Raw sewage and industrial waste flows into the U. Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Industrial waste is a type of waste produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines. S. from Mexico as the New River passes from Mexicali, Baja California to Calexico, California

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants which live in these water bodies. Mexicali, is the capital of the Mexican state of Baja California. Calexico is a city in Imperial County, California, United States. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations

Although natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water, water is typically referred to as polluted when it impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use (like serving as drinking water) or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the population of Algae in an aquatic system A storm is any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface and strongly implying Severe weather. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer Water quality is the physical chemical and biological characteristics of Water in relationship to a set of standards Water pollution has many causes and characteristics. Apple Sauce The primary sources of water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their point of origin. Apple sauce (or applesauce) is a Purée made from Apples It can use peeled or unpeeled apples and a variety of spices or additives such as Cinnamon Point-source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway through a discrete "point source". Examples of this category include discharges from a wastewater treatment plant, outfalls from a factory, leaking underground tanks, etc. The second primary category, non-point source pollution, refers to contamination that, as its name suggests, does not originate from a single discrete source. Non-point source pollution is often a cumulative affect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. Nutrient runoff in stormwater from sheet flow over an agricultural field, or metals and hydrocarbons from an area with high impervious surfaces and vehicular traffic are examples of non-point source pollution. The primary focus of legislation and efforts to curb water pollution for the past several decades was first aimed at point sources. As point sources have been effectively regulated, greater attention has come to be placed on non-point source contributions, especially in rapidly urbanizing/suburbanizing or developing areas.

The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes. A chemical substance is a Material with a definite chemical composition. A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious While many of the chemicals and substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (iron, manganese, etc) the concentration is often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, and what is a contaminant. Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Pathogens can produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. Waterborne diseases are caused by Pathogenic Microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated Drinking water is consumed Alteration of water's physical chemistry include acidity, electrical conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. Eutrophication is the fertilisation of surface water by nutrients that were previously scarce. Eutrophication is an increase in chemical Nutrients -- typically compounds containing Nitrogen or Phosphorus -- in an Ecosystem, and may occur For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil. For Water masses on the surface of the world ocean see Surface water (ocean. A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment Scarcity (also called paucity) is the problem of Infinite human needs and Wants, in a world of Finite Resources In other Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases,^[1][2] and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. ^[2]

Contaminants

Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Acid rain is Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually Acidic It has harmful effects on plants aquatic animals and infastructure The Air Quality Index ( AQI) is a standardized indicator of the Air Quality in a given location Atmospheric dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct Irradiance at the Earth 's surface that was observed for several decades after the start of systematic Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky Indoor Air Quality (IAQ deals with the content of interior air that could affect health and comfort of building occupants Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. Eutrophication is an increase in chemical Nutrients -- typically compounds containing Nitrogen or Phosphorus -- in an Ecosystem, and may occur For other uses of the term "hypoxia" see Hypoxia. Hypoxia or oxygen depletion is a phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments Marine pollution is the harmful effect caused by the entry into the ocean of chemicals particles, or Plastic debris. For the fictional character see Oil Slick (Transformers. An oil spill is the release of a Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbon into Ship pollution is the pollution of air and Water by Shipping. Surface runoff is a term used to describe when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess Water, from Rain, Snowmelt, or other sources flows Thermal pollution is a Temperature change in natural bodies of water caused by human influence Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Waterborne diseases are caused by Pathogenic Microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated Drinking water is consumed Water quality is the physical chemical and biological characteristics of Water in relationship to a set of standards Water stagnation occurs when Water stops flowing Stagnant water can be a major Environmental hazard. Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses Microorganisms Fungi, green plants or their Enzymes to return the natural environment altered A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Radioactive contamination is the uncontrolled distribution of radioactive material in a given environment Actinides in the environment refer to the sources environmental behaviour and effects of Actinides in the environment. Environmental Radioactivity is the study of radioactive materials in the Human environment. Fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large nucleus fissions. Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a Nuclear explosion, so named because it "falls out" of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion Plutonium in the environment is an article which is part of the Actinides in the environment series Radiation poisoning, also called " radiation sickness " or a " creeping dose " is a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to This is a subpage of Environmental radioactivity. Radium Radium in quack medicine See the story of Eben Byers for details of one very nasty case Uranium in the environment, this page is about the Science of Uranium in the environment and in animals (including humans Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions Light pollution, also known as photopollution or luminous pollution, is excess or obtrusive Light created mainly by Humans Among other effects Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life Radio spectrum pollution is the straying of waves in the radio and Electromagnetic spectrums outside their allocations that cause problems for some activities Visual pollution is the term given to unattractive or unnatural (human-made visual elements of a vista a Landscape, or any other thing that a person might not want to For other similarly-named agreements see Montreal Convention (disambiguation. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes, opened for signature on The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change with the objective of reducing Greenhouse gases in an effort The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, often abbreviated as Air Pollution or CLRTAP, is intended to protect the human environment against Air This is a list of environmental organizations. See also Environmental organization Intergovernmental organizations International organizations The Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for environmental protection The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW is a worldwide system established by the World Meteorological Organization a United Nations agency to monitor trends in the Greenpeace, originally known as the Greenpeace Foundation, was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1972 The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS are standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency that apply for outdoor Air Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin

Some organic water pollutants are:

• Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalide and other chemicals
• Bacteria, often is from sewage or livestock operations
• Food processing waste, including pathogens
• Tree and brush debris from logging operations
• VOCs (volatile organic compounds), such as industrial solvents, from improper storage
• DNAPLs (dense non-aqueous phase liquids), such as chlorinated solvents, which may fall at the bottom of reservoirs, since they don't mix well with water and are more dense
• Petroleum Hydrocarbons including fuels (gasoline, diesel, jet fuels, and fuel oils) and lubricants (motor oil) from oil field operations, refineries, pipelines, retail service station's underground storage tanks, and transfer operations. An insecticide is a Pesticide used against Insects in all developmental forms A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed Halocarbon compounds are Chemicals in which one or more Carbon Atoms are linked by Covalent bonds with one or more Halogen Atoms The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw Ingredients into Food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. This article describes a highly specialized aspect of its subject in the "Terminology and legal definitions" section A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. A dense nonaqueous phase liquid or DNAPL is a Liquid that is denser than Water and does not dissolve in water. Applications The simplest form of organochlorides are chlorinated Hydrocarbons These consist of simple Hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have Note: VOCs include gasoline-range hydrocarbons.
• Detergents
• Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic products
• Disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in chemically disinfected drinking water

Some inorganic water pollutants include:

• Heavy metals including acid mine drainage
• Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulfur dioxide from power plants)
• Pre-production industrial raw resin pellets, an industrial pollutant
• Chemical waste as industrial by products
• Fertilizers, in runoff from agriculture including nitrates and phosphates
• Silt in surface runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing sites

Transport and chemical reactions of water pollutants

Most water pollutants are eventually carried by the rivers into the oceans. A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Disinfection by-products (DBPs form when organic materials in source water react with chemical treatment agents at the drinking water treatment plant,. Disinfectants are Antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy Microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are A power station (also referred to as generating station, power plant or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for the generation of Chemical waste is a waste that is made from harmful chemicals (mostly produced by large factories Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay Surface runoff is a term used to describe when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess Water, from Rain, Snowmelt, or other sources flows In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure Logging is the process in which Trees are cut down for Forest management and Timber. Slash and burn consists of cutting and burning of Forests or Woodlands to create fields for Agriculture or Pasture for Livestock, or In some areas of the world the influence can be traced hundred miles from the mouth by studies using hydrology transport models. An hydrological transport model is a Mathematical model used to simulate river or Stream flow and calculate water quality parameters Advanced computer models such as SWMM or the DSSAM Model have been used in many locations worldwide to examine the fate of pollutants in aquatic systems. A computer simulation, a computer model or a computational model is a Computer program, or network of computers that attempts to simulate an The United States Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model ( SWMM) is a dynamic Rainfall - runoff - subsurface runoff The DSSAM Model (Dynamic Stream Simulation and AssessmentModel is a Computer simulation developed for the Truckee River to analyze water quality Indicator filter feeding species such as copepods have also been used to study pollutant fates in the New York Bight, for example. Filter feeders (also known as suspension feeders) are Animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water typically by passing the water Copepods are a group of small Crustaceans found in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat and they constitute the biggest source of protein in the oceans The New York Bight is a large gulf on the Atlantic Ocean along the coast of North America in the northeastern United States. The highest toxin loads are not directly at the mouth of the Hudson River, but 100 kilometers south, since several days are required for incorporation into planktonic tissue. A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami Plankton consist of any drifting Organisms ( Animals Plants Archaea, or Bacteria) that inhabit the Pelagic zone of The Hudson discharge flows south along the coast due to coriolis force. In physics the Coriolis effect is an apparent deflection of moving objects when they are viewed from a Rotating frame of reference. Further south then are areas of oxygen depletion, caused by chemicals using up oxygen and by algae blooms, caused by excess nutrients from algal cell death and decomposition. For other uses of the term "hypoxia" see Hypoxia. Hypoxia or oxygen depletion is a phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the population of Algae in an aquatic system A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment Fish and shellfish kills have been reported, because toxins climb the foodchain after small fish consume copepods, then large fish eat smaller fish, etc. Shellfish is a Culinary and Fisheries term for those aquatic Invertebrate animals that are used as Food: various species of molluscs Copepods are a group of small Crustaceans found in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat and they constitute the biggest source of protein in the oceans Each successive step up the food chain causes a stepwise concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals (e. g. mercury) and persistent organic pollutants such as DDT. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Persistent organic pollutants ( POP s are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic DDT (from its trivial name D ichloro- D iphenyl- T richloroethane is one of the best known synthetic Pesticides It is a chemical with a long This is known as biomagnification which is occasionally used interchangeably with bioaccumulation.

The big gyres in the oceans trap floating plastic debris. The North Pacific Gyre for example has collected the so-called "Great Pacific Garbage Patch" that is now estimated at two times the size of Texas. A gyre is any manner of swirling Vortex. It is often used to describe large-scale Wind or Ocean currents. Many of these long-lasting pieces wind up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in obstruction of digestive pathways which leads to reduced appetite or even starvation.

Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemically change especially over long periods of time in groundwater reservoirs. Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations A noteworthy class of such chemicals are the chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (used in industrial metal degreasing and electronics manufacturing) and tetrachloroethylene used in the dry cleaning industry (note latest advances in liquid carbon dioxide in dry cleaning that avoids all use of chemicals). Applications The simplest form of organochlorides are chlorinated Hydrocarbons These consist of simple Hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have The Chemical compound trichloroethylene is a chlorinated Hydrocarbon commonly used as an industrial Solvent. Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name tetrachloroethene and as perchloroethylene, perchloroethene, perc, and PCE Both of these chemicals, which are carcinogens themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions, leading to new hazardous chemicals (including dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride). The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation

Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations An aquifer is an underground layer of Water -bearing Permeable rock or unconsolidated materials ( Gravel, Sand, Silt, or Clay Non-porous aquifers such as clays partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity: however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment Groundwater that moves through cracks and caverns is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of Karst topography. A sinkhole, also known as a sink, shake hole, swallow hole, swallet, doline or Cenote, is a natural depression Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble Bedrock, usually Carbonate rock such as Limestone

There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative condition. Some of these secondary impacts are:

• Silt bearing surface runoff from can inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants. Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay Surface runoff is a term used to describe when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess Water, from Rain, Snowmelt, or other sources flows Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy.
• Thermal pollution can induce fish kills and invasion by new thermophilic species. Thermal pollution is a Temperature change in natural bodies of water caused by human influence A thermophile is an organism &mdash a type of Extremophile &mdash which thrives at relatively high temperatures between 45 and 80 °C (113 and 176 °F This can cause further problems to existing wildlife.

Sampling & monitoring

Environmental Scientists preparing water autosamplers. Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment.

Sampling water can take several forms depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Many contamination events are temporal and most commonly in association with rain events. For this reason 'grab' samples can be used as indicators, but are often inadequate for fully accessing contaminant concerns in a water body. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ auto-sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time or discharge intervals. In Hydrology, the discharge or outflow of a River is the volume of Water transported by it in a certain amount of time

Regulatory framework

In the UK there are common law rights (civil rights) to protect the passage of water across land unfettered in either quality of quantity. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Criminal laws dating back to the 16th century exercised some control over water pollution but it was not until the River (Prevention of pollution )Acts 1951 - 1961 were enacted that any systematic control over water pollution was established. These laws were strengthened and extended in the Control of Pollution Act 1984 which has since been updated and modified by a series of further acts. It is a criminal offense to either pollute a lake, river, groundwater or the sea or to discharge any liquid into such water bodies without proper authority. In England and Wales such permission can only be issued by the Environment Agency and in Scotland by SEPA. The Environment Agency (Asiantaeth yr Amgylchedd is a Non-Departmental Public Body of the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs and an Assembly The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA is a powerful Non-departmental public body in Scotland sponsored by the Scottish Executive Environment

In the USA, concern over water pollution resulted in the enactment of state anti-pollution laws in the latter half of the 19th century, and federal legislation enacted in 1899. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Refuse Act of the federal Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 prohibits the disposal of any refuse matter from into either the nation's navigable rivers, lakes, streams, and other navigable bodies of water, or any tributary to such waters, unless one has first obtained a permit. The United States Refuse Act of 1899 is a long-ignored federal Statute. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 is the oldest federal environmental law in the United States. The Water Pollution Control Act, passed in 1948, gave authority to the Surgeon General to reduce water pollution. The Clean Water Act is the primary Federal law in the United States governing Water pollution.

Growing public awareness and concern for controlling water pollution led to enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. As amended in 1977, this law became commonly known as the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act is the primary Federal law in the United States governing Water pollution. The Act established the basic mechanisms for regulating contaminant discharge. It established the authority for the United States Environmental Protection Agency to implement wastewater standards for industry. The Clean Water Act also continued requirements to set water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters. Further amplification of the Act continued including the enactment of the Great Lakes Legacy Act of 2002. ^[3]

In 2004, the United States Environmental Protection Agency tested drinking water quality on commercial airline's aircraft and found that 15 percent of tested aircraft tested positive for total coliform bacteria, according to a press release issued on Friday March 28, 2008.

References

See also

• Aquatic toxicology
• Cultural eutrophication
• Oil spills
• Marine debris

External links

• Report Pollution from Ships
• www.black-tides.com - An educational website for young people on oil spills
• Coastal Pollution Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Clean Water Act
• EPA Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System (CADDIS) - Stressor Identification
• Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Water Pollution
• Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): overviews, news and reports on water pollution
• Troubled Waters: Episode and web site from National Geographic/PBS's "Strange Days on Planet Earth"
• Water Quality in South Australia
• Original case-study of the sustained criminal pollution of Long Lake, a tributary of the Mississippi, by Chemetco
• Threatened Waters: Turning the Tide on Pesticide Contamination, by Beyond Pesticides
• American Water Resources Association
• Water shortage in the future and its consequences (Slide Show)