The Watergate complex, where the break-in occurred. The Watergate complex is an office-apartment-hotel complex built in 1967 in northwest Washington D

Watergate is a general term for a series of political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that began with five men being arrested after breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. The Democratic National Committee (DNC is the principal organization governing the United States Democratic Party on a day to day basis The Watergate complex is an office-apartment-hotel complex built in 1967 in northwest Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The scandal reached to the top levels of American government, and the attempted cover-up of the break-in ultimately led to Nixon's dramatic resignation on August 9, 1974. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.

Investigations conducted by the FBI, Senate Watergate Committee, House Judiciary Committee and the press revealed that this burglary was just one of many illegal activities authorized and carried out by Nixon's staff and those loyal to him. The Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee convened by the United States Senate to investigate the Watergate burglaries and the ensuing Watergate United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary US House Committee on the Judiciary, or (more commonly the House Judiciary Committee, is a Standing committee of They also revealed the immense scope of crimes and abuses, which included campaign fraud, political espionage and sabotage, illegal break-ins, improper tax audits, illegal wiretapping on a massive scale, and a secret slush fund laundered in Mexico to pay those who conducted these operations. Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction Wiretap redirects here For the radio program see WireTap (radio program Telephone tapping (or wire tapping / wiretapping in Slush fund is a colloquial term which has come to mean an auxiliary monetary account or a reserve fund The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. ^[1] This secret fund was also used as hush money to buy silence of the seven men who were indicted for the June 17 break-in. Hush Money is a 1931 film featuring Joan Bennett, Hardie Albright, Owen Moore, Myrna Loy, and George Raft Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat ^[2][3] President Nixon and his staff conspired to cover up the break-in as early as six days after it occurred. ^[4] After enduring two years of mounting evidence against the President and his staff, which included former staff members testifying against them in a Senate investigation, it was revealed that Nixon had a tape recording system in his offices and that he had recorded many conversations. The Watergate tapes, also known as the Nixon tapes are a collection of recordings of conversations between U ^[5][6] Recordings from these tapes revealed that he had obstructed justice and attempted to cover up the break-in. ^[4][7] This recorded conversation later became known as the Smoking Gun. The Watergate tapes, also known as the Nixon tapes are a collection of recordings of conversations between U After a series of court battles, the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled in the United States v. Nixon the President must hand over the tapes; he ultimately complied. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. This is about the 1974 case on the powers of President Richard Nixon

With certainty of an impeachment in the House of Representatives and of a conviction in the Senate, Nixon resigned ten days later, becoming the only U. Impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to forcibly remove a Government official The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives S. President to have resigned from office. ^[8][9]

Break-in

Main article: Watergate burglaries

On June 17, 1972, Frank Wills, a security guard at the Watergate Complex, noticed tape covering the locks on several doors in the complex. Timeline of the Watergate scandal &mdashRegarding attempts by the sitting U The Pentagon Papers is the popular name for a 14000-page top-secret United States government report about the history of the Government's internal planning and policy The Watergate burglaries, which took place on May 28 and June 17, 1972, have been cited in testimony media accounts and popular works on Watergate as The Watergate tapes, also known as the Nixon tapes are a collection of recordings of conversations between U The "Saturday Night Massacre" was the term given by political commentators to U This is about the 1974 case on the powers of President Richard Nixon New York Times Co v United States, 403 US 713 ( 1971) was a United States Supreme Court Per curiam decision Ben Haig Bagdikian (born 1920 Maraş, Ottoman Empire; now in Turkey) is an American Educator and Journalist Carl Bernstein (pronounced BERN-steen ˈbɜrnstiːn (born February 14, 1944) is an American journalist who as a reporter for The Archibald Cox Jr, ( May 17, 1912 &ndash May 29, 2004) was an American Lawyer who served as U John Wesley Dean III (born October 14, 1938) was White House Counsel to U Deep Throat is the Pseudonym given to the secret source who provided information to the Washington Post about the involvement of U Daniel Ellsberg (born April 7 1931 is a former American military Analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy William Mark Felt Sr (born August 17, 1913) is a former agent of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, who retired in 1973 Everette Howard Hunt Jr ( October 9 1918 – January 23 2007) was an American Author and spy. Egil “Bud” Krogh Jr (born in Chicago, Illinois, United States is a lawyer who came to prominence as a Nixon Administration official who went George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930) was the chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of Angelo J Lano was an American field agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington DC, notable for his work heading the investigation of John Newton Mitchell (September 1913 &ndash November 9, 1988) was the first United States Attorney General ever to be convicted of illegal activities and John Joseph Sirica ( March 19 1904 – August 14 1992) was the Chief Judge for the United States District Court for the District of The Watergate Seven were advisors and aides to United States President Richard M Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. The Committee to Re-elect the President, often abbreviated to CRP or CREEP (an acronym used derisively by critics of the Nixon administration was a Nixon The White House Plumbers or simply the Plumbers is the popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established July 24 The Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee convened by the United States Senate to investigate the Watergate burglaries and the ensuing Watergate The Watergate burglaries, which took place on May 28 and June 17, 1972, have been cited in testimony media accounts and popular works on Watergate as Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Frank Wills ( February 4, 1948 &ndash September 27, 2000) was the Security guard who uncovered the break-in that led to the Watergate He took the tape off, and thought nothing of it. An hour later, he discovered that someone had retaped the locks. He called the police and five men were arrested inside the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) office. ^[10] The five men were Virgilio González, Bernard Barker, James W. McCord, Jr., Eugenio Martínez, and Frank Sturgis. Virgilio R Gonzalez was a contract CIA operative and one of the five men recruited by E Bernard Leon Barker (born 17 March 1917) was a former member of the Cuban secret police under the Batista regime Eugenio Rolando Martinez (alias Musculito) was a member of the anti-Castro movement in the early 1960s and later was one of the five men recruited Frank Anthony Sturgis (December 9 1924 – December 4 1993 born Frank Angelo Fiorini, was one of the Watergate burglars The five were charged with attempted burglary and attempted interception of telephone and other communications. On September 15, a grand jury indicted them and two other men (E. Howard Hunt, Jr. and G. Gordon Liddy^[1]) for conspiracy, burglary and violation of federal wiretapping laws. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. In the Common law, a grand jury is a type of Jury which determines whether there is enough evidence for a trial. Everette Howard Hunt Jr ( October 9 1918 – January 23 2007) was an American Author and spy. George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930) was the chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of The target of the break-in was the offices of Larry O'Brien, the Chairman of the DNC. Lawrence Francis "Larry" O'Brien Jr ( July 7 1917 – September 28, 1990) was one of the United States Democratic Party

In 1968, O'Brien was appointed by Vice President Hubert Humphrey to serve nationally as the director of his presidential campaign and by Howard Hughes to serve in Washington as his public-policy lobbyist. Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving Howard Robard Hughes Jr (December 24 1905 – April 5 1976 was an American Aviator, Industrialist, Film producer / director, Philanthropist O'Brien was elected in 1968 and 1970 by the DNC to serve nationally as its chairman. With the upcoming Presidential election, former Howard Hughes business associate John H. Meier, working with Hubert Humphrey and others, wanted to feed misinformation to Richard Nixon. John H Meier (born September 28, 1933) is an American Financier and business consultant now living in Vancouver, Canada In late 1971, the President’s brother Donald Nixon, was collecting intelligence for his brother at the time and was asking Meier about Larry O'Brien. Francis Donald Nixon ( 23 November 1914 – 27 June 1987) was a brother of United States President Richard Nixon.

Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election since they had a lot of information on Richard Nixon’s illicit dealings with Howard Hughes that had never been released, and that Larry O’Brien had the information, ^[11] (O’Brien didn’t actually have any documents but Meier claims to have wanted Richard Nixon to think he did). Donald then called his brother and told him that Meier gave the Democrats all the Hughes information that could destroy him (Richard Nixon) and that O’Brien had it. This provided the President with the motivation to break into O’Brien’s office, as he wanted to see if anything was going to break before the election.

The men who broke into the office were tried and convicted in January 1973. All seven men were either directly or indirectly employees of President Nixon's Committee to Re-elect the President, CREEP, and many people, including the trial judge, John J. Sirica, suspected a conspiracy involving higher-echelon government officials. The Committee to Re-elect the President, often abbreviated to CRP or CREEP (an acronym used derisively by critics of the Nixon administration was a Nixon John Joseph Sirica ( March 19 1904 – August 14 1992) was the Chief Judge for the United States District Court for the District of ^[12] In March 1973, James McCord wrote a letter to Judge John J. Sirica charging a cover up of the burglary. His letter transformed the affair into a political scandal of unprecedented magnitude. ^[13]

Significance

The scandal revealed the existence of a White House dirty tricks squad, which was behind an orchestrated campaign of political sabotage, an enemies list, a "plumbers" unit to plug political leaks and a secret campaign slush fund associated with CREEP, all with high-level administration involvement. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence In politics and business dirty tricks refers to unethical duplicitous Slanderous or illegal tactics employed to destroy or diminish the effectiveness of opponents Nixon’s Enemies List is the informal name of what started as a list of President Richard Nixon ’s major political opponents compiled by Charles Colson The White House Plumbers or simply the Plumbers is the popular name given to the covert White House Special Investigations Unit established July 24 A news leak is a disclosure of embargoed information in advance of its official release or the unsanctioned release of confidential information Slush fund is a colloquial term which has come to mean an auxiliary monetary account or a reserve fund The Committee to Re-elect the President, often abbreviated to CRP or CREEP (an acronym used derisively by critics of the Nixon administration was a Nixon It brought into the open the involvement of Attorney General John N. Mitchell in the dirty tricks, funds and cover-up, as well as key White House advisers, all of whom went to prison for these crimes, for sentences of one to four years. The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement John Newton Mitchell (September 1913 &ndash November 9, 1988) was the first United States Attorney General ever to be convicted of illegal activities and The jail terms had been shortened on the basis of the high level of the convicted, and their cooperation in the hearings.

Investigation

See also: United States Senate Watergate Committee

The threads which would form the basis of the unraveling of the cover-up began in the immediate aftermath of the arrests in the Watergate complex, the search of the burglar’s hotel rooms (the keys to which the burglars still had in their pockets when they were arrested); and a background investigation of the evidence that was initially found. The Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee convened by the United States Senate to investigate the Watergate burglaries and the ensuing Watergate

The single most crucial piece of evidence obtained from the burglars themselves was the currency they had in their possession and the amounts of it that they had. The burglars were ordinary men of working class and lower middle class means and income. Yet they had thousands of dollars in cash in their possession when arrested; investigation of their accounts showed that they had had still more thousands pass through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting their travel, living expenses, and purchases, in the months leading up to their arrests. The amounts were far in excess to any visible sources of income from the jobs that they officially had.

Examination of the burglar’s accounts immediately showed the direct link to the institution that both hired and funded their enterprise, the 1972 Committee to Re-Elect the President (Richard Nixon), through its subordinate finance committee.

Several individual donations (totaling $89,000) were legally made to the committee by individuals who thought they were (and in fact intended to) making private donations to the re-election committee of the president. The donations were made in the form of cashiers, certified and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President. Investigative examination of the bank records of a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker revealed that an account controlled by him personally had deposited, and had transferred to it (through the Federal Reserve Check Clearing System) the funds from these financial instruments. Bernard Leon Barker (born 17 March 1917) was a former member of the Cuban secret police under the Batista regime

The banks which had originated the checks (especially the certified and cashiers checks), were keen to ensure that the depository institution used by Bernard Barker had acted properly to protect their (the correspondent banks’) fiduciary interest in ensuring that the checks had been properly received and endorsed by the check’s payee, prior to its acceptance for deposit in Bernard Barker's account. Only in this way would the correspondent banks, (which had issued the checks on behalf of the individual donors) not be held liable for the un-authorized and improper release of funds from their customer’s accounts into the account of Bernard Barker.

The investigative finding which cleared Bernard Barker’s bank of fiduciary malfeasance led to the direct implication of members of the Committee to Re-Elect the President, to whom the checks had been delivered. Those individuals were the Committee Bookkeeper and its Treasurer, Hugh Sloan. Hugh W Sloan Jr (b November 1, 1940 in Princeton New Jersey) was treasurer of the Committee to Re-elect the President, Richard M

The checks which Bernard Barker had deposited into his account which had been prepared stating that they were payable to the Committee would not have been accepted for deposit, nor would they have been processed for collection of their funds (for deposit into Barker’s account) unless they had been properly endorsed by the payee or its duly designated representative.

The Committee, as an organization, followed normal business accounting standards in allowing only duly authorized individual(s) (whose name(s) and proper identifications were known to their bank) to accept and endorse on behalf of the Committee any financial instrument created on the Committee’s behalf by itself, or by others. Therefore, no financial institution would accept or process an instrument (check) on behalf of the Committee unless it had been endorsed and verified as endorsed by a duly authorized individual(s). On the checks themselves deposited into Bernard Barker’s bank account was the endorsement of Committee Treasurer Hugh Sloan who was duly authorized and designated to endorse such instruments that were prepared (by others) on behalf of the Committee. Hugh W Sloan Jr (b November 1, 1940 in Princeton New Jersey) was treasurer of the Committee to Re-elect the President, Richard M

But Hugh Sloan had a fiduciary responsibility of his own too. Hugh W Sloan Jr (b November 1, 1940 in Princeton New Jersey) was treasurer of the Committee to Re-elect the President, Richard M Once he had endorsed a check made payable to the Committee, he had a legal and fiduciary responsibility to see that the instrument was deposited into (and only into), the account(s) which were named on the instrument, and for which he had been delegated fiduciary responsibility. Sloan had broken the law by endorsing an instrument and then knowingly not ensuring that the instrument was deposited into the account(s) over which he had been delegated fiduciary responsibility. Sloan was confronted with this crime immediately (through the investigation of Barker’s bank account), and faced the potential charge of federal bank fraud (not to mention with charges of conspiracy in the burglary); he revealed precisely who he had given the checks to (G. Gordon Liddy); and who had directed him (Committee Deputy Director Jeb Magruder and Finance Director Maurice Stans) to do so. George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930) was the chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of Jeb Stuart Magruder (born November 5, 1934, New York City) was the second official in the administration of President Richard Nixon (the

Barker had been given the checks by Liddy in a clumsy and ignorant attempt to avoid direct proof that Barker, a Watergate burglar, ever had received funds from the organization that actually hired him to commit wire tapping, burglary and political espionage. But any hope of concealing the true source of money that Barker and the burglars’ received would have required a far more sophisticated scheme than that which was employed.

As a nominally lawful enterprise, the 1972 Nixon re-election committee had to maintain a lawful set of accounting records and bank accounts, into which lawful campaign contributions could be deposited, and from which monies for lawful campaign expenditures could be drawn. Any attempt to create an “off-the-books”, unaccounted-for stash that could receive contributions in the amounts that Watergate dirty tricks teams actually used was never possible. This was because the sources of the funds were in fact legitimate. The funds were provided by wealthy, conservative campaign contributors that had chosen to give large sums of money to the reelection committee. These contributors were not generally in the habit of giving tens of millions of dollars unaccountably to anyone, for any purpose, no matter how much they may have politically agreed with it. These men and women lived in a world where, while there might have been unpublicized transactions, there never were unaccountable transactions.

The case of the campaign contribution check is instructive of this. The $25,000. 00 cashiers check made out to the committee that Barker actually deposited into his account was drawn upon the account of, and authorized by, a Kenneth H. Dahlberg of Minnesota. Kenneth H Dahlberg (1917-) is an American businessman and World War II Fighter ace who became a figure involved in the Watergate scandal Mr. Dahlberg had received this amount from a prominent Minnesota Democratic fund raiser named Dwayne Andreas, who was an executive of the Archer Daniels Midland Corporation. Dwayne Orville Andreas (born 4 March 1918) is one of the most prominent political campaign donors in the United States, having contributed millions of dollars The Archer Daniels Midland Company ( is a conglomerate based in Decatur Illinois. Mr. Andreas gave Dahlberg the funds specifically to make a contribution anonymously, but not unaccountably, to the Nixon reelection campaign. The record of the transfer of funds to Mr. Dahlberg existed; the record of the transfer of funds to the committee (by Mr. Dahlberg) existed. When pressed, Mr. Dahlberg and Mr. Andreas both were able and willing to discuss how a prominent Democratic supporter of Democratic campaigns came to support Nixon’s reelection in 1972.

It was never the intent of either Mr. Andreas or Mr. Dahlberg to create, or participate in the creation of, a fund which would be unaccountable, untraceable, and available for use in a conspiracy to support a criminal enterprise, whether they knew about the criminal enterprise or not. In addition, most of the other donors were wealthy registered Republicans who had no interest whatsoever in “hiding” or concealing their support of President Nixon or their desire to help in his reelection campaign.

The connection between the break-in and the President's re-election campaign fund-raising committee was highlighted by its media coverage. In particular, investigative coverage by Time Magazine, The New York Times , and especially The Washington Post, fueled focus on the event. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D The coverage dramatically increased the profile of the crime and consequent political repercussions. Relying heavily upon anonymous sources, Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break-in, and attempts to cover it up, led deep into the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, and even the White House. Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. Carl Bernstein (pronounced BERN-steen ˈbɜrnstiːn (born February 14, 1944) is an American journalist who as a reporter for The near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Chief among the Post's anonymous sources was an individual they had nicknamed Deep Throat, who was later revealed in 2005 to be former Deputy Director of the FBI William Mark Felt, Sr. Rather than ending with the trial and conviction of the burglars, the investigations grew broader; a Senate committee chaired by Senator Sam Ervin was set up to examine Watergate and began issuing subpoenas to White House staff. Deep Throat is the Pseudonym given to the secret source who provided information to the Washington Post about the involvement of U The Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (or Associate Director) is a senior United States Government position in the Federal Bureau of Investigation William Mark Felt Sr (born August 17, 1913) is a former agent of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, who retired in 1973 Samuel James Ervin Jr ( September 27, 1896 &ndash April 23, 1985) was a Democratic United States Senator from A subpoena (səˈpiːnə is commonly defined as a written command to a person to Testify before a Court or be punished

On April 30, 1973, Nixon was forced to ask for the resignation of two of his most influential aides, H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, both of whom were indicted and ultimately went to prison. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Harry Robbins Haldeman (publicly known as H R Haldeman, and informally as Bob Haldeman) ( October 27, 1926 &ndash November 12, Haldeman and Ehrlichman discuss policy 1973png|thumb|200px|right|"The Berlin Wall" of Ehrlichman and Haldeman on April 27, 1973 three days before they would be asked to resign He also fired White House Counsel John Dean, who had just testified before the Senate and went on to become the key witness against the President. The White House Counsel is a staff appointee of the President of the United States. John Wesley Dean III (born October 14, 1938) was White House Counsel to U

On the same day, Nixon appointed a new Attorney General, Elliot Richardson, and gave him authority to designate, for the growing Watergate inquiry, a special counsel who would be independent of the regular Justice Department hierarchy, to preserve his independence. In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition Elliot Lee Richardson ( July 20, 1920 &ndash December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department On May 19, 1973, Richardson named Archibald Cox to the position. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Archibald Cox Jr, ( May 17, 1912 &ndash May 29, 2004) was an American Lawyer who served as U Televised hearings had begun two days before.

Tapes

Main article: Watergate tapes

President Nixon giving a televised address explaining release of edited transcripts of the tapes on April 29, 1974

The hearings held by the Senate Committee, in which Dean was the star witness and in which many other former key administration officials gave dramatic testimony, were broadcast from May 17 to August 7, 1973, causing devastating political damage to Nixon. The Watergate tapes, also known as the Nixon tapes are a collection of recordings of conversations between U Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Each network maintained coverage of the hearings every third day, starting with ABC on May 17 and ending with NBC on August 7. The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. An estimated 85% of Americans with television sets tuned in to at least one portion of the hearings. ^[14]

Perhaps the most memorable question of the hearings came when Republican Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee asked "What did the President know, and when did he know it?", which focused attention for the first time on Nixon's personal role in the scandal. Howard Henry Baker Jr (born November 15, 1925) is a former Senate Majority Leader, Republican U Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States.

On July 13, 1973, Donald Sanders, the Deputy Minority Counsel, asked Alexander Butterfield in discovery if there were any type of recording systems in the White House. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Donald Gilbert Sanders ( April 26, 1930 &ndash September 26, 1999) was a key figure in the Watergate investigation. Alexander Porter Butterfield (born April 6, 1926) was the deputy assistant to Richard Nixon from 1969 until 1973 Butterfield answered that, though he was reluctant to say so, there was a system in the White House that automatically recorded everything in the Oval Office. | |-| |-| |- | |-| |-| |-| |-| |} The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. It was also determined that other rooms were bugged, including Nixon's private office in the Old Executive Office Building, where most of his work and meetings were actually conducted. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB was formerly known as the Old Executive Office Building (OEOB and originally was built as the State War and Navy Building Later, Chief Minority Counsel Fred Thompson put the question to Butterfield directly in televised hearings: "Mr. Butterfield, are you aware of the installation of any listening devices in the Oval Office of the president?" The shocking revelation radically transformed the Watergate investigation. The tapes were soon subpoenaed by Cox and then by the Senate, since they might prove whether Nixon or Dean was telling the truth about key meetings. Nixon refused, citing the principle of executive privilege, and ordered Cox, via Attorney General Richardson, to drop his subpoena. In the United States government, executive privilege is the power ( Reserve power) claimed by the President of the United States and other members of

Saturday Night Massacre

Main article: Saturday Night Massacre

Cox's refusal to drop his subpoena led to the "Saturday Night Massacre" on October 20, 1973, when Nixon compelled the resignations of Richardson and deputy William Ruckelshaus, in a search for someone in the Justice Department willing to fire Cox. The "Saturday Night Massacre" was the term given by political commentators to U The "Saturday Night Massacre" was the term given by political commentators to U Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. William Doyle Ruckelshaus (born July 24, 1932 in Indianapolis Indiana) is an American attorney and civil servant This search ended with Solicitor General Robert Bork (years later a failed nominee for U. The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States Robert Heron Bork (born March 1, 1927) is a conservative American legal scholar who advocates the judicial philosophy of Originalism. S. Supreme Court Justice). At first, Bork planned to resign as well, but both Richardson and Ruckelshaus persuaded him not to in order to prevent any further damage to the Justice Department. As the new acting department head, Bork carried out the presidential order and dismissed the special prosecutor. Public reaction was immediate and intense, with protesters standing along the sidewalks outside the White House holding signs saying "HONK TO IMPEACH," and hundreds of cars driving by honking their horns. Allegations of wrongdoing prompted Nixon to famously state "I am not a crook" in front of 400 startled Associated Press managing editors on the grounds of Disney's Contemporary Resort at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida on November 17, 1973. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio Disney's Contemporary Resort is a resort hotel located at the Walt Disney World Resort. Walt Disney World Resort is the most visited and largest recreational resort in the world containing four Theme parks two Water parks twenty-three themed hotels Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ^[15]

Nixon was forced, however, to allow the appointment of a new special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, who continued the investigation. A special prosecutor generally is a Lawyer from outside the Government appointed by an Attorney general or Congress to investigate a government Leon Jaworski ( September 19, 1905, in Waco Texas - December 9, 1982) was the Special Prosecutor While Nixon continued to refuse to turn over actual tapes, he did agree to release edited transcripts of a large number of them; Nixon cited the fact that any sensitive national security information could be edited out of the tapes; it was also speculated that the tapes may have contained foul language and racial slurs, which would have worsened Nixon's image.

The tapes largely confirmed Dean's account and caused further embarrassment when a crucial, 18½ minute portion of one tape, which had never been out of White House custody, was found to have been erased. The Watergate tapes, also known as the Nixon tapes are a collection of recordings of conversations between U The White House blamed this on Nixon's secretary, Rose Mary Woods, who said she had accidentally erased the tape by pushing the wrong foot pedal on her tape player while answering the phone. Rose Mary Woods ( December 26, 1917 – January 22, 2005) was Richard Nixon 's secretary However, as photos splashed all over the press showed, it was unlikely for Woods to answer the phone and keep her foot on the pedal. Later forensic analysis determined that the gap had been erased in several segments — at least five, and perhaps as many as nine^[16]—refuting the "accidental erasure" explanation.

Supreme Court

The issue of access to the tapes went to the Supreme Court. On July 24, 1974, in United States v. Nixon, the Court (which did not include the recused Justice Rehnquist) ruled unanimously that claims of executive privilege over the tapes were void, and they further ordered him to surrender them to Jaworski. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. This is about the 1974 case on the powers of President Richard Nixon William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1 1924 – September 3 2005 was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure who served as an Associate Justice On July 30, 1974, he complied with the order and released the subpoenaed tapes. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Their contents were revealed, and Nixon resigned 10 days later.

Articles of impeachment, resignation, and convictions

Nixon's resignation letter, August 9, 1974. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.

On January 28, 1974, Nixon campaign aide Herbert Porter pleaded guilty to the charge of lying to the FBI during the early stages of the Watergate investigation. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Herbert L Porter was a campaign aide to United States President Richard M This statute generally prohibits lying to or concealing information from a federal official On February 25, 1974, Nixon's personal lawyer Herbert Kalmbach pleaded guilty to two charges of illegal election-campaign activities. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Herbert W Kalmbach (b October 19, 1921 in Port Huron Michigan) was the personal attorney to United States President Richard Nixon Other charges were dropped in return for Kalmbach's cooperation in the forthcoming Watergate trials.

On March 1, 1974, former aides of the President, known as the Watergate Seven — Haldeman, Ehrlichman, Mitchell, Charles Colson, Gordon C. Strachan, Robert Mardian and Kenneth Parkinson — were indicted for conspiring to hinder the Watergate investigation. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The Watergate Seven were advisors and aides to United States President Richard M Kingdoms in Conflict (1988 but I don't know where--> Charles (Chuck Wendell Colson (born October 16 Not to be confused with incumbent Celtic manager Gordon Strachan. Robert Charles Mardian ( October 23, 1923 – July 17, 2006) was a former United States Republican party official who served Kenneth Parkinson was counsel to the Committee to Re-elect the President that supported Richard Nixon in 1972 The grand jury also secretly named Nixon as an unindicted co-conspirator. Dean, Magruder and other figures in the scandal had already pleaded guilty. Jeb Stuart Magruder (born November 5, 1934, New York City) was the second official in the administration of President Richard Nixon (the Charles Colson stated in his book Born Again that he was given a report by a White House aide that clearly implicated the CIA in the whole Watergate scandal and showed an attempt to implicate him as the one responsible.

On April 7, 1974, the Watergate grand jury indicted Ed Reinecke, Republican lieutenant governor of California, on three charges of perjury before the Senate committee. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Edwin Reinecke (born January 7, 1924) is a retired California Politician. On April 5, 1974, former Nixon appointments secretary Dwight Chapin was convicted of lying to the grand jury. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Dwight L Chapin (born December 2, 1940) was Deputy Assistant to the President Richard M

Nixon's position was becoming increasingly precarious, and the House of Representatives began formal investigations into the possible impeachment of the President. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The committee's opening speeches included one by Texas Representative Barbara Jordan that catapulted her to instant nationwide fame. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Barbara Charline Jordan ( February 21, 1936 – January 17, 1996) was an American politician from Texas The House Judiciary Committee voted 27 to 11 on July 27, 1974 to recommend the first article of impeachment against the President: obstruction of justice. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The crime of obstruction of justice includes crimes committed by Judges Prosecutors attorneys general, and elected officials in general The second (abuse of power) and third (contempt of Congress) articles were passed on July 29, 1974 and July 30, 1974, respectively. Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of Contempt of Congress is the act of obstructing the work of the United States Congress or one of its committees. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.

Nixon leaving the White House shortly before his resignation became effective, August 9, 1974. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The helicopter took him from the White House to Andrews Air Force base in Maryland. Nixon later wrote that he remembered thinking "As the helicopter moved on to Andrews, I found myself thinking not of the past, but of the future. What could I do now?. . . ". At Andrews base, he boarded Air Force One to El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in California and then to his new home in San Clemente. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. This article is about a city in Orange County California For other meanings see San Clemente (disambiguation. ^[17]

In August, the previously unknown tape from June 23, 1972, was released. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Recorded only a few days after the break-in, it documented Nixon and Haldeman formulating a plan to block investigations by having the CIA falsely claim to the FBI that national security was involved. The tape was referred to as a "smoking gun. " With few exceptions, Nixon's remaining supporters deserted him. The ten congressmen who had voted against all three articles of impeachment in the committee announced that they would all support impeachment when the vote was taken in the full House. It was almost certain that Nixon would be impeached by the House and removed from office by the Senate.

Throughout this time, Nixon still denied any involvement in the ordeal. After being told by key Republican Senators that enough votes existed to convict and remove him, Nixon decided to resign. In a nationally televised address on the evening of August 8, 1974, he announced he would resign, effective at noon Eastern Time on Friday, August 9, 1974. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Though Nixon's resignation prompted Congress to drop the impeachment proceedings, criminal prosecution was still a possibility. He was immediately succeeded by Gerald Ford, who on September 8, 1974, issued a pardon for Nixon, immunizing him from prosecution for any crimes he may have committed as President. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Nixon proclaimed his innocence until his death, although his acceptance of the pardon was construed by many as an admission of guilt. He did state in his official response to the pardon that he "was wrong in not acting more decisively and more forthrightly in dealing with Watergate, particularly when it reached the stage of judicial proceedings and grew from a political scandal into a national tragedy. "

Charles Colson pleaded guilty to charges concerning the Ellsberg case; in exchange, the indictment against him for covering up the activities of CRP was dropped, as it was against Strachan. The remaining five members of the Watergate Seven indicted in March went on trial in October 1974, and on January 1, 1975, all but Parkinson were found guilty. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1976, the U. S. Court of Appeals ordered a new trial for Mardian; subsequently, all charges against him were dropped. Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Mitchell exhausted their appeals in 1977. Ehrlichman entered prison in 1976, followed by the other two in 1977.

Pardon and controversy

Further information: Gerald Ford's Pardon of Richard Nixon

On September 8, 1974, President Gerald Ford granted Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he may have committed while President. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Highly controversial, this pardon has been argued to be a factor in Ford's loss of the presidential election of 1976. ^[18] In an editorial at the time, The New York Times stated that the Nixon pardon was "a profoundly unwise, divisive and unjust act" that in a stroke had destroyed the new president's "credibility as a man of judgment, candor and competence. "^[19] Accusations of a secret "deal" made with Ford, promising a pardon in return for Nixon's resignation, led Ford to testify before the House Judiciary Committee on October 17, 1974. Three deals cut in connection with the presidency of the United States - two in contested United States presidential elections and a presidential appointment of a vice president - United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary US House Committee on the Judiciary, or (more commonly the House Judiciary Committee, is a Standing committee of Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. ^[20][21]

In his autobiography A Time to Heal, Ford wrote about a meeting he had with Nixon's Chief of Staff, Alexander Haig. Alexander Meigs Haig Jr (born December 2 1924 is a retired four-star General in the United States Army who served as the U Haig was explaining what he and Nixon's staff thought were Nixon's only options. He could try to ride out the impeachment and fight against conviction in the Senate all the way, or he could resign. His options for resigning were to delay his resignation until further along in the impeachment process to try and settle for a censure vote in Congress, or pardon himself then resign. Haig then told Ford that some of Nixon's staff suggested that Nixon could agree to resign in return for an agreement that Ford would pardon him.

Haig emphasized that these weren't his suggestions. He didn't identify the staff members and he made it very clear that he wasn't recommending any one option over another. What he wanted to know was whether or not my overall assessment of the situation agreed with his. [emphasis in original]. . . Next he asked if I had any suggestions as to courses of actions for the President. I didn't think it would be proper for me to make any recommendations at all, and I told him so. ^[22]

In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country and that the Nixon family's situation "is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must. "^[23]

Aftermath

Main article: Watergate babies

The effects of the Watergate scandal did not end with the resignation of President Nixon and the imprisonment of some of his aides. The term Watergate Babies refers to the Democrats elected to the United States Congress in 1974 following president Richard Nixon 's resignation over the The effect on the upcoming Senate election and House race only three months later, was enormous. The US Senate election of 1974 was held in the wake of the Watergate scandal Richard M The US House election 1974 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1974 that occurred in the wake of the Watergate scandal, which Voters, disgusted by Nixon's actions, became thoroughly disillusioned with the Republican Party. In that election, the Democrats gained five seats in the Senate and a remarkable forty-nine in the House.

The Watergate Scandal also indirectly caused many changes in campaign financing. The scandal became a driving factor in amending the Freedom of Information Act in 1976, as well as laws requiring new financial disclosures by key government officials. The Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA) is the implementation of freedom of information legislation in the United States

While not legally required, other types of personal disclosure, such as releasing recent income tax forms, became expected. Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had recorded many of their conversations, but after Watergate this practice purportedly ended.

Since Nixon and many senior officials involved in Watergate were lawyers, the scandal severely tarnished the public image of the legal profession. ^[24] In order to defuse public demand for direct federal regulation of lawyers (as opposed to leaving it in the hands of state bar associations or courts), the American Bar Association (ABA) launched two major reforms. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction The American Bar Association ( ABA) founded August 21 1878 is a voluntary Bar association of Lawyers and law students which is not specific First, the ABA decided that its existing Model Code of Professional Responsibility (promulgated 1969) was a failure and replaced it with the Model Rules of Professional Conduct in 1983. American Bar Association Model Code of Professional Responsibility, created by the American Bar Association (ABA in 1969, was a set of professional standards to guarantee ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, created by the American Bar Association (ABA is a set of professional standards to prescribe legal ethics and professional responsibility The MRPC has been adopted in part or in whole by 44 states. Its preamble contains an emphatic reminder to young lawyers that the legal profession can remain self-governing only if lawyers behave properly. Second, the ABA promulgated a requirement that law students at ABA-approved law schools take a course in professional responsibility (which means they must study the MRPC). A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is an institution specializing in Legal education. See also Professional ethics Professional responsibility is the area of legal practice that encompasses the duties of Attorneys to act in a professional manner The requirement remains in effect.

The Watergate scandal left such an impression on the national and international consciousness that many scandals since then have been labeled with the suffix "-gate". The Suffix -gate derives from the Watergate scandal of the United States in the early 1970s which resulted in the resignation of U

According to Thomas J. Johnson, professor of journalism at Southern Illinois University, "During Nixon's final days, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger boldly predicted that history would remember him as a great president and that Watergate would be relegated to a minor footnote. Southern Illinois University is a state university located in Southern Illinois with two institutions and multiple campuses " ^[25]

Alternate theories

Further information: Kennedy assassination theories

Numerous theories have persisted in claiming deeper significance to the Watergate scandal than that commonly acknowledged by media and historians. There are many conspiracy theories regarding the '''assassination of United States President John F On the "Smoking Gun" tape, Nixon mentions E. The term " smoking gun " was originally and is still primarily a reference to an object or fact that serves as conclusive evidence of a Crime or similar Howard Hunt's ties to "the whole Bay of Pigs thing" as the reason the CIA should put a stop to the Watergate investigations. In the book The Ends of Power, President Richard Nixon's chief of staff H.R. Haldeman claimed that the term "Bay of Pigs," as used in a tape-recorded White House conversation,^[4] was used by Nixon as a coded reference to the Kennedy assassination. Harry Robbins Haldeman (publicly known as H R Haldeman, and informally as Bob Haldeman) ( October 27, 1926 &ndash November 12, For the United States invasion at the Bay of Pigs see Bay of Pigs Invasion. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas ^[26] This same theory was later referred to in the biopic, Nixon, directed by Oliver Stone. Nixon is a 1995 Biographical film directed by Oliver Stone for Cinergi Pictures that tells the story of the political and personal William Oliver Stone (born 15 September) is an American Film director and Screenwriter.

An alternate theory to the mainstream media account of the Watergate scandal can be found in Silent Coup, a 1991 book by Len Colodny and Robert Gettlin. Silent Coup is a 1992 book by Len Colodny and Robert Gettlin in which they contend that former Nixon White House counsel John Dean orchestrated the 1972 The two authors believe that it was Nixon's silent war with the Pentagon that ultimately led to his removal from office. The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. ^[27] The book was criticized for apparent leaps of logic and the citation of weak evidence and its theories are not widely supported by either professional historians or the general public. ^[28][29]

Stone and Freed's theory in Secret Honor implies that Nixon purposively took a dive to save democracy from a plan to implement martial law. Secret Honor is a 1984 film written by Donald Freed and Arnold M The theory uses the construct of the Yankees vs. Cowboys to suggest that since the postwar era, the US has been dominated by Yankees competing with Cowboys. Nixon, who hailed from the Southwest, was initially backed by the military industrial defense contractor power-brokers (the Cowboys); however, he later wanted to jump ship and return government to the east-coast establishment of Yankees. His resignation accomplished this because Nelson Rockefeller, the epitome of the eastern economic elite, assumed the vice presidency after Nixon's resignation. Peter Beter's Conspiracy Against the Dollar further explains how Nixon was possibly a rogue liberal with a conservative mask. Andreas Killen's 1973 Nervous Breakdown mentions this obscure theory behind Watergate.

See also

• List of scandals with "-gate" suffix
• Deep Throat
• Watergate Babies

Notes

Further reading

• Michael Schudson (1992). Michael Schudson is an American academic Sociologist working in the fields of Journalism and its history and public culture Watergate in American memory: how we remember, forget, and reconstruct the past. New York: BasicBooks. ISBN 0465090842.  
• Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein wrote a best-selling book based on their experiences covering the Watergate Scandal for the Washington Post titled All the President's Men, published in 1974. Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. Carl Bernstein (pronounced BERN-steen ˈbɜrnstiːn (born February 14, 1944) is an American journalist who as a reporter for The The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D All the President's Men is a 1974 Non-fiction book by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, two of the journalists investigating the first Watergate A film adaptation, starring Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman as Woodward and Bernstein, respectively, was released in 1976. Charles Robert Redford Jr (born August 18 1936) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, Actor, Dustin Lee Hoffman (born August 8 1937 His brother Ronald is a lawyer and economist
• Theodore Harold White (1975). Theodore Harold White ( May 6, 1915 – May 9, 1986) was an American political journalist historian and novelist best known for his accounts Breach of faith: the fall of Richard Nixon. New York: Atheneum Publishers. ISBN 0689106580.   A comprehensive history of the Watergate Scandal by Teddy White, a respected journalist and author of the The Making of the President series.
• Woodward, Bob; Bernstein, Carl. Theodore Harold White ( May 6, 1915 – May 9, 1986) was an American political journalist historian and novelist best known for his accounts The Final Days. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-7406-7.   - contains further details from March 1973 through September 1974.

External links

• White House tape transcripts
• The White House tapes themselves
• Washington Post Watergate Archive
• Washington Post Watergate Tape Listening Guide
• BBC News reports on Watergate
• Watergate Timeline
• Watergate Key Players
• Extensive set of online Watergate
• Biography of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein