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Washington Irving

Washington Irving
Born April 3, 1783(1783-04-03)
New York, New York, United States
Died November 28, 1859 (aged 76)
Sunnyside, New York, United States
Occupation Short story writer, essayist, biographer, magazine editor, diplomat
Literary movement Romanticism
Signature

Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sunnyside is a Historic house on 10 acres (4 ha of grounds alongside the Hudson River in Tarrytown New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created An essay is usually a short piece of writing It is often written from an author's personal point of view. A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology He was best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle", both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.. The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow " is a Short story by Washington Irving contained in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon Gent " Rip Van Winkle " is a short story by the American author Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the story's fictional protagonist The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon Gent, commonly referred to as The Sketch Book, is a collection of 34 essays and short stories written by Washington His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 or 1728 &ndash 4 April 1774 was an Anglo-Irish writer poet and Physician known for his Novel The Vicar IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or This article is about the Alhambra in Granada Spain For other meanings see Alhambra (disambiguation. Irving also served as the U.S. minister to Spain from 1842 to 1846. This is a list of United States Ambassadors to Spain from 1779 to the present day

He made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of observational letters to the Morning Chronicle, written under the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle. A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) The Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle Gent (1802 is a collection of nine observational letters written by American writer Washington Irving under the After moving to England for the family business in 1815, he achieved international fame with the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. in 1819. He continued to publish regularly — and almost always successfully — throughout his life, and completed a five-volume biography of George Washington just eight months before his death, at age 76, in Tarrytown, New York. Tarrytown is a village in the Town of Greenburgh in Westchester County, New York, United States.

Irving, along with James Fenimore Cooper, was the first American writer to earn acclaim in Europe, and Irving encouraged American authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe. James Fenimore Cooper (September 15 1789 &ndash September 14 1851 was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer Herman Melville (August 1 1819 &ndash September 28 1891 was an American novelist Short story writer Essayist and poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27 1807 &ndash March 24 1882 was an American educator and Poet whose works include " Paul Revere's Ride " Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Irving was also admired by some European writers, including Sir Walter Scott, Lord Byron, Thomas Campbell, Francis Jeffrey, and Charles Dickens. Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout Thomas Campbell ( July 27, 1777 - June 15, 1844) was a Scottish Poet chiefly remembered for his sentimental poetry dealing Francis Jeffrey Lord Jeffrey ( October 23, 1773 - January 26, 1850) was a Scottish Judge and Literary critic As America's first genuine internationally best-selling author, Irving advocated for writing as a legitimate profession, and argued for stronger laws to protect American writers from copyright infringement. 'Copyright infringement' (or copyright violation) is the unauthorized use of material that is covered by Copyright law in a manner that violates

Contents

Biography

Early years

Washington Irving's parents were William Irving, Sr. , originally of Shapinsay, Orkney, and Sarah (née Sanders), Scottish-Dutch immigrants. Shapinsay is one of the Orkney Islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north They married in 1761 while William was serving as a petty officer in the British Navy. They had eleven children, eight of which survived to adulthood. Their first two sons, each named William, died in infancy, as did their fourth child, John. Their surviving children were: William, Jr. (1766), Ann (1770), Peter (1772), Catherine (1774), Ebenezer (1776), John Treat (1778), and Sarah (1780). [1]

The Irving family was settled in Manhattan, New York City as part of the city's small vibrant merchant class when Washington Irving was born on April 3, 1783[1] the same week city residents learned of the British ceasefire that ended the American Revolution. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The City of New York Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Consequently, Irving’s mother named him after the hero of the revolution, George Washington. [2] At age six, with the help of a nanny, Irving met his namesake, who was then living in New York after his inauguration as president in 1789. The president blessed young Irving,[3] an encounter Irving later commemorated in a small watercolor painting, which still hangs in his home today. [4] Several of Washington Irving's older brothers became active New York merchants, and they encouraged their younger brother's literary aspirations, often supporting him financially as he pursued his writing career.

An uninterested student, Irving preferred adventure stories and drama and, by age fourteen, was regularly sneaking out of class in the evenings to attend the theater. [5] The 1798 outbreak of yellow fever in Manhattan prompted his family to send him to healthier climes upriver, and Irving was dispatched to stay with his friend James Kirke Paulding in Tarrytown, New York. Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease James Kirke Paulding ( August 22, 1778 &ndash April 6, 1860) was a Novelist and the United States Secretary of the Navy Tarrytown is a village in the Town of Greenburgh in Westchester County, New York, United States. It was in Tarrytown that Irving became familiar with the nearby town of Sleepy Hollow, with its quaint Dutch customs and local ghost stories. [6] Irving made several other trips up the Hudson as a teenager, including an extended visit to Johnstown, New York, where he passed through the Catskill mountain region, the setting for "Rip Van Winkle". There is more than one place in the US state of New York known as Johnstown: Johnstown (town New York, located in Fulton County The Catskill Mountains (also known as simply the Catskills) a natural area in New York State northwest of New York City and southwest of Albany " Rip Van Winkle " is a short story by the American author Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the story's fictional protagonist "[O]f all the scenery of the Hudson," Irving wrote later, "the Kaatskill Mountains had the most witching effect on my boyish imagination. "[7]

The nineteen year old Irving began writing letters to The Morning Chronicle in 1802, submitting commentaries on New York's social and theater scene under the name of Jonathan Oldstyle. The Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle Gent (1802 is a collection of nine observational letters written by American writer Washington Irving under the The name, which purposely evoked the writer's Federalist leanings,[8] was the first of many pseudonyms Irving would employ throughout his career. The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816 with remnants lasting into the 1820s The letters brought Irving some early fame and moderate notoriety. Aaron Burr, a co-publisher of the Chronicle, was impressed enough to send clippings of the Oldstyle pieces to his daughter, Theodosia, while writer Charles Brockden Brown made a trip to New York to recruit Oldstyle for a literary magazine he was editing in Philadelphia. This article discusses Aaron Burr (1756-1836 the US politician Charles Brockden Brown ( January 17, 1771 - February 22, 1810) an American novelist, Historian, and editor [9]

Concerned for his health, Irving's brothers financed an extended tour of Europe from 1804 to 1806. Irving bypassed most of the sites and locations considered essential for the development of an upwardly-mobile young man, to the dismay of his brother William. William wrote that, though he was pleased his brother's health was improving, he did not like the choice to "gallop through Italy. . . leaving Florence on your left and Venice on your right". [10] Instead, Irving honed the social and conversational skills that would later make him one of the world's most in-demand guests. [11] "I endeavor to take things as they come with cheerfulness," Irving wrote, "and when I cannot get a dinner to suit my taste, I endeavor to get a taste to suit my dinner. "[12] While visiting Rome in 1805, Irving struck up a friendship with the American painter Washington Allston,[10] and nearly allowed himself to be persuaded into following Allston into a career as a painter. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Washington Allston ( November 5, 1779 - July 9, 1843) was a U "My lot in life, however," Irving said later, "was differently cast. "[13]

First major writings

A younger Washington Irving
A younger Washington Irving

Irving returned from Europe to study law with his legal mentor, Judge Josiah Ogden Hoffman, in New York City. By his own admission, he was not a good student, and barely passed the bar in 1806. A bar examination is an examination to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice Law in a given Jurisdiction. [14] Irving began actively socializing with a group of literate young men he dubbed "The Lads of Kilkenny". [15] Collaborating with his brother William and fellow Lad James Kirke Paulding, Irving created the literary magazine Salmagundi in January 1807. Salmagundi or The Whim-whams and Opinions of Launcelot Langstaff Esq Writing under various pseudonyms, such as William Wizard and Launcelot Langstaff, Irving lampooned New York culture and politics in a manner similar to today's Mad magazine. Mad is a monthly American Humor Magazine founded by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines in 1952 [16] Salmagundi was a moderate success, spreading Irving's name and reputation beyond New York. In its seventeenth issue, dated November 11, 1807, Irving affixed the nickname "Gotham" — an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "Goat's Town" — to New York City. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [17]

In late 1809, while mourning the death of his seventeen year old fiancée Matilda Hoffman, Irving completed work on his first major book, A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809), a satire on self-important local history and contemporary politics. Prior to its publication, Irving started a hoax akin to today's viral marketing campaigns; he placed a series of missing person adverts in New York newspapers seeking information on Diedrich Knickerbocker, a crusty Dutch historian who had allegedly gone missing from his hotel in New York City. A hoax is a deliberate attempt to Dupe, Deceive or trick an audience into believing or accepting that something is real when in fact it is not or that Viral marketing and viral advertising refer to Marketing techniques that use pre-existing Social networks to produce increases in Brand awareness As part of the ruse, Irving placed a notice — allegedly from the hotel's proprietor — informing readers that if Mr. Knickerbocker failed to return to the hotel to pay his bill, he would publish a manuscript Knickerbocker had left behind. [18]

Unsuspecting readers followed the story of Knickerbocker and his manuscript with interest, and some New York city officials were concerned enough about the missing historian that they considered offering a reward for his safe return. Riding the wave of public interest he had created with his hoax, Irving — adopting the pseudonym of his Dutch historian — published A History of New York on December 6, 1809, to immediate critical and popular success. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [19] "It took with the public," Irving remarked, "and gave me celebrity, as an original work was something remarkable and uncommon in America. "[20] Today, the surname of Diedrich Knickerbocker, the fictional narrator of this and other Irving works, has become a nickname for Manhattan residents in general. [21]

After the success of A History of New York, Irving searched for a job and eventually became an editor of Analectic magazine, where he wrote biographies of naval heroes like James Lawrence and Oliver Perry. James Lawrence ( October 1, 1781 &ndash June 4, 1813) was an American naval officer Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry (August 20 1785 &ndash August 23 1819 was an officer in the United States Navy. [22] He was also among the first magazine editors to reprint Francis Scott Key's poem "Defense of Fort McHenry", which would later be immortalized as "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States. Francis Scott Key ( August 1, 1779 &ndash January 11, 1843) was an American Lawyer, author and amateur Fort McHenry, in Baltimore Maryland, is a star shaped fort best known " The Star-Spangled Banner " is the National anthem of the United States of America [23]

Like many merchants and New Yorkers, Irving originally opposed the War of 1812, but the British attack on Washington, D.C. in 1814 convinced him to enlist. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D [24] He served on the staff of Daniel Tompkins, governor of New York and commander of the New York State Militia. Daniel D Tompkins (June 21 1774 June 11 1825 was an entrepreneur jurist Congressman, Governor of New York, and the sixth Vice President of the United Apart from a reconnaissance mission in the Great Lakes region, he saw no real action. The Great Lakes region includes much of the Canadian province of Ontario and portions of eight U [25] The war was disastrous for many American merchants, including Irving's family, and in mid-1815 he left for England to attempt to salvage the family trading company. He remained in Europe for the next seventeen years. [26]

Life in Europe

The Sketch Book

The front page of The Sketch Book (1819)
The front page of The Sketch Book (1819)

Irving spent the next two years trying to bail out the family firm financially but was eventually forced to declare bankruptcy. Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their Creditors Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against [27] With no job prospects, Irving continued writing throughout 1817 and 1818. In the summer of 1817, he visited the home of novelist Walter Scott, marking the beginning of a lifelong personal and professional friendship for both men. Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout [28] Irving continued writing prolifically — the short story "Rip Van Winkle" was written overnight while staying with his sister Sarah and her husband, Henry van Wart in Birmingham, England, a place that also inspired some of his other works. " Rip Van Winkle " is a short story by the American author Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the story's fictional protagonist Henry van Wart (1784 - 1873 an American who became British by special act of Parliament, founded the Birmingham Stock Exchange and served as one of Birmingham's Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [29] In October 1818, Irving's brother William secured for Irving a post as chief clerk to the United States navy, and urged him to return home. [30] Irving, however, turned the offer down, opting to stay in England to pursue a writing career. [31]

In the spring of 1819, Irving sent to his brother Ebenezer in New York a set of essays that he asked be published as The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. The first installment, containing "Rip Van Winkle," was an enormous success, and the rest of the work, published in seven installments in the United States and England throughout 1819 and 1820 ("The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" would appear in the sixth issue), would be equally as successful. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon Gent, commonly referred to as The Sketch Book, is a collection of 34 essays and short stories written by Washington " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow " is a Short story by Washington Irving contained in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon Gent [32]

Like many successful authors of this era, Irving struggled against literary bootleggers. [33] While in England, his sketches were published in book form by British publishers without his permission, an entirely legal practice as there were no clear international copyright laws. Seeking an English publisher to protect his copyright, Irving appealed to Walter Scott for help. Scott referred Irving to his own publisher, London powerhouse John Murray, who agreed to take on The Sketch Book. [34] From then on, Irving would publish concurrently in the United States and England to protect his copyright, with Murray being his English publisher of choice. [35]

Irving's reputation soared, and for the next two years, he led an active social life in Paris and England, where he was often feted as an anomaly of literature: an upstart American who dared to write English well. [36]

Bracebridge Hall and Tales of a Traveller

Irving was anxious to follow up on the success of The Sketch Book, and traveled to the continent in search of new material, reading widely in Dutch and German folk tales. His next book, Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists, A Medley (the location was based loosely on Aston Hall near his sister's home in Birmingham) was published in 1822, and was well-received by readers and critics. Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists A Medley was written by Washington Irving in 1821 while he lived in England and published in 1822 Aston Hall is a Jacobean -style mansion in Aston, Birmingham, England. [37]

Struggling with writer's block, Irving traveled to Germany, settling in Dresden in the winter of 1822. Here he dazzled the royal family and attached himself to Mrs. Amelia Foster, an American living in Dresden with her five children. [38] Irving was particularly attracted to Mrs. Foster's 18-year-old daughter Emily, and vied in frustration for her hand. Emily finally refused his offer of marriage in the spring of 1823. [39]

He returned to Paris and began collaborating with playwright John Howard Payne on translations of French plays for the English stage, with little success. John Howard Payne ( 9 June, 1791 - 10 April, 1852) was an American Actor, Playwright, Author and Statesman He also learned through Payne that the novelist Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was romantically interested in him, though Irving never pursued the relationship. Mary Shelley ( Née Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin; 30 August [40]

In August 1824, Irving published the collection of essays Tales of a Traveller — including the short story "The Devil and Tom Walker" — under his Geoffrey Crayon persona. Tales of a Traveller by Geoffrey Crayon Gent ( 1824) is a collection of essays and short stories written by Washington Irving. " The Devil and Tom Walker " is a short story by Washington Irving that first appeared in 1824 collection of stories and sketches Tales of a Traveller While the book sold respectably, Traveller bombed with critics. [41] Hurt and depressed by the book's reception, Irving retreated to Paris where he spent the next year worrying about finances and scribbling down ideas for projects that never materialized. [42]

Spanish books

While in Paris, Irving received a letter from Alexander Hill Everett on January 30, 1826. Alexander Hill Everett ( March 19, 1792 – June 28, 1847) was a noted American diplomatist politician and Boston man of letters Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display Everett, recently the American Minister to Spain, urged Irving to join him in Madrid,[43] noting that a number of manuscripts dealing with the Spanish conquest of the Americas had recently been made public. Irving left for Madrid and enthusiastically began scouring the Spanish archives for colorful material. [44]

The palace Alhambra, where Irving briefly resided in 1829, inspired one of his most colorful books.
The palace Alhambra, where Irving briefly resided in 1829, inspired one of his most colorful books. This article is about the Alhambra in Granada Spain For other meanings see Alhambra (disambiguation.

With full access to the American consul's massive library of Spanish history, Irving began working on several books at once. The first offspring of this hard work, The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, was published in January 1828. The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus is a novel about Christopher Columbus written by Washington Irving in 1838 The book was popular in the United States and in Europe and would have 175 editions published before the end of the century. [45] It was also the first project of Irving's to be published with his own name, instead of a pseudonym, on the title page. [46] The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada was published a year later,[47] followed by Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus in 1831. [48]

Irving's writings on Columbus are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history. Irving based them on extensive research in the Spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story. The first of these works is the source of the durable myth that medieval Europeans believed the Earth was flat. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 [49]

In 1829, Irving moved into Granada's ancient palace Alhambra, "determined to linger here," he said, "until I get some writings under way connected with the place. This article is about the Alhambra in Granada Spain For other meanings see Alhambra (disambiguation. "[50] Before he could get any significant writing underway, however, he was notified of his appointment as Secretary to the American Legation in London. Worried he would disappoint friends and family if he refused the position, Irving left Spain for England in July 1829. [51]

Secretary to the American legation in London

Arriving in London, Irving joined the staff of American Minister Louis McLane. Louis McLane ( May 28 1786 &ndash October 7 1857) was an American Lawyer and Politician from Wilmington McLane immediately assigned the daily secretary work to another man and tapped Irving to fill the role of aide-de-camp. The two worked over the next year to negotiate a trade agreement between the United States and the British West Indies, finally reaching a deal in August 1830. The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. That same year, Irving was awarded a medal by the Royal Society of Literature, followed by an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford in 1831. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the [52]

Following McLane's recall to the United States in 1831 to serve as Secretary of Treasury, Irving stayed on as the legation's chargé d'affaires until the arrival of Martin Van Buren, President Jackson's nominee for British Minister. Martin Van Buren (December 5 1782 July 24 1862 was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 With Van Buren in place, Irving resigned his post to concentrate on writing, eventually completing Tales of the Alhambra, which would be published concurrently in the United States and England in 1832. Tales of the Alhambra is a collection of essays verbal sketches, and stories by Washington Irving. [53]

Irving was still in London when Van Buren received word that the United States Senate had refused to confirm him as the new Minister. Consoling Van Buren, Irving predicted that the Senate's partisan move would backfire. "I should not be surprised," Irving said, "if this vote of the Senate goes far toward elevating him to the presidential chair. "[54]

Return to America

Washington Irving arrived in New York, after seventeen years abroad on May 21, 1832. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian That September, he accompanied the U. S. Commissioner on Indian Affairs, Henry Ellsworth, along with companions Charles La Trobe[55] and Count Albert-Alexandre de Pourtales, on a surveying mission deep in Indian Territory. Henry Leavitt Ellsworth ( November 10 1791 - December 27 1858) was a Yale-educated attorney who became the first Commissioner of the U Charles Joseph La Trobe ( 20 March 1801 – 4 December 1875) was the first lieutenant-governor of the colony of Victoria The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States [56] At the completion of his western tour, Irving traveled through Washington, D. C. and Baltimore, where he became acquainted with the politician and novelist John Pendleton Kennedy. John Pendleton Kennedy (October 25 1795 &ndash August 18 1870 was an American novelist and Whig politician who served as United States Secretary of the Navy from July [57]

Frustrated by bad investments, Irving turned to writing to generate additional income, beginning with A Tour on the Prairies, a work which related his recent travels on the frontier. A frontier is a Political and Geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature The book was another popular success and also the first book written and published by Irving in the United States since A History of New York in 1809. [58] In 1834, he was approached by fur magnate John Jacob Astor, who convinced Irving to write a history of his fur trading colony in the American Northwest, now known as Astoria, Oregon. For other pages relating to Astor see John Jacob Astor (disambiguation John Jacob Astor (born Johann Jakob or Johann Jacob Astor) ( July The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal Fur. The City of Astoria is the County seat of Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Irving made quick work of Astor's project, shipping the fawning biographical account titled Astoria in February 1836. [59]

During an extended stay at Astor's, Irving met the explorer Benjamin Bonneville, who intrigued Irving with his maps and stories of the territories beyond the Rocky Mountains. Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville (April 14 1796 &ndash June 12 1878 was a French -born officer in the United States Army, fur trapper, and explorer Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. [60] When the two met in Washington, D. C. several months later, Bonneville opted to sell his maps and rough notes to Irving for $1,000. [61] Irving used these materials as the basis for his 1837 book The Adventures of Captain Bonneville. [62]

These three works made up Irving's "western" series of books and were written partly as a response to criticism that his time in England and Spain had made him more European than American. [63] In the minds of some critics, especially James Fenimore Cooper, Irving had turned his back on his American heritage in favor of English aristocracy. [64] Irving's western books, particularly A Tour on the Prairies, were well-received in the United States,[65] though British critics accused Irving of "book-making". [66]

Sunnyside: Irving's famous home in Tarrytown, New York, which Irving acquired in 1835.
Sunnyside: Irving's famous home in Tarrytown, New York, which Irving acquired in 1835. Sunnyside is a Historic house on 10 acres (4 ha of grounds alongside the Hudson River in Tarrytown New York. Tarrytown is a village in the Town of Greenburgh in Westchester County, New York, United States.

In 1835, Irving purchased a "neglected cottage" and its surrounding riverfront property in Tarrytown, New York. The house, which Irving named Sunnyside in 1841,[67] would require constant repair and renovation over the next twenty years. With costs of Sunnyside escalating, Irving reluctantly agreed in 1839 to become a regular contributor to Knickerbocker magazine, writing new essays and short stories under the Knickerbocker and Crayon pseudonyms. The Knickerbocker, or New-York Monthly Magazine, was a Literary magazine of New York City, founded by Charles Fenno Hoffman in 1833 [68]

Irving was regularly approached by aspiring young authors for advice or endorsement, including Edgar Allan Poe, who sought Irving's comments "on William Wilson" and "The Fall of the House of Usher". Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, " William Wilson " is a Short story by Edgar Allan Poe with a setting inspired by Poe's formative years outside of London. " The Fall of the House of Usher " is a Short story written by Edgar Allan Poe. [69] Irving also championed America's maturing literature, advocating for stronger copyright laws to protect writers from the kind of piracy that had initially plagued The Sketch Book. Writing in the January 1840 issue of Knickerbocker, he openly endorsed copyright legislation pending in the U. S. Congress. "We have a young literature", Irving wrote, "springing up and daily unfolding itself with wonderful energy and luxuriance, which. . . deserves all its fostering care. " The legislation did not pass. [70]

Irving at this time also began a friendly correspondence with the English writer Charles Dickens, and hosted the author and his wife at Sunnyside during Dickens's American tour in 1842. [71]

Minister to Spain

In 1842, after an endorsement from Secretary of State Daniel Webster, President John Tyler appointed Irving as Minister to Spain. Daniel Webster (January 18 1782 &ndash October 24 1852 was a leading American Statesman during the nation's Antebellum Period. John Tyler Jr (March 29 1790 January 18 1862 was the tenth President of the United States (1841-1845 and the first ever to obtain that office via succession [72] Irving was surprised and honored, writing, "It will be a severe trial to absent myself for a time from my dear little Sunnyside, but I shall return to it better enabled to carry it on comfortably. "[73]

While Irving hoped his position as Minister would allow him plenty of time to write, Spain was in a state of perpetual political upheaval during most of his tenure, with a number of warring factions vying for control of the twelve-year-old Queen Isabella II. "Isabella II" redirects here For the Queen of Jerusalem also known as Isabella II see Yolande of Jerusalem. [74] Irving maintained good relations with the various generals and politicians, as control of Spain rotated through Espartero, Bravo, then Narvaez. Don Baldomero Espartero Count of Luchana Duke of the Victoria Prince of Vergara (Don Joaquín Baldomero Fernández Espartero Álvarez de Toro conde de Luchana Don Ramón María Narváez y Campos Duke of Valencia ( es: Don Ramón María Narváez y Campos duque de Valencia) (1800-1868 Spanish soldier However, the politics and warfare were exhausting, and Irving — homesick and suffering from a crippling skin condition — grew quickly disheartened:

“ I am wearied and at times heartsick of the wretched politics of this country. . . . The last ten or twelve years of my life, passed among sordid speculators in the United States, and political adventurers in Spain, has shewn me so much of the dark side of human nature, that I begin to have painful doubts of my fellow man; and look back with regret to the confiding period of my literary career, when, poor as a rat, but rich in dreams, I beheld the world through the medium of my imagination and was apt to believe men as good as I wished them to be. [75] ”

With the political situation in Spain relatively settled, Irving continued to closely monitor the development of the new government and the fate of Isabella. His official duties as Spanish Minister also involved negotiating American trade interests with Cuba and following the Spanish parliament's debates over slave trade. He was also pressed into service by the American Minister to the Court of St. James's in London, Louis McLane, to assist in negotiating the Anglo-American disagreement over the Oregon border that newly-elected president James K. Polk had vowed to resolve. The Court of St James's is the name of the Royal court of the United Kingdom. Louis McLane ( May 28 1786 &ndash October 7 1857) was an American Lawyer and Politician from Wilmington James Knox Polk ( November 2 1795&ndashJune 15 1849 was the eleventh President of the United States, serving from March 4 1845 to March 4 1849 [76]

Final years and death

Irving's grave, marked by a flag, in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, New York.
Irving's grave, marked by a flag, in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, New York. Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York is the resting place of numerous famous figures including Washington Irving, whose story " The For other uses see Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow, is a village in the Town of Mount Pleasant in Westchester

Returning from Spain in 1846, Irving took up permanent residence at Sunnyside and began work on an "Author's Revised Edition" of his works for publisher George Palmer Putnam. This article is about the American book publisher who lived from 1814 to 1872 For its publication, Irving had made a deal that guaranteed him 12 percent of the retail price of all copies sold. Such an agreement was unprecedented at that time. [77] On the death of John Jacob Astor in 1848, Irving was hired as an executor of Astor's estate and appointed, by Astor's will, as first chairman of the Astor library, a forerunner to the New York Public Library. The New York Public Library ( NYPL) is one of the leading public libraries of the world and is one of America's most significant Research libraries. [78]

As he revised his older works for Putnam, Irving continued to write regularly, publishing biographies of the writer and poet Oliver Goldsmith in 1849 and the prophet Muhammad in 1850. Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 or 1728 &ndash 4 April 1774 was an Anglo-Irish writer poet and Physician known for his Novel The Vicar In 1855, he produced Wolfert's Roost, a collection of stories and essays he had originally written for Knickerbocker and other publications,[79] and began publishing at intervals a biography of his namesake, George Washington, a work which he expected to be his masterpiece. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Five volumes of the biography were published between 1855 and 1859. [80] Irving traveled regularly to Mount Vernon and Washington, D. This is about the George Washington residence For other uses see Mount Vernon (disambiguation. C. for his research, and struck up friendships with Presidents Millard Fillmore and Franklin Pierce. Millard Fillmore ( January 7 1800 &ndash March 8 1874 was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853 and the last member of the Whig Franklin Pierce (November 23 1804 &ndash October 8 1869 was an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States, serving from 1853 to [79]

He continued to socialize and keep up with his correspondence well into his seventies, and his fame and popularity continued to soar. "I don’t believe that any man, in any country, has ever had a more affectionate admiration for him than that given to you in America", wrote Senator William C. Preston in a letter to Irving. William Campbell Preston ( December 27, 1794 &ndash May 22, 1860) was a senator from the United States and a member "I believe that we have had but one man who is so much in the popular heart. "[81]

On the evening of November 28, 1859, only eight months after completing the final volume of his Washington biography, Washington Irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside at the age of 76. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Legend has it that his last words were: "Well, I must arrange my pillows for another night. When will this end?"[82] He was buried under a simple headstone at Sleepy Hollow cemetery on December 1, 1859. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [83]

Irving and his grave were commemorated by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his 1876 poem, "In The Churchyard at Tarrytown", which concludes with:

How sweet a life was his; how sweet a death!
Living, to wing with mirth the weary hours,
Or with romantic tales the heart to cheer;
Dying, to leave a memory like the breath
Of summers full of sunshine and of showers,
A grief and gladness in the atmosphere. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27 1807 &ndash March 24 1882 was an American educator and Poet whose works include " Paul Revere's Ride " [84]

Legacy

Literary reputation

A bust of Washington Irving in Irvington, New York, not far from Sunnyside.
A bust of Washington Irving in Irvington, New York, not far from Sunnyside. Irvington, sometimes known as "Irvington-on-Hudson" is an affluent suburban village in the Town of Greenburgh in Westchester County

Irving is largely credited as the first American Man of Letters, and the first to earn his living solely by his pen. Eulogizing Irving before the Massachusetts Historical Society in December 1859, his friend, the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, acknowledged Irving's role in promoting American literature: "We feel a just pride in his renown as an author, not forgetting that, to his other claims upon our gratitude, he adds also that of having been the first to win for our country an honourable name and position in the History of Letters. The Massachusetts Historical Society is a major historical archive specializing in early American, Massachusetts, and New England history "[85]

Irving perfected the American short story,[86] and was the first American writer to place his stories firmly in the United States, even as he poached from German or Dutch folklore. He is also generally credited as one of the first to write both in the vernacular, and without an obligation to the moral or didactic in his short stories, writing stories simply to entertain rather to enlighten. [87]

Some critics, however — including Edgar Allan Poe — felt that while Irving should be given credit for being an innovator, the writing itself was often unsophisticated. "Irving is much over-rated," Poe wrote in 1838, "and a nice distinction might be drawn between his just and his surreptitious and adventitious reputation—between what is due to the pioneer solely, and what to the writer. "[88]

Other critics were inclined to be more forgiving of Irving's style. Henry Makepeace Thakeray was the first to refer to Irving as the "ambassador whom the New World of Letters sent to the Old,"[89] a banner picked up by writers and critics throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. "He is the first of the American humorists, as he is almost the first of the American writers," wrote critic H. R. Hawless in 1881, "yet belonging to the New World, there is a quaint Old World flavor about him. "[90]

Early critics often had difficulty separating Irving the man from Irving the writer — "The life of Washington Irving was one of the brightest ever led by an author," wrote Richard Henry Stoddard, an early Irving biographer[91] — but as years passed and Irving's celebrity personality faded into the background, critics often began to review his writings as all style, no substance. "The man had no message," said critic Barrett Wendell. [92] Yet, critics conceded that despite Irving's lack of sophisticated themes — Irving biographer Stanley T. Williams could be scathing in his assessment of Irving's work[93] — most agreed he wrote elegantly.

Impact on American culture

Irving popularized the nickname "Gotham" for New York City, later used in Batman comics and movies, and is credited with inventing the expression "the almighty dollar". Batman (originally referred to as the Bat-Man and still referred to at times as the Batman) is a fictional Comic book Superhero co-created Almighty dollar is an Idiom often used to satirize an obsession for material wealth (the phrase implies that money is a kind of Deity)

The surname of his Dutch historian, Diedrich Knickerbocker, is generally associated with New York and New Yorkers, and can still be seen across the jerseys of New York's professional basketball team, albeit in its more familiar, abbreviated form, reading simply Knicks.

One of Irving's most lasting contributions to American culture is in the way Americans perceive and celebrate Christmas. In his 1812 revisions to A History of New York, Irving inserted a dream sequence featuring St. Nicholas soaring over treetops in a flying wagon — a creation others would later dress up as Santa Claus. Saint Nicholas (Άγιος Νικόλαος, Agios Nikolaos, "victory of the people" is the common name for Nicholas of Myra, a Christian Saint Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle, or simply " Santa " is the Later, in his five Christmas stories in The Sketch Book, Irving portrayed an idealized celebration of old-fashioned Christmas customs at a quaint English manor, which directly contributed to the revival and reinterpretation of the Christmas holiday in the United States. [94] Charles Dickens later credited Irving as a strong influence on his own Christmas writings, including the classic A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol in Prose Being a Ghost Story of Christmas (commonly known as A Christmas Carol) is a Novella by Charles Dickens

Washington Irving's home — Sunnyside — is still standing, just south of the Tappan Zee Bridge in Tarrytown, New York. Sunnyside is a Historic house on 10 acres (4 ha of grounds alongside the Hudson River in Tarrytown New York. The Governor Malcolm Wilson Tappan Zee Bridge, almost always referred to as the Tappan Zee Bridge, or simply the Tappan Zee, is a Cantilever bridge Tarrytown is a village in the Town of Greenburgh in Westchester County, New York, United States. The original house and the surrounding property were once owned by 18th-century colonialist Wolfert Acker, about whom Irving wrote his sketch Wolfert's Roost (the name of the house). The house is now owned and operated as an historic site by Historic Hudson Valley and is open to the public for tours. Historic Hudson Valley is a not-for-profit educational and historic preservation organization headquartered in Tarrytown New York, in Westchester County.

List of works

Title
Publication date
Written As
Genre
Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle 1802 Jonathan Oldstyle Observational Letters
Salmagundi 1807-1808 Launcelot Langstaff, Will Wizard, et al Satire
A History of New York 1809 Diedrich Knickerbocker Satire
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 1819-1820 Geoffrey Crayon Short stories/Essays
Bracebridge Hall 1822 Geoffrey Crayon Short stories/Essays
Tales of a Traveller 1824 Geoffrey Crayon Short stories/Essays
The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus 1828 Washington Irving Biography/Historical novel
The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada 1829 Fray Antonio Agapida[95] Romantic history
Voyages and Discoveries
of the Companions of Columbus		 1831 Washington Irving Biography/History
Tales of the Alhambra 1832 "The Author of the Sketch Book" Short stories/Travel
The Crayon Miscellany[96] 1835 Geoffrey Crayon Short stories
Astoria 1836 Washington Irving Biography/History
The Adventures of Captain Bonneville 1837 Washington Irving Biography/Romantic History
The Life of Oliver Goldsmith 1840
(revised 1849)		 Washington Irving Biography
Biography and Poetical Remains
of the Late Margaret Miller Davidson		 1841 Washington Irving Biography
Mahomet and His Successors 1850 Washington Irving Biography
Wolfert's Roost 1855 Geoffrey Crayon
Diedrich Knickerbocker
Washington Irving		 Biography
The Life of George Washington (5 volumes) 1855-1859 Washington Irving Biography

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Burstein, 7.
  2. ^ PMI, 1:26, et al.
  3. ^ PMI, 1:27.
  4. ^ Jones, 5.
  5. ^ Warner, 27; PMI, 1:36.
  6. ^ Jones, 11.
  7. ^ PMI, 1:42-43.
  8. ^ Burstein, 19.
  9. ^ Jones, 36.
  10. ^ a b Burstein, 43.
  11. ^ See Jones, 44-70
  12. ^ Washington Irving to William Irving Jr. , September 20, 1804, Works 23:90. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
  13. ^ Washington Irving, "Memoir of Washington Allston," Works 2:175.
  14. ^ Washington Irving to Mrs. Amelia Foster, [April–May 1823], Works, 23:740-41. See also PMI, 1:173, Williams, 1:77, et al.
  15. ^ Burstein, 47.
  16. ^ Jones, 82.
  17. ^ Burrows, Edwin G. and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. (Oxford University Press, 1999), 417. See Jones, 74-75.
  18. ^ Jones, 118-27.
  19. ^ Burstein, 72.
  20. ^ Washington Irving to Mrs. Amelia Foster, [April-May, 1823], Works, 23:741.
  21. ^ Oxford English Dictionary.
  22. ^ Hellman, 82.
  23. ^ Jones, 121–22.
  24. ^ Jones, 121.
  25. ^ Jones, 122.
  26. ^ Hellman, 87.
  27. ^ Hellman, 97.
  28. ^ Jones, 154-60.
  29. ^ Jones, 169.
  30. ^ William Irving Jr. to Washington Irving, New York, 14 October 1818, Williams, 1:170-71.
  31. ^ Washington Irving to Ebenezer Irving, {London, late November 1818], Works, 23:536.
  32. ^ See reviews from Quarterly Review and others, in The Sketch Book, xxv–xxviii; PMI 1:418–19.
  33. ^ Burstein, 114
  34. ^ Washington Irving, "Preface to the Revised Edition," The Sketch Book, Works, 8:7; Jones, 188-89.
  35. ^ McClary, Ben Harris, ed. Washington Irving and the House of Murray. (University of Tennessee Press, 1969).
  36. ^ See comments of William Godwin, cited in PMI, 1:422; Lady Littleton, cited in PMI 2:20.
  37. ^ Aderman, Ralph M. , ed. Critical Essays on Washington Irving. (G. K. Hall, 1990), 55–57, 58–62; STW 1:209.
  38. ^ See Reichart, Walter A. Washington Irving and Germany. (University of Michigan Press, 1957).
  39. ^ Jones, 207-14.
  40. ^ See Sanborn, F. B. , ed. The Romance of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, John Howard Payne and Washington Irving. Boston: Bibliophile Society, 1907.
  41. ^ See reviews in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Westminster Review, et al. , 1824. Cited in Jones, 222.
  42. ^ Hellman, 170–89.
  43. ^ Burstein, 191.
  44. ^ Bowers, 22–48.
  45. ^ Burstein, 196.
  46. ^ Jones, 248.
  47. ^ Burstein, 212.
  48. ^ Burstein, 225.
  49. ^ Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians. Praeger Paperback, 1997. ISBN 027595904X
  50. ^ Washington Irving to Peter Irving, Alhambra, 13 June 1829. Works, 23:436
  51. ^ Hellman, 208.
  52. ^ PMI, 2:429, 430, 431–32
  53. ^ PMI, 3:17–21.
  54. ^ Washington Irving to Peter Irving, London, 6 March 1832, Works, 23:696
  55. ^ Jill Eastwood (1967). La Trobe, Charles Joseph (1801 - 1875). Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 2 89-93. The Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB or AuDB is a multi-volume project published by Melbourne University Press. MUP. Melbourne University Publishing (MUP is the book publishing arm of the University of Melbourne ( Australia) Retrieved on 2007-07-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
  56. ^ See Irving, "A Tour on the Prairies," Works 22.
  57. ^ Williams, 2:48–49
  58. ^ Jones, 318.
  59. ^ Jones, 324.
  60. ^ Williams, 2:76–77.
  61. ^ Jones, 323.
  62. ^ Burstein, 288.
  63. ^ Williams, 2:36.
  64. ^ Jones, 316.
  65. ^ Jones, 318-28.
  66. ^ Monthly Review, New and Improved, ser. 2 (June 1837): 279–90. See Aderman, Ralph M. , ed. Critical Essays on Washington Irving. (G. K. Hall, 1990), 110–11.
  67. ^ Burstein, 295.
  68. ^ Jones, 333.
  69. ^ Edgar Allan Poe to N. C. Brooks, Philadelphia, 4 September, 1838. Cited in Williams, 2:101-02.
  70. ^ Washington Irving to Lewis G. Clark, (before January 10, 1840), Works, 25:32-33.
  71. ^ Jones, 341.
  72. ^ Hellman, 257.
  73. ^ Washington Irving to Ebenezer Irving, New York, 10 February 1842, Works, 25:180.
  74. ^ Bowers, 127–275.
  75. ^ Irving to Thomas Wentworth Storrow, Madrid, 18 May 1844, Works, 25:751
  76. ^ Jones, 415-56.
  77. ^ Jones, 464.
  78. ^ Hellman, 235.
  79. ^ a b Williams, 2:208–209.
  80. ^ Bryan, William Alfred. George Washington in American Literature 1775–1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952: 103.
  81. ^ William C. Preston to Washington Irving, Charlottesville, May 11, 1859, PMI, 4:286.
  82. ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc. , 1981: 179. ISBN 086576008X
  83. ^ PMI, 4:328.
  84. ^ Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "In The Churchyard at Tarrytown," quoted in Burstein, 330.
  85. ^ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, "Address on the Death of Washington Irving," Poems and Other Writings, J. D. McClatchy, editor. (Library of America, 2000).
  86. ^ Leon H. Vincent, American Literary Masters, 1906.
  87. ^ Fred Lewis Pattee, The First Century of American Literature, 1935.
  88. ^ Poe to N. C. Brooks, Philadelphia, 4 September 1838. Cited in Williams 2:101-02.
  89. ^ Thackeray, Roundabout Papers, 1860.
  90. ^ Hawless, American Humorists, 1881.
  91. ^ Stoddard, The Life of Washington Irving, 1883.
  92. ^ Wendell, A Literary History of America, 1901.
  93. ^ See Williams, 2:Appendix III.
  94. ^ See Stephen Nissebaum, The Battle for Christmas (Vintage, 1997)
  95. ^ Irving's publisher, John Murray, overrode Irving's decision to use this pseudonym and published the book under Irving's name — much to the annoyance of its author. See Jones 258-59.
  96. ^ Comprised of the three short stories "A Tour on the Prairies," "Abbotsford and Newstead Abbey," and "Legends of the Conquest of Spain. "
Preceded by
Aaron Vail		 U.S. Minister to Spain
1842–1846		 Succeeded by
Romulus M. Saunders

External links


Persondata
NAME Irving, Washington
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION American short story writer, essayist, biographer
DATE OF BIRTH April 3, 1783
PLACE OF BIRTH Manhattan, New York, United States
DATE OF DEATH November 28, 1859
PLACE OF DEATH
This is a list of United States Ambassadors to Spain from 1779 to the present day Romulus Mitchell Saunders ( 3 March 1791 – 21 April 1867) was an American politician from North Carolina. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
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