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Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated drinking water is consumed. A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not Contaminated drinking water, used in the preparation of food, can be the source of foodborne disease through consumption of the same microorganisms. Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food According to the World Health Organization, diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4. 1% of the total DALY global burden of disease and is responsible for the deaths of 1. The global burden of disease ( GBD) is a comprehensive regional and global assessment of mortality and Disability from 107 diseases and injuries and ten 8 million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and is mostly concentrated in children in developing countries. [1]

Waterborne disease can be caused by protozoa, viruses, bacteria, and intestinal parasites. Protozoa (in Greek πρῶτον proton "first" and ζῷα zoia "animals" are unicellular Eukaryotes (singular A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Intestinal parasites are Parasites that populate the Gastro-intestinal tract.

Contents

Protozoal infections

Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms
Amoebiasis (hand-to-mouth) Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytic) (Cyst-like appearance) Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supply Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains
Fever, abdominal pain
Cryptosporidiosis (oral) Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum) Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animal manure, seasonal runoff of water. Amoebiasis, or Amebiasis is caused by the Amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. Cryptosporidiosis is a Parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a Protozoan Parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several species that cause Cryptosporidiosis, a Parasitic disease of the Mammalian intestinal tract Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach
Cyclosporiasis Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis) Sewage, non-treated drinking water cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue
Giardiasis (oral-fecal) (hand-to-mouth) Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common intestinal parasite Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Cyclospora cayetanensis is a pathogenic Protozoan transmitted by Feces or feces-contaminated fresh produce and water Cyclospora cayetanensis is a Protozoan that causes Disease in humans and perhaps other primates Giardiasis — popularly known as beaver fever or backpacker's diarrhea — is a disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia Giardia lamblia (synonymous with Lamblia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis) is a Flagellated Protozoan Beavers and muskrats act as a reservoir for Giardia. Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, gas and gas pains
[[Microsporidiosis] Protozoan (Microsporidia), but closely related to fungi The genera of Encephalitozoon intestinalis has been detected in groundwater, swimming pool via AIDS patients and the origin of drinking water [2]

Parasitic Infections

Disease and Transmission Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms
Schistosomiasis (immersion) Schistosoma Contaminated fresh water with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes Rash or itchy skin. Microsporidia are parasites of animals now considered to be extremely reduced fungi. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a Parasitic disease caused by several species of fluke Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches
dracunculiasis dracanculus medinensis drinking water containing infective cyclops allergic reaction,urticaria rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, asthmatic attack. Dracunculiasis, more commonly known as Guinea worm disease ( GWD) or Medina Worm, is a parasitic Infection caused by the
taeniasis solium taenia solium contaminate drinking water with eggs intestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosis
fasciolosis fasciola contaminated drinking water with encysted metacercaria GIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargement, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice. Fasciolosis is an important Helminth disease caused by two Trematodes Fasciola hepatica (the common liver fluke) and Fasciola
hymenolepiasis nana hymenolepis nana contaminated drinking water with eggs mild GIT symptoms, nervous manifestation
hyatidosis echinococcus granulosus contaminated drinking water with eggs hyatid cyst press on bile duct and blood vessels, if it ruptured cause anaphylactic shock.
coenurosis multiceps multiceps contaminated drinking water with eggs increases intacranial tension
ascariasis ascaris lumbricoides contaminated drinking water with eggs Loefflers syndrome in lung, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, underdevelopment,
enterobiasis entrobius vermicularis contaminated drinking water with eggs peri-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia
Disease Morbidity
(cases per year)		 Mortality
(deaths per year)
1,500,000,000 100,000
Schistosomiasis 200,000,000 200,000

Bacterial infections

Viral Infections

Allergic infections

References

  1. ^ WHO | Burden of disease and cost-effectiveness estimates
  2. ^ a b c d e f Nwachuku, Nena; Charles P. Gerba. Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet>. Retrieved on 9 August 2007. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  3. ^ Petrini, B. . Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections <internet>. Retrieved on 9 August 2007. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  4. ^ Dziuban, Eric J. et al. . Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water --- United States, 2003--2004 <internet>. Retrieved on 9 August 2007. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  5. ^ Nwachuku, Nena et al. . Comparative inactivation of Adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection <internet>. Retrieved on 9 August 2007. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  6. ^ Kohlhammer, Y. et al. . Swimming pool attendance and hay fever rates later in life <internet>. Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved on 9 August 2007. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  7. ^ Villanueva, Cristina M. et al. . Bladder Cancer and Exposure to Water Disinfection By-Products through Ingestion, Bathing, Showering, and Swimming in Pools <internet>. American Journal of Epidemiology. Retrieved on 17 August 2007. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Academic resources

See also

External links

Food microbiology is the study of the Microorganisms which inhabit create or contaminate Food. Causal Agents Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba spp are commonly found in lakes swimming pools tap water and heating and air Portable water purification devices — also known as point-of-use (POU water treatment systems and field water disinfection techniques — are self-contained Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Swimming pool sanitation refers to both visual clarity and levels of Microflora, such as Bacteria and Viruses in Swimming pools The goal of sanitation Water pollution is the contamination of Water bodies such as Lakes Rivers Oceans and Groundwater caused by human activities Water quality is the physical chemical and biological characteristics of Water in relationship to a set of standards Water resources are sources of Water that are useful or potentially useful to Humans Uses of water include Agricultural, industrial, Household Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties of water of various qualities to different users
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