leave the church the guests toss rice or coins at the married couple for good and prosperous future together. Right after the ceremony the closest family and all the guest form a line in the front of the church to congratulate the newlyweds and wish them love and happiness. As soon as the married couple leave the church they get showered with rice for luck or guests drop coins at their feet for them to pick up.

Once all the guests have showered the couple with kisses, hugs and flowers everyone heads to the reception. It is a custom in Poland to prepare "passing gates" on the way to the reception for the newlyweds, who in order to pass have to give the "gate keepers" some vodka. This is a misinterpretation of an earlier tradition, when the "passing gates" were built when the bride was an orphan and money collected by "gate keepers" from the guests was handed over to the bride as her dowry (being orphan implied usually poverty). A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage

The married couple is welcomed at the reception place by the parents with bread and salt. The bread symbolizes the prosperity, salt stands for hardship of life, the parents wish the young couple that they never go hungry and learn how to deal with every day hardships together. The wedding party lasts (and the bride and groom remain) until the last guest leaves, usually until morning.

In Poland, movements like Human Liberties Crusade [7] [8] or Wedding of the Weddings promote non-alcoholic wedding celebrations. Wedding of the Weddings is an annual Meeting of couples who had non-alcoholic wedding receptions

Romanian customs

Main article: Lăutari

Lăutari are musicians performing traditional songs. The Romanian word Lăutar denotes a class of traditional music singers The music of the lăutari establishes the structure of the elaborate Romanian peasant weddings. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The lăutari also function as guides through the wedding rituals and moderate any conflicts that may arise during what can be a long, alcohol-fueled party. Over a period of nearly 48 hours, this can be very physically strenuous.

Following custom almost certainly dating back at least to the Middle Ages, most lăutari spend the fees from these wedding ceremonies on extended banquets for their friends and families over the days immediately following the wedding. A banquet is a large public meal or feast complete with main courses and desserts

Scottish customs

Scotland is a popular place for young English couples to get married, since in Scotland, parents' permission is not required if both the bride and groom are old enough to legally be married (16). Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. In England it was the case that if either was 16 or 17 then the permission of parents had to be sought. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Thus Scotland, and especially the blacksmith's at Gretna Green, became a very popular place for couples to elope to, especially those under 18 and usually living in England. Gretna Green is a small but thriving town on the west coast in the south of Scotland famous for runaway weddings Gretna Green now hosts hundreds of weddings a year and is Scotland's third most popular tourist attraction.

Customs:

Handfasting

Main article: Handfasting

Handfasting is an ancient Celtic wedding ritual in which the bride's and groom's hands are tied together — hence the phrase "tying the knot". Handfasting is today a Neopagan ceremony of (temporary or permanent Betrothal or Wedding. Handfasting is today a Neopagan ceremony of (temporary or permanent Betrothal or Wedding. "Handfasting" is favored by practitioners of Celtic-based religions and spiritual traditions, such as Wicca and Druidism. A druid was a member of the priestly and learned class in the ancient Celtic societies

North American customs

United States customs

A Christian or other mainstream wedding and reception (including a Jewish wedding) in the United States follow a similar pattern to the Italian wedding. Customs and traditions vary but components include the following:

At the wedding reception following the ceremony, sometimes at the same location but sometimes at a different venue:

Wedding gifts

The purpose of inviting guests was to have them witness a couple's marriage ceremony and vows and to share in the bride and groom's joy and celebration. Gifts for the bride and groom are optional, although most guests attempt to give at least a token gift of their best wishes. Some brides and grooms and families feel, contrary to proper etiquette, that for the expense and effort they put into showing their guests a good time and to wine and dine them, the guests should reciprocate by providing nice gifts or cash.

The couple often registers for gifts at a store well in advance of their wedding. A bridal registry is a service provided by retail stores to assist engaged couples in the communication of gift preferences to wedding guests This allows them to create a list of household items, usually including china, silverware and crystalware; often including linen preferences, pots and pans, and similar items. With brides and grooms who might already be independent and have lived on their own, even owning their own homes, they sometimes register at hardware or home improvement stores. Registries are intended to make it easy for guests who wish to purchase gifts to feel comfortable that they are purchasing gifts that the newlyweds will truly appreciate. The registry information should, according to etiquette, be provided only to guests who request it. Some couples register with services that enable money gifts intended to fund items such as a honeymoon, home purchase or college fund. A honeymoon registry is a service typically on the Internet, that assists engaged and married couples in financing their Honeymoons History Honeymoon

Some guests may find bridal registries inappropriate. A bridal registry is a service provided by retail stores to assist engaged couples in the communication of gift preferences to wedding guests They can be seen as an anathema to traditional notions behind gift buying, such as contravening the belief that "one should be happy for what they receive", taking away the element of surprise, and leading to present buying as a type of competition, as the couple knows the costs of each individual item. It may also be seen by some as inappropriate to invite people who do not know either the bride or groom well enough to be able to pick out an appropriate gift.

African-American customs
Main article: Jumping the broom

Jumping the broom developed out West African Asante custom. Jumping the broom is an African American phrase and custom relating to Wedding ceremonies The Ashanti Empire or Asante Empire, also known as the Ashanti Confederacy or Asanteman (independent from 1701-1896 was a pre-colonial West The broom in Asante and other Akan cultures also held spiritual value and symbolized sweeping away past wrongs or warding off evil spirits. Brooms were waved over the heads of marrying couples to ward off spirits. The couple would often but not always jump over the broom at the end of the ceremony.

The custom took on additional significance in the context of slavery in the United States. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth Slaves had no right to legal marriage; slaveholders considered slaves property and feared that legal marriage and family bonds had the potential to lead to organization and revolt. Marriage rituals, however, were important events to the Africans, who came in many cases come from richly-ceremonial African cultures.

Taking marriage vows in the presence of a witness and then leaping over the handle of a broom became the common practice to create a recognized union. Marriage vows are promises a couple makes to each other during a Wedding Ceremony. A witness is someone who has firsthand knowledge about a Crime or dramatic event through their Senses (e A broom is a Cleaning Tool consisting of stiff fibres attached to and roughly parallel to a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. Brooms are also symbols of the hearth, the center of the new family being created. In common historic and modern usage a hearth (Har-th is a Brick - or stone -lined Fireplace or Oven used for Cooking and/or Heating Jumping the broom has become a practice in many modern weddings between Black Americans.

There are also traditions of broom jumping in Europe, in the Wicca and Celtic communities especially. They are probably unconnected with the African practice.

African customs

Wedding traditions

Pygmy wedding traditions

Pygmy engagements were not long and usually formalized by an exchange of visits between the families concerned. The groom to be would bring a gift of game or maybe a few arrows to his new in-laws, take his bride home to live in his band and with his new parents. His only obligation is to find among his relatives a girl willing to marry a brother or male cousin of his wife. If he feels he can feed more than one wife, he may have additional wives.

Religious aspects of weddings

In virtually all religions, marriage is a long-term union between two or more people and is established with ceremonies and rituals. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions The people are most commonly one man and one woman, though some religions have permitted polygamous marriages and some faiths and denominations recognize same-sex marriages. A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same

In marriage, Christians see a picture of the relationship between Jesus Christ and His Church. In Judaism, marriage is so important that remaining unmarried is deemed unnatural. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Islam also recommends marriage highly; among other things, it helps in the pursuit of spiritual perfection. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Bahá'í Faith sees marriage as a foundation of the structure of society, and considers it both a physical and spiritual bond that endures into the afterlife. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind Bahá'í marriage is union of a man and a woman Its purpose is mainly spiritual and is to foster harmony fellowship and unity between the two partners AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between [9] Hinduism sees marriage as a sacred duty that entails both religious and social obligations. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. By contrast, Buddhism does not encourage or discourage marriage, although it does teach how one might live a happily married life and emphasizes that married vows are not to be taken slightly (see separate article for details). Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices While Buddhism neither encourages nor discourages Marriage, it does offer some guidelines for it

Different religions have different beliefs as regards the breakup of marriage. For example, the Roman Catholic Church believes it is morally wrong to divorce, and divorcées cannot remarry in a church marriage, though they can do in the eyes of the law. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. In the area of nullity, religions and the state often apply different rules, meaning that a couple, for example, could have their marriage annulled by the Catholic Church but still be married in the eyes of the law because the state disagrees with the church over whether an annulment can be granted in a given case. In Conflict of Laws, the issue of nullity (known as Annulment in the United States) in Family Law inspires a wide response among the laws This produces the phenomenon of Catholics getting church annulments simultaneously with civil divorces, so that they may remarry both legally and sacramentally. The Catholic Church will not, in fact, grant an annulment petition unless the marriage has also been dissolved or annulled under civil law.

Detailed viewpoints on various wedding customs

Religious customs

Christian customs

Many religions have extensive teachings regarding marriage. Handfasting is today a Neopagan ceremony of (temporary or permanent Betrothal or Wedding. Most Christian churches give some form of blessing to a marriage; the wedding ceremony typically includes some sort of pledge by the community to support the couple's relationship. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings In the Roman Catholic Church "Holy Matrimony" is considered to be one of the seven sacraments, in this case one that the spouses bestow upon each other in front of a priest and members of the community as witnesses. An argument for the institution of the sacrament of Matrimony by Christ Jesus himself, and its occasion, is advanced by Bernard Orchard in his article The Betrothal and Marriage of Mary to Joseph. [2] [3] [4] In the Eastern Orthodox church, it is one of the Mysteries, and is seen as an ordination and a martyrdom.

Quaker customs
Main article: Quaker wedding

A Quaker wedding ceremony in a Friends meeting is similar to any other Meeting for Worship, and therefore often very different from the experience expected by non-Friends. Quaker weddings are the traditional ceremony of Marriage within the Religious Society of Friends. Quaker weddings are the traditional ceremony of Marriage within the Religious Society of Friends.

Hindu customs

Main article: Hindu wedding

North and South Indian wedding ceremonies are conducted at least partially in Sanskrit, the language in which most holy Hindu ceremonies are conducted. Hindu wedding ceremonies are traditionally though not always conducted at least partially in Sanskrit, the language in which most holy Hindu ceremonies are Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The local language of the people involved is also used since most Hindus cannot understand Sanskrit. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical They may have rituals that differ fom the modern western wedding ceremony and also among the different regions, families, and castes such as Rajput Wedding, Aggarwal Weddings, Iyer Weddings and Tamil Weddings. Castes are Hereditary systems of occupation, Endogamy, social culture, Social class, and Political power. Rajput Wedding Rajputs traditionally had their own distinct rituals of marriage as marriage is one of the most important events in life Iyer (aiʝar Tamil: அய்யர் Malayalam:അയ്യര (variously spelt as Iyer, Ayyar, Aiyar, Ayer or The ceremonies are colourful and extend for several days.

Jewish customs

Main article: Jewish view of marriage

The traditions used in a Jewish wedding vary based on the denomination of Judaism of the people being married. Betrothal ( shiddukhin) In Jewish law (halakha Betrothal (shiddukhin or Engagement is defined as the mutual promise between Some of the most common are listed below.

The bride (kallah) and groom (chatan) sign a Ketubah (marriage contract). A ketubah ( pl ketubot) is a Jewish Prenuptial agreement. It is considered an integral part of a traditional Jewish marriage. Originally, the Ketubah detailed the husband's obligations to his wife, and provided for monetary payment to her in case of divorce. Nowadayst the Ketubah can be a decorative keepsake that sets out expectations for both the bride and groom. In Conservative homes it is typically framed and displayed, while in Orthodox homes it is kept hidden away.

The Jewish ceremony generally starts with the bride and groom being escorted to the huppah (Jewish wedding canopy) by both sets of parents. A chuppah ( חוּפָּה) (also spelled hupah, chupah, or chuppa - plural chuppot or chuppahs, Hebrew The ceremony takes place under the huppah, and is presided over by a Rabbi. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master After the vows, seven marriage blessings are read and the groom then smashes a glass with his foot. Often, a lightbulb is smashed instead because it offers a more satisfying crunch. The bride and groom spend time together alone before the reception, which is traditionally a joyous celebration with much music and dancing.

There are several activities that may take place during the reception:

LDS customs

Main article: Celestial marriage

Within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as Mormons), the act of marriage is regarded as an eternal affair. Celestial marriage (also called the New and Everlasting Covenant and Eternal Marriage) is a doctrine unique to Mormonism, particularly The Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known As such, there are two kinds of marriages recognized by the Church, civil marriage and celestial marriage. Civil marriages are those legally contracted under local law and are dissolved upon the death of the participants, while celestial marriages, also known as sealings, bind the participants as husband and wife for all eternity if both are righteous. In Mormonism, a sealing is an ordinance (ritual performed in temples by a person holding the Sealing power.

Celestial marriages can only be performed by Priesthood authority within a Sealing Room in a dedicated temple. In the Latter Day Saint movement, priesthood is considered to be the power and authority of God including the authority to act as a leader in the church and to perform In the Only members of the LDS church who have a temple recommend may attend an LDS wedding. The wedding is often referred to as a sealing, in which husband and wife are sealed beyond death into the next life. Space is limited in sealing rooms so only family and close friends attend.

The sealing can be performed at the same approximate time as the civil marriage or for a couple civilly married for at least one year. In the latter case, if the couple already has children, they may also accompany the ceremony to be sealed to their parents. Children who are born to parents who have already been sealed need no such ceremony, as they have been "born in the covenant. "

Many LDS couples will then hold wedding receptions or open houses after the wedding ceremony in another venue that is open to all family and friends. Some couples choose to recreate a more traditional wedding ceremony, or will simply perform certain traditional acts, such as the throwing of the bouquet, first dance, etc.

Economic aspects

In the United Kingdom, the average wedding cost approximately £20,000 in 2005[10]. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This means that couples wait longer before getting married, with the average age of those getting married 6. 7 years higher than 20 years previously.

Gallery

Sundanese wedding in Indonesia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.

Nubian wedding, near Aswan, Egypt. Aswan (formerly spelled Assuan (in standard أسوان Aswān) Egyptian: Swenet ( trade) Coptic: Swān; Greek This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.

Wedding ceremony at the Victory Monument in Minsk. Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers

Wedding in Poland, 1936.

Bride and groom wearing traditional Bengali wedding costumes, from Bangladesh. Bengali wedding refers to both Muslim Wedding and Hindu wedding in Bangladesh and West Bengal. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially

Ethnic Hakka people in a wedding in East Timor, 2006. The Hakkas ( Hakka language: Hak-kâ; Mandarin Chinese: Kèjiā) are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly

Japanese bride and groom, wearing white and black kimonos respectively. The is the National costume of Japan. Originally the word "kimono" literally meant thing to wear ( ki wearing and mono thing but now has come The Japanese bride-to-be is painted pure white from head to toe, visibly declaring her maiden status to the gods; a white hood is attached to her kimono, which the bride wears like a veil to hide her 'horns of jealousy' from the groom's mother, who will now become the head of the family.

A wedding cake.

Two decorated mustangs.

Two grooms at their same-sex wedding in Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island

A new bride tossing her flower bouquet over her shoulder. A flower bouquet is a collection of Flowers in a creative arrangement

See also

Wedding traditions

Ceremony aspects

Related travel

Religious aspects

Related events and social processes

References

  1. ^ http://www.holyspiritchurch.com/weddingarr.htm Making Wedding Arrangements at Holy Spirit Church
  2. ^ Kilts: tightly woven into Scots culture. A wedding ring or wedding band consists of a Metal ring, often set with diamonds or other precious stones RedBumbleBeeInvitationsJPG|thumb|right|250px| Modern Wedding Invitation]] A wedding invitation is a letter asking the recipient to attend a Wedding. Participants in wedding ceremonies, also known as the wedding party, include the bride and groom (or bridegroom) the maid of honor A shotgun wedding is a Wedding that is arranged to avoid embarrassment due to an unplanned Pregnancy, rather than out of the desire of the participants A wedding cake is the traditional Cake served to the guests at a Wedding reception (or in parts of England at a Wedding breakfast) after Wedding videography is the documentation of a Wedding on video Wedding photography is a major commercial endeavor that supports the bulk of the efforts for many photography studios or independent photographers Personal Wedding Websites are a relatively new tradition in which Engaged couples employ the use of a website to aid in planning and communication for their Wedding A honeymoon is the traditional holiday taken by newlyweds to celebrate their marriage in intimacy and seclusion Arranged marriage (also called prearranged marriage) is a Marriage arranged by someone other than the persons getting married curtailing or avoiding the process Chastity is Sexual behavior of a man or woman acceptable to the ethical norms and guidelines of a culture civilization or Religion. Celibacy refers to the lack of participation in Sexual intercourse. Spiritual marriage comes from the idea of " Love without sex. The traditional marriage movement is a Political movement whose participants believe that only unions between one man and one woman should be legally defined as Marriages The world's principal Religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups or world religions'. A bachelor party (United States South Africa also known as a stag party or stag night or stag do (UK Ireland Canada and New Zealand bull's The banns of marriage, commonly known simply as "the banns " (from an Old English word meaning "to summon" are the public announcement in Betrothal is a formal state of engagement to be married. Historically betrothal was a formal Contract, blessed or officiated by a religious authority A bridal shower is a gift giving party given for a Bride before her Wedding. Bride price also known as bride wealth is an amount of Money or Property or Wealth paid by the groom or his family to the Parents of A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher) is the money goods or estate that a woman brings to her soon to be husband in marriage Not to be confused with Dowry, or with Dour. Dower or morning gift ( Latin doarium, or Latinized Handfasting is today a Neopagan ceremony of (temporary or permanent Betrothal or Wedding. Mayian is the term used for the wedding preparation ceremony one day before a Sikh Wedding ( Anand Karaj) A prenuptial agreement, antenuptial agreement, or premarital agreement, commonly abbreviated to prenup or prenupt, is a Contract entered A wedding anniversary is the Anniversary of the date on which a Wedding took place A Pakistani wedding typically consist of four ceremonies on four separate days Shaadi is an 1962 Indian film directed by R Krishnan and S Pandu. Scotsman (2005-02-10). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Retrieved on 2007-04-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  3. ^ The Scottish Kilt. Visit Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-04-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  4. ^ Jim Murdoch. Scottish Culture and Heritage: The Kilt. Scotsmart. Retrieved on 2007-04-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
  5. ^ Britannica article: Richard Wagner
  6. ^ see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad_Niggunim#Niggunim_of_Rabbi_Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi
  7. ^ http://www.kwc.oaza.org.pl/dokument.php?id=224 Krucjata Wyzwolenia Człowieka
  8. ^ http://www.spontana.fora.pl/diakonia-wyzwolenia,44/wesela-bezalkoholowe-gazeta-wyborcza-o-kulturze-niepicia,505.html Lepiej łyknij wody [Gazeta Wyborcza - DUżY FORMAT] Witold Szabłowski
  9. ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Marriage". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 232-233. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.  
  10. ^ Weddings - the Burden of Cost (pdf). Alliance Trust (2007-03-01). Alliance Trust plc ( is a publicly-traded investment and Financial services company headquartered in Dundee, Scotland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Retrieved on 2008-04-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian

External links

Dictionary

wedding

-noun

  1. Marriage ceremony; a ritual officially celebrating the beginning of a marriage.
  2. Joining of two or more parts.
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