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The Watergate tapes, also known as the Nixon tapes, are a collection of recordings of conversations between U.S. President Richard Nixon and various White House staff in February 1971. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's Timeline of the Watergate scandal &mdashRegarding attempts by the sitting U The Pentagon Papers is the popular name for a 14000-page top-secret United States government report about the history of the Government's internal planning and policy The Watergate burglaries, which took place on May 28 and June 17, 1972, have been cited in testimony media accounts and popular works on Watergate as The "Saturday Night Massacre" was the term given by political commentators to U This is about the 1974 case on the powers of President Richard Nixon New York Times Co v United States, 403 US 713 ( 1971) was a United States Supreme Court Per curiam decision Ben Haig Bagdikian (born 1920 Maraş, Ottoman Empire; now in Turkey) is an American Educator and Journalist Carl Bernstein (pronounced BERN-steen ˈbɜrnstiːn (born February 14, 1944) is an American journalist who as a reporter for The Archibald Cox Jr, ( May 17, 1912 &ndash May 29, 2004) was an American Lawyer who served as U John Wesley Dean III (born October 14, 1938) was White House Counsel to U Deep Throat is the Pseudonym given to the secret source who provided information to the Washington Post about the involvement of U Daniel Ellsberg (born April 7 1931 is a former American military Analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy William Mark Felt Sr (born August 17, 1913) is a former agent of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, who retired in 1973 Everette Howard Hunt Jr ( October 9 1918 – January 23 2007) was an American Author and spy. Egil “Bud” Krogh Jr (born in Chicago, Illinois, United States is a lawyer who came to prominence as a Nixon Administration official who went George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930) was the chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of Angelo J Lano was an American field agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington DC, notable for his work heading the investigation of John Newton Mitchell (September 1913 &ndash November 9, 1988) was the first United States Attorney General ever to be convicted of illegal activities and John Joseph Sirica ( March 19 1904 – August 14 1992) was the Chief Judge for the United States District Court for the District of The Watergate Seven were advisors and aides to United States President Richard M Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. The Committee to Re-elect the President, often abbreviated to CRP or CREEP (an acronym used derisively by critics of the Nixon administration was a Nixon The White House Plumbers or simply the Plumbers is the popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established July 24 The Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee convened by the United States Senate to investigate the Watergate burglaries and the ensuing Watergate The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence In addition to the line-taps placed on the telephones, small lavalier microphones were installed at various locations around the rooms. A lavalier microphone or lavalier (or lav or lapel mic) is a small electret or dynamic Microphone used for television theatre The recordings were produced on as many as nine Sony TC-800B open-reel tape recorders. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with While the recorders were turned off shortly after the Watergate scandal hearings, the system was not removed until 1974, after Nixon left office. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's
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Tapes' existence made public
The Senate Watergate committee had at least two reasons to suspect that such tapes might exist. For one, transcripts supplied to the committee by Nixon's lawyer Fred Buzhardt contained extensive and seemingly verbatim quoting of conversations between Nixon and then-White House counsel John Dean, and someone on the committee realized that such precise detail would probably not be possible without having an audio recording as its source. Also, the committee's curiosity had been piqued by Dean's Senate testimony that, in a meeting, Nixon "began asking me a number of leading questions, which made them think that the conversation was being taped and a record was being made to protect himself. " The existence of the system was first confirmed by Senate Committee staff member Donald Sanders, on July 13, 1973 in a interview with White House aide Alexander Butterfield. Donald Gilbert Sanders ( April 26, 1930 &ndash September 26, 1999) was a key figure in the Watergate investigation. Alexander Porter Butterfield (born April 6, 1926) was the deputy assistant to Richard Nixon from 1969 until 1973 Three days later, it was made public during the televised testimony of Butterfield, when he was asked about the possibility of a White House taping system by Senate Counsel Fred Thompson. On July 16, 1973, Butterfield told the committee that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to automatically record all conversations; it was possible to concretely verify what the president said, and when he said it. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Only a few White House employees had ever been aware that this system existed. Special Counsel Archibald Cox, a Harvard Law School professor, immediately subpoenaed eight relevant tapes to confirm the testimony of White House Counsel John Dean. Archibald Cox Jr, ( May 17, 1912 &ndash May 29, 2004) was an American Lawyer who served as U Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional Graduate schools of Harvard University. A subpoena (səˈpiːnə is commonly defined as a written command to a person to Testify before a Court or be punished The White House Counsel is a staff appointee of the President of the United States. John Wesley Dean III (born October 14, 1938) was White House Counsel to U
Nixon refuses to release the tapes
Nixon initially refused to release the tapes, claiming they were vital to national security. The "Saturday Night Massacre" was the term given by political commentators to U Then, on October 19, 1973, he offered to have U. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. S. Senator John C. Stennis review and summarize the tapes for the special prosecutor's office. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives John Cornelius Stennis ( August 3, 1901 – April 23, 1995) was a U Cox refused that same evening and on Saturday, October 20, 1973, Nixon ordered the Attorney General, Elliot Richardson to dismiss Cox. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Elliot Lee Richardson ( July 20, 1920 &ndash December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet Richardson refused and resigned instead, as did Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. United States Deputy Attorney General is the second-highest-ranking official in the United States Department of Justice. William Doyle Ruckelshaus (born July 24, 1932 in Indianapolis Indiana) is an American attorney and civil servant Finally, Solicitor General Robert Bork discharged Cox. The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States Robert Heron Bork (born March 1, 1927) is a conservative American legal scholar who advocates the judicial philosophy of Originalism.
18½ minute gap tape
Nixon appointed another special counsel, Leon Jaworski. Leon Jaworski ( September 19, 1905, in Waco Texas - December 9, 1982) was the Special Prosecutor The White House then agreed to comply with the subpoena and gave some of the subpoenaed conversations to Chief Judge Sirica. John Joseph Sirica ( March 19 1904 – August 14 1992) was the Chief Judge for the United States District Court for the District of The White House informed the Court that two subpoenaed conversations had not been recorded, and that an 18½ minute gap existed on a third tape.
Rose Mary Woods
On November 8, 1973, Nixon’s secretary, Rose Mary Woods, testified
The buttons said on and off, forward and backward. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Rose Mary Woods ( December 26, 1917 – January 22, 2005) was Richard Nixon 's secretary I caught on to that fairly fast. I don't think I'm so stupid as to erase what's on a tape. [1]
Later that month she testified she had made "a terrible mistake" during transcription. On October 1, 1973 while playing the tape on the Uher 5000, she answered a phone call. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Reaching for the Uher 5000 stop button, she testified that she mistakenly hit the button next to it — the record button. For the duration of the phone call, about five minutes, she kept her foot on the device's pedal, causing a five-minute portion of the tape to be re-recorded. She insisted she was not responsible for the remaining 13 minutes of buzz.
Woods was asked to replicate the position she took to cause that accident: seated at a desk, reaching far back over her left shoulder for a telephone as her foot applies constant pressure to the pedal controlling the transcription machine. Her extremely awkward posture during the demonstration -- dubbed the "Rose Mary Stretch" -- resulted in many political commentators questioning the validity of the explanation. [2]
Advisory Panel on White House Tapes
On November 21, 1973, Chief Judge John J. Sirica appointed an Advisory Panel of persons nominated jointly by the White House and the Special Prosecution Force [3]. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. John Joseph Sirica ( March 19 1904 – August 14 1992) was the Chief Judge for the United States District Court for the District of
The Advisory Panel on White House Tapes consisted of
- Richard H. Bolt, chairman of Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc. and founder of the M. Richard Henry Bolt PhD better known as Richard Bolt or Dick Bolt ( Peking, China, April 22, 1911 - Boston Massachusetts I. T. Acoustics Laboratory, acoustics expert
- Franklin S. Cooper, president and research director of Haskins Laboratories, speech perception and synthesis expert
- James L. Flanagan, head of the Acoustics Research Department at Bell Telephone Laboratories
- John G. Franklin Seaney Cooper (Apr 29 1908 - Feb 20 1999 was an American Physicist and inventor who was a pioneer in speech research Haskins Laboratories is an independent international multidisciplinary community of researchers conducting basic Research on spoken and written James Loton Flanagan is an electrical engineer and was Rutgers University 's vice president for research until 2004 Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization McKnight, vice president of Engineering for the Magnetic Reference Laboratory, audio and magnetic recording consultant
- Thomas G. Stockham Jr., professor of electrical engineering at the University of Utah, signal processing expert
- Mark R. Thomas Greenway Stockham ( December 22, 1933 &ndash January 6, 2004) was an American scientist who developed the first practical Digital The University of Utah (referred to locally as ' The U' or ' the U of U') is a publicly funded Research university in Salt Lake Weiss, vice president for acoustics research of Federal Scientific Corp, audio signal analysis/classification/processing expert [4]
The Advisory Panel was supplied with the Evidence Tape, the seven Sony 800B recorders from the Oval Office and Executive Office Building, and two Uher 5000 recorders. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with | |-| |-| |- | |-| |-| |-| |-| |} The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. One Uher 5000 was marked "Secret Service. " The other was accompanied by a foot pedal, respectively labeled Government Exhibit 60 and 60B.
By January 10, 1974 the Panel determined that the buzz was of no consequence, and that the 18½ minute gap was due to erasure[5] performed on the Exhibit 60 Uher. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. [6] The Panel also determined that the erasure/buzz recording consisted of at least five separate segments, possibly as many as nine,[7] and that at least five segments required hand operation, that is, they could not have been performed using the foot pedal. [8]
The Panel was subsequently asked by the court to consider alternative explanations that had emerged during the hearings. The final report dated May 31, 1974, found these other explanations did not contradict the original findings. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. [9]
Years later, former White House Chief of Staff Alexander Haig speculated that the erasures may conceivably have been caused by Nixon himself. The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President Alexander Meigs Haig Jr (born December 2 1924 is a retired four-star General in the United States Army who served as the U According to Haig, the President was spectacularly inept at understanding and operating mechanical devices, and in the course of reviewing the tape in question, he may have caused the erasures by fumbling with the recorder's controls; whether inadvertently or intentionally, Haig could not say.
Restoration
The National Archives now owns the tape, and has tried several times to recover the missing minutes, most recently in 2003. The United States National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged [1] None of the Archive's attempts have been successful. The tapes are now preserved in a climate-controlled vault in case a future technological development allows for restoration of the missing audio.
The "Smoking Gun" tape
In April 1974, the House Judiciary Committee subpoenaed the tapes of 42 White House conversations. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary US House Committee on the Judiciary, or (more commonly the House Judiciary Committee, is a Standing committee of At the end of that month, Nixon released edited transcripts of the White House tapes. The transcripts revealed conversations concerning the punishing of political opponents and the halting of the Watergate investigation. The Judiciary Committee, however, rejected Nixon’s edited transcripts, saying that he did not comply with their subpoena.
Sirica, acting on a request from Jaworski, issued a subpoena for the tapes of 64 presidential conversations to use as evidence in the criminal cases against the indicted officials. Nixon refused, and Jaworski appealed to the Supreme Court to force Nixon to turn over the tapes. On July 24, the Supreme Court voted 8-0 (Justice William Rehnquist recused himself) in United States v. Nixon that Nixon must turn over the tapes. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1 1924 – September 3 2005 was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure who served as an Associate Justice This is about the 1974 case on the powers of President Richard Nixon
In late July 1974, the White House released the subpoenaed tapes. One of those tapes was the so-called "smoking gun" tape, from June 23, 1972, six days after the Watergate break-in. The term " smoking gun " was originally and is still primarily a reference to an object or fact that serves as conclusive evidence of a Crime or similar Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In that tape, Nixon agrees that administration officials should approach the Director of the CIA and ask him to request that the Director of the FBI halt the Bureau's investigation into the Watergate break-in on the grounds that the Watergate break-in was a National Security matter. In so agreeing, Nixon had entered into a criminal conspiracy whose goal was the obstruction of justice — a felony, and an impeachable offense. The crime of obstruction of justice includes crimes committed by Judges Prosecutors attorneys general, and elected officials in general
Once the "smoking gun" tape was made public on August 5, Nixon's political support evaporated. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Every single Republican on the House Judiciary Committee who had voted against impeachment in committee announced that he would now vote for impeachment once the matter reached the House floor. In the Senate, it was said that Nixon had at most a half dozen votes.
Facing impeachment in the House of Representatives and a probable conviction in the Senate, Nixon announced his resignation on Thursday evening, August 8, to take effect at 12 noon the next day. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula.
Tape timeline
- July 13, 1973: Butterfield reveals existence of taping system in the White House
- July 23, 1973: Cox requests the tape of June 20, 1972 conversations between Nixon, Haldeman, and Ehrlichman
- July 23, 1973: Nixon refuses to turn over presidential tapings
- October 1, 1973: * Woods transcribes the tape and informs President Nixon of the erasing error
- October 20, 1973: Nixon orders Cox be fired; Saturday Night Massacre ensues. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The "Saturday Night Massacre" was the term given by political commentators to U
- Mid-October 1973: * Buzhardt learns of a problem with the tape
- October 30, 1973: White House releases some of the subpoenaed conversations, including the 18½-minute gap
- November 8, 1973: Woods testifies she didn't erase the tape
- November 14, 1973: * Buzhardt claims he discovered the tape problem
- November 21, 1973: Buzhardt informs the court that 18 minutes of conversation between Nixon and Haldeman is obscured
- November 21, 1973: Woods testifies she did erase 5 minutes of tape
- November 21, 1973: Sirica appoints Advisory Panel on White House Tapes
- January 10, 1974: Advisory Panel determines erasure deliberate
- April 1974: More subpoenas for tapes issued
- April 30, 1974: White House releases edited transcripts of subpoenaed tapes
- July 1974: White House releases the conversations, including the "smoking-gun" tape
- August 5, 1974: "Smoking-gun" tape becomes public; Nixon's political support evaporates entirely
- August 8, 1974: Nixon announces his resignation from office in a nationally-televised speech
- August 9, 1974: Nixon leaves office
* items indicate testimony, or alleged acts
Recently released tapes
On July 11, 2007, the National Archives and Records Administration were given official control of the previously privately operated Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The United States National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged Yorba Linda is an affluent suburban community in Orange County, California, approximately northeast of Downtown Santa Ana, and southeast of The newly renamed facility, the Richard Nixon Library and Museum opened with a simple ceremony and the release of 78,000 pages of previously restricted documents and 11½ hours of audio tape comprising 165 conversations. The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the Presidential library of Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th [10] [11] The conversations reveal President Nixon and his staff discussing the 1972 Presidential and congressional elections, and the President's decision to aggressively reorganize his administration by requesting the resignations of most of his staff and appointees. The tapes also contain conversations with Nixon and Henry Kissinger regarding negotiations to end the war in Vietnam. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia [10] Over the next several years, the Library will receive 42 million pages of Nixon's papers and nearly 4,000 hours of tapes, currently housed at the National Archives building in College Park, Maryland. According to the press, as part of this agreement, the new director, Timothy Naftali significantly changed the Library's previous revisionist interpretation of the Watergate Scandal. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's [11] The exhibit previously maintained that the scandal was a coup plotted by Democrats, and that journalists Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein had offered bribes to their sources. Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. Carl Bernstein (pronounced BERN-steen ˈbɜrnstiːn (born February 14, 1944) is an American journalist who as a reporter for The The museum also included a heavily edited version of the Smoking Gun Tape and insisted that the infamous missing 18½ minutes of audio tape of the subpoenaed June 20, 1972 conversation was due to a mechanical malfunction. The Watergate tapes, also known as the Nixon tapes are a collection of recordings of conversations between U [12] [13]
References in popular culture
In a live version of Arlo Guthrie's Alice's Restaurant, the singer jokingly claims that the missing 18½ minutes actually contains audio of Nixon listening to the original recording of the song after finding out at the 1977 presidential inauguration party that an open copy of the record was found by Chip Carter (son of then incoming President Jimmy Carter) while searching through the Nixon Record Library. Arlo Davy Guthrie (born July 10 1947 is an American folk singer " Alice's Restaurant Massacree " (commonly referred to simply as " Alice's Restaurant " is one of Singer - Songwriter Arlo James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Arlo noted, "How many things in this world are eighteen minutes and twenty seconds long?"
A Saturday Night Live sketch parodying Nixon's interview with David Frost, had Nixon (Dan Aykroyd) and his staff playing practical jokes with the recorder including holding back laughter during the "Smoking Gun" conversation and deliberately not speaking for 18 and half minutes. Saturday Night Live ( SNL) is a weekly late-night 90-minute American Sketch comedy / Variety show based in New York City Daniel Edward "Dan" Aykroyd, CM (born July 1, 1952) is an Academy Award -nominated and Emmy Award -winning Canadian-American
The 1995 movie Oliver Stone movie Nixon has Nixon (Anthony Hopkins) was personally erasing the tape out of fear of revealing information about CIA operations related to Cuba that are implicitly, although vaguely, connected to the Kennedy assassination. Nixon is a 1995 Biographical film directed by Oliver Stone for Cinergi Pictures that tells the story of the political and personal Stone implies that Nixon erased the tapes out of fear for his personal safety, not to obstruct justice.
In the 1999 movie Dick, Arlene Lorenzo (Michelle Williams) confesses her infatuation to Nixon (Dan Heydaya) on the White House taping system for 18 and half minutes, including singing "I Honestly Love You" into the recorder (an anachronism, the song wasn't recorded until 1974). Dick is a 1999 American Comedy movie directed by Andrew Fleming from the script he co-wrote with Sheryl Longin. Later in the movie, Nixon is seen deleting that section because he's horrified at the possible implication that he was involved with an underage girl.
In National Treasure: Book of Secrets, the scene where Riley Poole (Justin Bartha) is showing Abigail (Diane Kruger) and Ben (Nicolas Cage) a book that talks about the Book of Secrets he mentions the 18 and a half minutes missing in the Watergate tapes. National Treasure 2 Book of Secrets is a 2007 Adventure film and is the second movie in the National Treasure franchise. Justin Lee Bartha (born July 21, 1978) is an American Actor, known for his co-starring role as Riley Poole in the Diane Kruger (born July 15, 1976 in Algermissen near Hildesheim, Germany) is a German actress and former Nicolas Cage (born Nicholas Kim Coppola; January 7, 1964) is an Academy Award -winning American actor
See also
References
- Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974), The EOB Tape of June 20, 1972. The Bush White House e-mail controversy surfaced in 2007 during the controversy involving the dismissal of eight U Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Report on a Technical Investigation Conducted for the U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia. , <http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/forensic.audio/watergate.tapes.report.pdf>. Retrieved on January 1, 2007. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- Time Magazine, "The Secretary and the Tape Tangle," 10 December 1973. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. [2]
- Nixon, Richard (1974). The White House Transcripts. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0670763241. OCLC 1095702. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- New Nixon Materials Available at the National Archives. Retrieved on 2007-07-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
Notes
- ^ Time Magazine, 10 December 1973
- ^ Rose Mary Woods Dies; Loyal Nixon Secretary (washingtonpost.com)
- ^ Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) page i, and Preface
- ^ Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) Appendix C
- ^ Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) page 4
- ^ Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) page 11
- ^ Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) page 36
- ^ Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) page 44
- ^ Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) page iv
- ^ a b Press - National Archives Names Director of the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-07-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
- ^ a b Federal Archivists Take Control of Nixon Library - washingtonpost.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
- ^ A physical, historical renovation of Nixon's Watergate room - The Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
- ^ "No serious historian believes in that," said David Greenberg, a Nixon scholar and professor at Rutgers University. "It's not only not true, it's the opposite of truth. There was a lot along those lines in the library, which was not a matter of interpretation, but was flat wrong, a lie. " ABC News: Nixon Library Loses Watergate Whitewash. Retrieved on 2007-07-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
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