Water Margin or Outlaws of the Marsh or All Men Are Brothers or The Marshes of Mount Liang (traditional Chinese: 水滸傳; simplified Chinese: 水浒传; pinyin: Shuǐhǔ Zhuàn) is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The Four Great Classical Novels, or Four Major Classical Novels ( of Chinese literature, are the four novels commonly counted by scholars to be the greatest and most Chinese literature extends back thousands of years from the earliest recorded dynastic court Archives to the mature fictional Novel that arose during the Ming Dynasty Attributed to Shi Naian, whom some believe to be Luo Guanzhong, the novel details the trials and tribulations of 108 outlaws during the mid Song Dynasty. Shi Naian ( ca 1296—1372 was a classical Chinese author attributed as the first compiler of Water Margin from Suzhou. Luo Guanzhong ( c 1330?-1400? born Luo Ben (罗本 was a Chinese author attributed with writing Romance of the Three Kingdoms (三国演义 The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Contents 1 Historical context and development 2 Authorship and early editions 3 Outline of each chapter 4 Water Margin in Japan ("Suikoden") 5 Translations 6 Modern transformations 6.1 Film and television 6.2 Literature 6.3 Video games 7 References 8 Works cited 9 External links

Historical context and development

Water Margin is vaguely based upon the historical bandit Song Jiang and his 36 companions. Song Jiang (宋江 was the leader of a bandit group in the 12th century, during the Song Dynasty. The group was active in the Huai River region and eventually surrendered to government troops in 1121. They are recorded in the Song Shi (Chinese: 宋史 - "History of the Song Dynasty) (1345), the name of Song Jiang appearing in the chapter of Emperor Huizong, the activities of the gang in the chapter for Zhang Shuye (Chinese: 張叔夜). The Twenty-Four Histories ( is a collection of Chinese Historical books covering a period of history from 3000 BC to the Ming Dynasty in the Emperor Huizong ( November 2, 1082 – June 4, 1135) was the eighth and one of the most famous emperors of the Song Dynasty of Folk stories about Song Jiang circulated during the Southern Song. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The first text to name Song Jiang's thirty-six companions was the 13th century Guixin Zashi (Chinese: 癸辛雜識 - "Miscellaneous Observations from the Year Guixin") by Zhou Mi (Chinese: 周密) (1232 - 1298). Among the thirty-six are Lu Junyi, Guan Sheng, Ruan Xiaoer, Ruan Xiaowu, Ruan Xiaoqi, Liu Tang, Hua Rong and Wu Yong. Nicknamed the 'Jade Unicorn' (玉麒麟 Lu Junyi (卢俊义 was a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin, and hailed from Hebei Nicknamed the 'Great Blade' (litrally "big knife")(大刀 the Water Margin's Guan Sheng (关胜 bore an uncanny resemblance to Guan Yu - simply Ruan Xiaoer (阮小二, also known as Ruan the 2nd is a character in the Water Margin. Ruan Xiaowu (阮小五, also known as Ruan the 5th is a character in the Water Margin. Ruan Xiaoqi (阮小七 or Ruan the 7th is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin. Liu Tang (刘唐 is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin. Nicknamed the 'Little Li Guang' (小李广 Hua Rong (花荣 is a major character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Nicknamed The Resourceful Wizard (智多星 Wu Yong ( Traditional Chinese: 呉用 Simplified Chinese: 吴用 Pinyin: Wú Yòng ranked third Some of the characters to later become associated with Song Jiang also appeared around this time. They include Sun Li, Yang Zhi, Lin Chong, Lu Zhishen and Wu Song. Yáng Zhì (楊志, nicknamed the 'Blue-Faced Beast' (青面兽 had incredible ability as a warrior was a major character of the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin Lin Chun ( nicknamed the " Panther Head " (豹子头 is a semi-fictional character in the classic Chinese novel Water Margin. Lǔ Zhìshēn (鲁智深, nicknamed the "Flowery Monk" (花和尚 or Sagacious Lu (the name his Abbot gave him is a major fictional character in the classic Wǔ Sōng (武松 was a hero in the Water Margin, one of the four most famous classical works of Chinese literature.

A direct precursor of Water Margin was the Da Song Xuanhe Yishi (Chinese: 大宋宣和遺事 - "Old incidents in Xuanhe period of the great Song Dynasty"), which appeared around the mid-13th century. The text was basically a written version of storytellers' tales, based loosely on historical events. It is divided into ten chapters, roughly covering the history of the Song Dynasty from the early 11th century to the establishment of the Southern Song regime in 1127. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The fourth chapter covers the adventures of Song Jiang and his 36 companions, and their eventual defeat by Zhang Shuye (Chinese: 張叔夜). Some of the more well-known stories and characters of the Water Margin are clearly visible, including "Yang Zhi selling his sword", "Stealing the birthday present", "Song Jiang kills his slave girl", "Fighting Fang La" etc. Fang Xi (方腊 was a rebel in the Song Dynasty and also a nemesis of the 108 heroes of Liangshan in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin It places Song Jiang and his bandits in the Taihang Mountains, and his band ran the gamut from fishermen to ex imperial drill instructors to inn-keepers etc. The Taihang Mountains ( are a Chinese Mountain range running down the eastern edge of the Loess Plateau in Henan, Shanxi and Hebei

Stories about the bandits of Mount Liang became popular as subject for Yuan Dynasty drama. The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai During this time the material on which the Water Margin was based evolved into what it is today. Song Jiang's bandits were expanded to number one hundred and eight, and though they came from different backgrounds, all eventually come to occupy Mount Liang. Mount Liang ( is a mountain in Liangshan County, Shandong province China which rises to 197 There is a theory that Water Margin became popular during the Yuan Dynasty due to resentment toward the Mongol rulers. Song Jiang's rebellion was safe to promote because it criticized the Song Dynasty on the surface, but it was also a call to oppose all corrupt governments.

Authorship and early editions

There is considerable disagreement as to the author of Water Margin. Most consider the first seventy chapters to have been written by Shi Nai'an, while the last thirty chapters were written by Luo Guanzhong, also the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Shi Naian ( ca 1296—1372 was a classical Chinese author attributed as the first compiler of Water Margin from Suzhou. Luo Guanzhong ( c 1330?-1400? born Luo Ben (罗本 was a Chinese author attributed with writing Romance of the Three Kingdoms (三国演义 Romance of the Three Kingdoms ( written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese Historical novel based upon events in Luo may have been the disciple of Shi Nai'an. It has also been suggested that Shi Nai'an did not exist but was merely a pseudonym for Luo Guanzhong himself. Clues from the text itself strongly suggest that the author was a native of Zhejiang province (as both Luo and Shi were) who had little knowledge of northern China. Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. At a 2006 conference, the leading scholars of the work agreed that Shi and Luo were probably the same person, because the name Shi Nai'an written backwards spells "an nai shi", meaning "It is I again. "

It is not clear how close the Luo's edition was to those that are known today. The earliest extant edition of Water Margin is a 100-chapter printed text dating from the mid-16th century. Another edition, with 120 chapters by Yang Dingjian (Chinese: 楊定見), has been preserved from the Wanli era (1573–1620). Wanli Emperor ( September 4, 1563 - August 18, 1620) was Emperor of China ( Ming dynasty) between 1572 and 1620 Yet other editions were published since this era to the early Qing Dynasty, including a 70-chapter edition by Jin Shengtan (1608-1661). Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Jin Shengtan ( (1610?－ 7 August 1661) former name Jin Renrui (金人瑞 also known as Jin Kui (金喟 was a Chinese editor writer and critic who

Outline of each chapter

The opening episode is the release of the 108 spirits. The next chapter describes the rise of Gao Qiu, the main antagonist of the 108. Gāo Qiú (高毬 nicknamed the 'High Ball' is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin. Then follow the stories of different outlaws. At first the story may seem like separate stories, which, in a sense, they were. The connections were very vague between characters. But the story eventually comes together by Chapter 40 or so, during the exile and rescue of Song Jiang, who becomes the head of 108 outlaws. Once the main characters gather on the Mount Liang on the marsh, the story goes on with the conflicts with the Song dynasty, while Song Jiang keeps showing his loyalty to the emperor. After winning battles against the imperial forces, the outlaws are offered amnesty and invited by the emperor to become an official army, which Song Jiang willingly accepts. Gao Qiu, not being happy with them, sends them out to fight against the enemies of the dynasty, and finally we will see the tragic ending.

The following outline of chapters is based on a 100-chapter edition. Yang's 120-chapter edition includes other campaigns of the outlaws on behalf of Song dynasty, while Jing's 70-chapter edition omits the chapters on the outlaws' acceptance of amnesty and following campaigns.

Chapter	Event
1	Marshal Hong Releases the 108 Spirits.
2	The rise of Gao Qiu. Gāo Qiú (高毬 nicknamed the 'High Ball' is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin.
2–3	The story of Shi Jin. Shǐ Jìn (史進 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin.
3–7	The story of Lu Zhishen. Lǔ Zhìshēn (鲁智深, nicknamed the "Flowery Monk" (花和尚 or Sagacious Lu (the name his Abbot gave him is a major fictional character in the classic
7–12	The story of Lin Chong. Lin Chun ( nicknamed the " Panther Head " (豹子头 is a semi-fictional character in the classic Chinese novel Water Margin.
12–13	The story of Yang Zhi. Yáng Zhì (楊志, nicknamed the 'Blue-Faced Beast' (青面兽 had incredible ability as a warrior was a major character of the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin
13–20	The robbing of the birthday gifts led by Chao Gai and the "original 7". Cháo Gài (晁盖 is widely considered as the founding father of the Mount Liang cause in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin.
20–22	The story of Song Jiang. Song Jiang (宋江 was the leader of a bandit group in the 12th century, during the Song Dynasty.
23–32	The story of Wu Song. Wǔ Sōng (武松 was a hero in the Water Margin, one of the four most famous classical works of Chinese literature.
32–35	The story of Hua Rong. Nicknamed the 'Little Li Guang' (小李广 Hua Rong (花荣 is a major character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin.
36–43	The exile and rescue of Song Jiang.
44–47	The story of Shi Xiu and Yang Xiong. Shi Xiu (石秀 was a character in the Water Margin. Shi Xiu's ancestors were from Jinling Jiankangfu presently Nanking
47–50	The three assaults on the Zhu Family Village.
51–52	The story of Lei Heng and Zhu Tong. Lei Heng (雷横, also known as the 'Winged Tiger' (插翅虎 is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin. This article is about the Water Margin bandit Zhu Tong He is not to be confused with the bandit Zhou Tong or the bowmaster Zhou Tong (monk, teacher of General
53–55	The outlaws attack Gaotangzhou; the search for Gongsun Sheng. Gongsun Sheng (公孙胜 公孫勝 nicknamed Dragon in the Clouds (入云龙 入雲龍 was a Taoist priest and one of the pioneering members and most senior 36 Heavenly
55–57	The first imperial assault on Liangshan Marsh (led by Huyuan Zhuo). Huyuan Zhuo (呼延灼 or Huyan Zhuo) is a greatly respected hero and one of the 36 Heavenly Spirits of Liangshan in the epic Chinese tale the
57–59	The outlaws attack Qingzhou. Qingzhou ( Chinese: 青州 Pinyin: Qīngzhōu is a County-level city, which is located in the west of Weifang City Shandong
59–60	The outlaws attack Mount Mangdang.
60	The first assault on the Zeng Family Village; the death of Chao Gai.
60–67	The story of Lu Junyi; the outlaws attack Damingfu; the second imperial assault on Liangshan Marsh (led by Guan Sheng). Nicknamed the 'Jade Unicorn' (玉麒麟 Lu Junyi (卢俊义 was a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin, and hailed from Hebei Nicknamed the 'Great Blade' (litrally "big knife")(大刀 the Water Margin's Guan Sheng (关胜 bore an uncanny resemblance to Guan Yu - simply
67	The third imperial assault on Liangshan Marsh (led by Shan Ting-gui and Wei Ding-guo). Shan Ting-gui (单廷珪 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Wei Dingguo (魏定国 is character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin.
68	The second assault on the Zeng Family Village.
69–70	The outlaws attack Dongpingfu and Dongchangfu.
71–74	The 108 heroes are fully assembled; the funny and lethal antics of Li Kui. Li Kui may refer to Li Kui (legalist, ancient Chinese government minister in the state of Wei Li Kui (chancellor, chancellor of
75–78	The Emperor offers amnesty the first time; the fourth imperial assault on Liangshan Marsh. Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to
78–80	The fifth imperial assault on Liangshan Marsh (led by Gao Qiu).
81–82	The outlaws are granted complete amnesty.
83–89	The outlaws attack the Liao Tatars.
90–99	The outlaws attack the southern rebels (Fang La). Fang Xi (方腊 was a rebel in the Song Dynasty and also a nemesis of the 108 heroes of Liangshan in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin
100	The tragic dissolution of the outlaws of the Marsh.

The extended version adds the Liangshan Marsh bandits' expeditions against other noted rebel leaders, Tian Hu in Hebei and Wang Qing in Szechuan, prior to the campaign against Fang La. Tian Hu (田虎 is one of the chief rebels who appear in the Chinese novel The Water Margin (also known as Outlaws of the Marsh) ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. Wang Qing (王庆 is a character in the epic Chinese novel The Water Margin. ( Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in western China with its capital in Chengdu.

Water Margin in Japan ("Suikoden")

Japanese translations of the Water Margin date to at least 1757, when the first volume of an early Suikoden (Water Margin rendered in Japanese) was printed. ^[1] Other early translations include Takebe Ayakari's 1773 Japanese Water Margin (Honcho suikoden),^[2] the 1783 Women's Water Margin (Onna suikoden),^[3] and Santō Kyōden's 1801 Chushingura Water Margin (Chushingura suikoden). was a Poet, Writer and Artist in the Edo period. His real name was, and he was also known popularly as. ^[4]

In 1805, Takizawa Bakin released a Japanese translation of the Water Margin illustrated by Hokusai Katsushika. was a late Edo period Gesaku author best known for works such as Nansō Satomi Hakkenden and Chinsetsu was a Japanese Artist, Ukiyo-e painter and Printmaker of the Edo period. ^[5] The book, called the New Illustrated Edition of the Suikoden (Shinpen Suikogaden), was a huge success in urban Edo and spurred a Japanese "Suikoden" craze. ^[5] In 1827, publisher Kagaya Kichibei commissioned Utagawa Kuniyoshi to produce a series of woodblock prints illustrating the 108 heroes of the Water Margin. Utagawa Kuniyoshi (Japanese 歌川国芳 ( 1797 - April 14, 1861) was one of the last great masters of the Japanese Ukiyo-e style ^[5] The 1827-1830 series, called 108 Heroes of the Water Margin or Tsuzoku Suikoden goketsu hyakuhachinin no hitori, catapulted Kuniyoshi to fame. ^[5][6] It also brought about a craze for multicolored pictoral tattoos that covered the entire body from neck to mid-thigh. ^[6] Following the great commercial success of the Kuniyoshi series, other ukiyo-e artists were commissioned to produce prints of the Water Margin heroes, which began to be shown as Japanese heroes rather than the original Chinese personages. "pictures of the floating world" is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or Woodcuts) and Paintings produced between the 17th ^[5] Among these later series was Yoshitoshi's 1866-1867 series of 50 designs in Chuban size, which are darker than Kuniyoshi's and feature strange ghosts and monsters. Tsukioka Yoshitoshi ( 1839 - June 9, 1892) (月岡 芳年 also named Taiso Yoshitoshi ja 大蘇 芳年 was a Japanese artist ^[5]

Translations

Water Margin has been translated into many languages. One of the first English translations was made by Pearl S. Buck. Pearl S Buck ( Traditional Chinese: 賽珍珠 Simplified Chinese: 赛珍珠 Pinyin: Sài Zhēnzhū ( June 26, Titled All Men are Brothers and published in 1933, the book was well-received by the American public. However, it was also heavily criticized for its many errors and inaccuracies, including many mispronunciations. An often cited example in this edition was her mistranslation of Lu Zhishen's nickname "Flowery Monk" into "Priest Hwa". Lǔ Zhìshēn (鲁智深, nicknamed the "Flowery Monk" (花和尚 or Sagacious Lu (the name his Abbot gave him is a major fictional character in the classic

Of the later editions, Chinese-naturalized Jewish-American scholar Sidney Shapiro's Outlaws of the Marsh (1980) is considered one of the best. Sidney Shapiro ( (born December 23, 1915) is an American -born author and translator who has lived in China since 1947 However, due to its being published during the Cultural Revolution, this edition received little attention at the time. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into Shapiro's translation is currently published by the Beijing Foreign Language Press, as a four-volume set.

Modern transformations

Film and television

• The Water Margin (Japanese: 水滸伝) was a successful Japanese television adaptation of the story, produced by Nippon Television and starring Atsuo Nakamura and Go Kato in the main roles. The modern Japanese writing system uses three main scripts Kanji, characters of Chinese origin, Hiragana Japanese television programs are mostly broadcast in Japan, although satellite and cable services outside Japan offer TV shows selected to fit local tastes ( is a Television network in Shiodome area of Minato Tokyo, Japan owned by the Yomiuri Shimbun. The show was filmed in 1973 on location in mainland China, as the first jointly co-produced show with a non-Communist country since 1949. The show was very successful and broadcast on TV in many other countries.

• Some locations and characters were written into Mitsuteru Yokoyama's anime Giant Robo: The Animation as Yokoyama had previously published a manga version of the story of the outlaws of Mt. was a famous Japanese manga artist. His works include Tetsujin 28-go, Giant Robo, Akakage, Babel (anime in Japanese, is an Original video animation series written and directed by Yasuhiro Imagawa ( G Gundam, Seven of Seven) and inspired by ˈmɑŋgə is the Japanese word for Comics (sometimes called komikku コミック and print Cartoons In their modern form manga date from shortly Liang.

• A 1980s TV serial was also produced in Hong Kong by the studio TVB.

• A 43 episode TV serial (Chinese: 水滸全傳) produced in Mainland China was released in 1997.

• A 1972 movie of the same name was produced by the Shaw Brothers (Singapore). The Shaw Brothers Studio ( Chinese 邵氏片場 owned by Shaw Brothers (HK Ltd ^[7][8]

• A Hong Kong movie starring Tony Leung was made in the mid-1990s and it centered around Lin Chong, Lu Zhishen and Gao Qiu. Tony Leung may refer to Tony Leung Chiu Wai, Hong Kong actor known as "Short Tony" Tony Leung Ka-Fai, Hong Kong actor known as

Literature

• Qing Dynasty author Qian Cai intertwined the lives of Yue Fei and the bandits Lin Chong and Lu Junyi in The Story of Yue Fei by stating the latter were previous students of the general's military arts tutor, Zhou Tong. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Yue Fei’s biographies Yue Fei Biography A biography of Yue Fei was written 60 years after his death by his grandson the poet and historian Yue Ke (岳柯 This is a page on media regarding Yue Fei To read his main article please see Yue Fei. History Mention in Yue family memoirs Tutelage Despite being literate giving him a chance to become a scholar young Yue Fei chose the military ^[9] However, literary critic C. T. Hsia comments the connection was only a creation of the author. ^[10] The republican era folktale “Swordplay Under the Moon”, by Wang Shaotang, further intertwines Yue Fei's history with the bandits by adding Wu Song to the list of Zhou's former students. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES This is an article on Media references about Zhou Tong See Zhou Tong (archer for the main article Wǔ Sōng (武松 was a hero in the Water Margin, one of the four most famous classical works of Chinese literature. ^[11] The tale takes place during Wu's mission to Kaifeng, prior to the murder of his brother. Zhou tutors Wu in the "rolling dragon" style of swordplay during his one month stay in the capital city. It also says Zhou is sworn brothers with the “Flowery Monk” Lu Zhishen and shares a nickname with the executioner-turned-bandit Cai Fu. Blood brother can refer to one of two things two males related by birth or two or more men not related by Birth, who swear loyalty to one another Lǔ Zhìshēn (鲁智深, nicknamed the "Flowery Monk" (花和尚 or Sagacious Lu (the name his Abbot gave him is a major fictional character in the classic For other meanings of the term see Executioner (disambiguation. Cai Fu (蔡福 is a character in the Water Margin. Cai Fu was from Beijing and served as an Executioner in the prison ^[12]

• Frank Chin's novel, Donald Duk, contains many references to the Water Margin. Frank Chin ( 趙[[wikt 健|健]] 秀; Pinyin: Zhào Jiànxiù (born February 25, 1940) is an American author and playwright Song Jiang and Li Kui make several appearances in the protagonist's dreams. Song Jiang (宋江 was the leader of a bandit group in the 12th century, during the Song Dynasty. Li Kui (李逵 was a character in the Chinese folklore novel Water Margin.

• Two characters in the popular Japanese novel series Saiunkoku Monogatari, Shi Seiran and Rou Ensei, have histories vaguely resembling those of Chai Jin and Yan Qing, and are nicknamed "Small Whirlwind" and "King of the Staff". often rendered Tale of Saiunkoku, is a series of Japanese novels written by Sai Yukino and illustrated by Kairi Yura. Nicknamed the 'Small Whirlwind' (小旋风 Chai Jin (柴进 was both a man of nobility and somewhat of an enigma in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin Nicknamed 'the Wanderer' or 'the Prodigy' (浪子 Yan Qing (燕青 is a character in the epic Chinese tale Water Margin.

• A Hong Kong comic series was also drawn by the popular Hong Kong comic artist, Li Zhiqing. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Lee Chi Ching (李志清 pinyin Lǐ Zhìqīng born 1963 in Hong Kong) is a Manhua illustrator that goes by the Pen name "Qing'er" (清兒

Video games

• A character named "The Black Whirlwhind" in the RPG Jade Empire is inspired by Li Kui. Jade Empire is an Action role-playing game developed by Canadian developer BioWare and first published in 2005 by Microsoft Game

• The game Water Margin Online is adapted from the story of Water Margin. Water Margin Online is one of the well known games from China featuring about 108 heroes gathered at Mount "Liang Shan"

• The novel inspired the Japanese console role-playing game series Gensou Suikoden by Konami

• A military strategy game by Koei, called Bandit Kings of Ancient China is one of the oldest video game adaptations of the novel. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. A console role-playing game is a video game genre that has its origin rooted in Video game consoles and includes game mechanics and frequently settings derived is the first installment of the Suikoden series by Konami. It is a Console role-playing game developed and published by Konami () is a leading developer and publisher of numerous popular and strong-selling toys Trading cards, Anime, Tokusatsu, Slot machines This article is about the software company For the Japanese era name see Kōei (era. Bandit Kings of Ancient China, also known as Suikoden - Tenmei no Chikai in Japan is a turn-based strategy Video game published by KOEI

• Data East released a fighting game which was known under three different titles. also abbreviated as DECO, was a Japanese video game company Their main headquarters were located in Tokyo, while their American subsidiary Data East USA was Suiko Enbu in Japan, Outlaws of The Lost Dynasty in the U. S. and Dark Legend on the American Sega Saturn. The is a 32-bit Video game console that was first released on November 22 1994 in Japan, May 11 1995 in North America The game's characters are inspired by the Water Margin story.

References

• (1998-10-16) 水滸伝 (Water Margin), Yoshikawa Kojiro and Shimizu Shigeru (translators), Iwanami Shoten.  

Works cited

• Haruo Shirane and James Brandon. Early Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology, 1600-1900. Columbia University Press (2002). ISBN 0231109903.

External links

• (Japanese)(Chinese) Nicknames of the 108 heroes.
• Outlaws of the Marsh: A Somewhat Less Than Critical Commentary.
• (Chinese) A full text archive.
• (Japanese) Stylized illustrations of the 108 outlaws.
• (Chinese) About the three major editions.

Water Margin characters
Founding Father
Chao Gai
108 Stars of Destiny
36 Heavenly Spirits
Song Jiang | Lu Junyi | Wu Yong | Gongsun Sheng | Guan Sheng | Lin Chong | Qin Ming | Huyuan Zhuo | Hua Rong | Chai Jin | Li Ying | Zhu Tong | Lu Zhishen | Wu Song | Dong Ping | Zhang Qing | Yang Zhi | Xu Ning | Suo Chao | Dai Zhong | Liu Tang | Li Kui | Shi Jin | Mu Hong | Lei Heng | Li Jun | Ruan Xiaoer | Zhang Heng | Ruan Xiaowu | Zhang Shun | Ruan Xiaoqi | Yang Xiong | Shi Xiu | Xie Zhen | Xie Bao | Yan Qing
72 Earthly Fiends
Zhu Wu | Huang Xin | Sun Li | Xuan Zan | Hao Siwen | Han Tao | Peng Qi | Shan Tinggui | Wei Dingguo | Xiao Rang | Pei Xuan | Ou Peng | Deng Fei | Yan Shun | Yang Lin | Ling Zhen | Jiang Jing | Lu Fang | Guo Sheng | An Daoquan | Huangfu Duan | Wang Ying | Hu San Niang | Bao Xu | Pan Rui | Kong Ming | Kong Liang | Xiang Chong | Li Gun | Jin Dajian | Ma Lin | Tong Wei | Tong Meng | Meng Kang | Hou Jian | Chen Da | Yang Chun | Zheng Tianshou | Tao Zongwang | Song Qing | Yue He | Gong Wang | Ding Desun | Mu Chun | Cao Zheng | Song Wan | Du Qian | Xue Yong | Shi En | Li Zhong | Zhou Tong | Tang Long | Du Xing | Zou Yuan | Zou Run | Zhu Gui | Zhu Fu | Cai Fu | Cai Qing | Li Li | Li Yun | Jiao Ting | Shi Yong | Sun Xin | Gu Dasao | Zhang Qing | Sun Er Niang | Wang Dingliu | Yu Baosi | Bai Sheng | Shi Qian | Duan Jingzhu

Cháo Gài (晁盖 is widely considered as the founding father of the Mount Liang cause in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. The 36 Heavenly Spirits or 36 Heavenly Chieftains (天罡星三十六星 refer to the two divisions amongst the 108 Liangshan bandits in the epic Chinese Song Jiang (宋江 was the leader of a bandit group in the 12th century, during the Song Dynasty. Nicknamed the 'Jade Unicorn' (玉麒麟 Lu Junyi (卢俊义 was a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin, and hailed from Hebei Nicknamed The Resourceful Wizard (智多星 Wu Yong ( Traditional Chinese: 呉用 Simplified Chinese: 吴用 Pinyin: Wú Yòng ranked third Gongsun Sheng (公孙胜 公孫勝 nicknamed Dragon in the Clouds (入云龙 入雲龍 was a Taoist priest and one of the pioneering members and most senior 36 Heavenly Nicknamed the 'Great Blade' (litrally "big knife")(大刀 the Water Margin's Guan Sheng (关胜 bore an uncanny resemblance to Guan Yu - simply Lin Chun ( nicknamed the " Panther Head " (豹子头 is a semi-fictional character in the classic Chinese novel Water Margin. Qin Ming (秦明 is a character in the Chinese literary classic Water Margin. Huyuan Zhuo (呼延灼 or Huyan Zhuo) is a greatly respected hero and one of the 36 Heavenly Spirits of Liangshan in the epic Chinese tale the Nicknamed the 'Little Li Guang' (小李广 Hua Rong (花荣 is a major character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Nicknamed the 'Small Whirlwind' (小旋风 Chai Jin (柴进 was both a man of nobility and somewhat of an enigma in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin Li Ying (李应 was one of the few rich Squires who joined the Liangshan cause in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. This article is about the Water Margin bandit Zhu Tong He is not to be confused with the bandit Zhou Tong or the bowmaster Zhou Tong (monk, teacher of General Lǔ Zhìshēn (鲁智深, nicknamed the "Flowery Monk" (花和尚 or Sagacious Lu (the name his Abbot gave him is a major fictional character in the classic Wǔ Sōng (武松 was a hero in the Water Margin, one of the four most famous classical works of Chinese literature. Nicknamed the 'General of Double Spears' ((风流双枪将 Dong Ping (董平 was one of the most feared and highly ranked warriors in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin Nicknamed the 'Featherless Arrow' (没羽箭 Zhang Qing (张清 was one of the last heroes to join the Liangshan bandits in the epic Chinese tale the Yáng Zhì (楊志, nicknamed the 'Blue-Faced Beast' (青面兽 had incredible ability as a warrior was a major character of the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin Xu Ning (徐宁, nicknamed the 'Metal Lancer' (金枪手 was yet another former imperial military drill instructor who joined the Liangshan heroes in the Water Margin Suo Chao (索超 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Dai Zhong is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Liu Tang (刘唐 is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin. Li Kui (李逵 was a character in the Chinese folklore novel Water Margin. Shǐ Jìn (史進 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. In the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin, Mu Hong (穆弘, nicknamed the Unrestrained (没遮拦, and Mu Chun, nicknamed the Lei Heng (雷横, also known as the 'Winged Tiger' (插翅虎 is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin. Ruan Xiaoer (阮小二, also known as Ruan the 2nd is a character in the Water Margin. Zhang Heng (张横 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Ruan Xiaowu (阮小五, also known as Ruan the 5th is a character in the Water Margin. Nicknamed the 'White Streak in the waves (浪里白条' Zhang Shun (张顺, brother of Zhang Heng, was one of the 108 heroes of Liangshan in the epic Chinese Ruan Xiaoqi (阮小七 or Ruan the 7th is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin. Shi Xiu (石秀 was a character in the Water Margin. Shi Xiu's ancestors were from Jinling Jiankangfu presently Nanking Xie Zhen (解珍 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Xie Bao (解宝 was a character in the Water Margin.Xie Bao and his brother Xie Zhen were rated as top hunters in Dengzhou. Nicknamed 'the Wanderer' or 'the Prodigy' (浪子 Yan Qing (燕青 is a character in the epic Chinese tale Water Margin. The 72 Earthly Fiends or 72 Earthly Warriors (地煞星七十二星 refer to the two divisions amongst the 108 Liangshan bandits in the epic Chinese tale Zhu Wu(朱武 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Huang Xin (黄信 is a character in the epic Chinese novel Water Margin. Xuan Zan (宣赞 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Hao Si-wen (郝思文 is a character in Water Margin. Hao Siwen was the sworn brother of Guan Sheng. Han Tao (韩滔 is a character in the Water Margin. Han Tao was from Dongjing and proved to be excellent in martial arts Peng Qi (彭玘 is a fictional character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Shan Ting-gui (单廷珪 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Wei Dingguo (魏定国 is character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin. Xiao Rang (萧让 is a character in the Water Margin. Xiao Rang was a scholar from Jizhou and a good friend of Wu Yong. Pei Xuan (裴宣 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Ou Peng (欧鹏 is a character in the epic Chinese novel Water Margin. Deng Fei (邓飞 is a character in the Water Margin. Deng Fei was from Xiangyangfu Huguang Yan Shun (燕顺 is a character in the Water Margin. Yan Shun was from Laizhou Shandong. Ling Zhen (凌振 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Jiang Jing (蒋敬 was a character in the Water Margin. Jiang Jing was from Tanzhou Hunan. Lu Fang (吕方 is a character in the Water Margin. Lu Fang was also from Tanzhou just like Jiang Jing. Guo Sheng (郭盛 is a character in the Water Margin. Guo Sheng wore a similar headdress to Lu Fang 's donned a white robe covered by a suit An Daoquan (安道全 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Huangfu Duan (皇甫端 is a character in the Water Margin. Huangfu Duan was from Youzhou and was born with a weird appearance Wang Ying (王英 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Hu San Niang (扈三娘 is a character in the Water Margin. Hu San Niang is the daughter of Lord Hu of the Hu Family Village at Dulong Ridge Bao Xu (鲍旭 is a character in the epic Chinese tale Water Margin. Pan Rui (樊瑞, or Fan Rui is a character in the Water Margin. Kong Liang (孔亮 is a character in Water Margin. Kong Liang was the younger brother of Kong Ming. Xiang Chong (项充 is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin. Li Gun (李衮 is a character in the Water Margin. Li Gun was from Peixian Jin Dajian (金大坚 is a character in the Water Margin. Jin Dajian was a craftsman from Jizhou and a good friend of Wu Yong. Tong Wei (童威 is a character in the epic Chinese tale Water Margin. Tong Meng (童猛 is a character in the Water Margin. Tong Meng was the younger brother of Tong Wei. Meng Kang (孟康 is a character in the Water Margin. Meng Kang is from Zhendingzhou Shanxi. Hou Jian (侯健 is a character in the epic Chinese tale Water Margin. Yang Chun (杨春 is a character in the Water Margin. Yang Chun was from Jieliang Prefecture in Puzhou Zheng Tianshou (郑天寿 is a character in the Water Margin. Tao Zongwang (陶宗旺 is a character in the epic Chinese tale Water Margin. Song Qing (宋清 is a character in the Water Margin. Song Qing was the younger brother of Song Jiang, and he lived together with his aged father and Yue He (乐和 is a character in the Water Margin. Yue He was from Maozhou Gong Wang (龚旺 is a character in the epic Chinese tale Water Margin. Ding De-sun (丁得孙 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Mu Chun (穆春 is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin. Cao Zheng (曹正 was a character in the epic Chinese tale Water Margin. Song Wan (宋万, nicknamed 'Giant in the clouds' (云里金刚 is a character in the epic Chinese novel Water Margin. Du Qian (杜迁, nicknamed 'One who scales the heavens' (摸着天 was a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Xue Yong (薛永 is a character in the Water Margin. Xue Yong was from Luoyang Henan. Shi En (施恩 is a character in the Water Margin. Shi En was the son of the chief Jailer of the prison in Mengzhou Li Zhong (李忠 is a character in the Water Margin. Li Zhong was from Dingyuan Haozhou Zhou Tong (周通 the 'Little King' (小霸王 is a fictional character in the epic Chinese novel Water Margin. Tang Long (汤隆 is a character in the classic Chinese novel Water Margin. Du Xing (Simp 杜兴 Trad 杜興 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Zou Yuan (邹渊 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Zou Run (邹润 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Zhu Gui (朱贵 was a character in the Water Margin, being one of the 72 Earthly Fiends. Zhu Fu (朱富 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Cai Fu (蔡福 is a character in the Water Margin. Cai Fu was from Beijing and served as an Executioner in the prison Cai Qing (蔡庆 is a character in the Water Margin. Cai Qing was the younger brother of Cai Fu, and served as an Executioner and jailer Li Li (李立 is a character in the Water Margin. Li Li was from Jieyang Mountain in Jiangzhou Li Yun (李云 is a character in the Water Margin. Li Yun came from the same province as the Zhu brothers ( Zhu Gui and Zhu Fu) Jiao Ting (焦挺 is a character in the Water Margin. Jiao Ting was from Zhongshanfu and inherited a set of martial arts from his ancestors who laid down a Shi Yong (石勇 is a character in the Water Margin. 'Stone general' (石将军 Shi Yong was from Damingfu and made his living through gambling Sun Xin (孙新 is a character in the Water Margin. Sun Xin was the younger brother of Sun Li and was married to Gu Dasao, becoming the Gu Dasao (顾大嫂 is a character in the Water Margin. Gu Dasao was one of the three female characters among the Liangshan heroes and was married Zhang Qing (张青, not to be confused with Zhang Qing (张清 the 'Featherless arrow' is also a character in the Water Margin. Sun Erniang (孙二娘 is a character in the Water Margin and one of the only three females among the 108 Liangshan heroes Wang Dingliu (王定六 is a character in the Water Margin. Wang Dingliu was from Jiangkangfu and he had a sharp head sparkling eyes and a pair of skinny legs Yu Baosi (郁保四 is a character in the epic Chinese tale the Water Margin. Bai Sheng (白胜 is a Fictional character in the Water Margin. Shi Qian (时迁 is a character in the Water Margin. Shi Qian was from Gaotangzhou Duan Jingzhu (段景住 is a character in the epic Chinese novel the Water Margin.

---

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic