Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Ward Churchill

Ward Churchill speaking at the Bay Area Anarchist Book Fair, May 2005.
Born October 2, 1947 (1947-10-02) (age 60)
Elmwood, Illinois, United States
Occupation Political activist

Ward LeRoy Churchill (born October 2, 1947) is an American writer and political activist. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Elmwood is a city in Peoria County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1945 at the 2000 census The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change He was a professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder from 1990 to 2007. Ethnic studies is an academic discipline dedicated to the study of Ethnicity. The University of Colorado at Boulder ( CU-Boulder, UCB officially Colorado and CU colloquially is the Flagship University Primarily, his work focuses on the historical treatment of political dissenters and American Indians by the United States. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the His work features controversial and provocative claims, written in a direct, polemnical style.

In January 2005, Churchill's essay entitled On the Justice of Roosting Chickens, written in the wake of 9-11, became subject to widespread criticism following Bill O'Reilly's well publicized criticism of the article. On the Justice of Roosting Chickens reflections on the consequences of U In it, Churchill claimed that people killed in the World Trade Center attacks were essentially 'Little Eichmanns' inasmuch as they served as technocrats who represented the 'banality of evil' embodied by Adolf Eichmann (as described by philosopher Hannah Arendt). In March 2005 the University of Colorado at Boulder began investigating allegations that Churchill engaged in 'research misconduct'; a charge widely seen as stemming from Churchill's inflammatory 9-11 related comments. In June 2006, he was found guilty of said charges. [1] Churchill was fired on 24 July 2007 for research misconduct. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [2]

Contents

Background

Early life

Churchill was born in Elmwood, Illinois and attended local schools, including Elmwood High School. Elmwood is a city in Peoria County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1945 at the 2000 census [3]

Vietnam

In 1966, Churchill was drafted into the United States Army. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. On his 1980 resume, Churchill said he served as a public-information specialist who "wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases. "[3]

In a 1987 profile on Churchill, the Denver Post reported that Churchill went to paratrooper school, then volunteered for Vietnam, where he served a 10-month tour as Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (LRRP), one of a six-man team sent out to track down North Vietnamese. The Denver Post is a daily Newspaper and online website published in Denver Colorado. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol, or LRRP (pronounced and sometimes spelled "LuRP" were special small four to six-man teams utilized in the Vietnam War The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam [4] The Denver Post reported in 2005 that Churchill's military records show that he was trained as a projectionist and light truck driver, and do not mention paratrooper school or LRRP training. [3][5] The 75th Ranger Regiment Association found no record of Churchill being in a LRRP team[6]

The 1987 Post article also reported that Churchill was politically radicalized as a result of his experiences in Vietnam. Churchill told the Denver Post that he had worked with the Students for a Democratic Society and Weather Underground in the late 1960's. Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS) was historically a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main iconic representations The Post also reported that Churchill taught members of the Weather Underground how to make bombs and fire weapons. [4]

Education and academic career

Churchill received his B.A. in Technological Communications in 1974 and M.A. in Communications Theory in 1975, both from Sangamon State University, now the University of Illinois at Springfield. Communication studies is an Academic field that deals with processes of communication commonly defined as the sharing of Symbols over distances in space and time The University of Illinois at Springfield ( UIS) is a small liberal arts university located in Springfield. [3]

Churchill began working as an affirmative action officer at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1978. Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically The University of Colorado at Boulder ( CU-Boulder, UCB officially Colorado and CU colloquially is the Flagship University He also lectured on Indian issues in the ethnic studies program. In 1990, he was hired as an associate professor, although he did not possess the academic doctorate usually required for such a position. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement The following year he was granted tenure in the Communications department, without the usual six-year probationary period, after being declined by the Sociology and Political Science departments. He was presented with an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Alfred University after giving a lecture there about American Indian history in 1992. An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding Alfred University is a small comprehensive university in the Village of Alfred in Western New York, United States, an hour south of He moved to the new Ethnic Studies department in 1996 and was promoted to full professor in 1997. He became chair of the department in June 2002. [7][8][9]

In January 2005, during the controversy over his 9/11 remarks, Churchill resigned as chairman of the Ethnic Studies department at the University of Colorado — his term as chair was scheduled to expire in June of that year. The University of Colorado at Boulder ( CU-Boulder, UCB officially Colorado and CU colloquially is the Flagship University [10] On May 16, 2006, the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado concluded that Churchill had committed multiple counts of academic misconduct, specifically plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The University of Colorado at Boulder ( CU-Boulder, UCB officially Colorado and CU colloquially is the Flagship University Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of Cheating that occurs in relation to a formal Academic exercise Plagiarism is the unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work Fabrication, in the context of scientific inquiry and academic research refers to the act of intentionally falsifying research results such as reported in a Forgery is the process of making adapting or imitating objects statistics or documents (see False document) with the intent to deceive. [1] On July 24, 2007, Churchill was fired for academic misconduct in an eight to one vote by the University of Colorado's Board of Regents. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [2]

Ethnic background

Churchill has stated, "I am myself of Muscogee and Creek descent on my father's side, Cherokee on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma are a federally recognized Band of Indians headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. "[11][12] He wrote elsewhere that he is one-eighth Creek and one-sixteenth Cherokee. [13] Churchill told the Denver Post in February 2005 that he is three-sixteenths Cherokee. [5] The United Keetoowah Band clarified that Churchill was never an enrolled member, but was awarded an honorary associate membership in 1994, as were Bill Clinton and others;[14][15] honorary membership is not an indication of ethnicity. The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma are a federally recognized Band of Indians headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States [16] The Keetoowah Band states that Churchill still holds the associate membership, that it hasn't been rescinded, and that the Keetoowah Band stopped recognizing such "honorary" memberships in 1994. [16][17][18]

The Rocky Mountain News, in 2005, published a genealogy of Churchill, and reported "no evidence of a single Indian ancestor" [of Churchill's]. The Rocky Mountain News is a Monday-Saturday morning Tabloid -format Newspaper published in Denver Colorado, United States. The News reports that both of Churchill's birth parents are listed as white on the 1930 census, as are all of his other known ancestors on previous censuses and other official documents. [19] The Denver Post's genealogical investigation resulted in the same conclusion.

Documents in Churchill’s university personnel file show that he was granted tenure in a "special opportunity position. "[8] Such positions were later described as a program designed to help "recruit and hire a more diverse faculty. "[20] In 1994, then CU-Boulder Chancellor James Corbridge refused to take action on allegations that Churchill was fraudulently claiming to be an Indian, saying "it has always been university policy that a person's race or ethnicity is self-proving. "[21]

Churchill's critics argue that his assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might constitute misrepresentation and grounds for termination. The University, however, has stated in response that they do not hire on the basis of ethnicity. The University of Colorado's Research Misconduct Committee conducted a preliminary investigation into whether Churchill misrepresented his ethnicity in order to "add credibility and public acceptance to his scholarship";[22] they concluded that the allegation was not "appropriate for further investigation under the definition of research misconduct. The Ward Churchill academic misconduct investigation concerned charges of Plagiarism, fabrication and falsification against Churchill at the University of Colorado "[23]

In an interview in The Rocky Mountain News, Churchill stated: "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if [the critics] are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned Sitting Bull". Sitting Bull ( Lakota: Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow" Ca [24]

Churchill has countered requests for verification of his Indian heritage in various ways including attacking the basis on which some Native American tribes establish their membership requirements, additionally citing U. S. instituted "blood quantum" laws once used to determine ethnicity. Blood Quantum Laws is an umbrella term that describes legislation enacted to define membership in Native American groups Churchill described this practice to oral historian David Barsamian:

You could say that five hundred years ago was the basis of blood quantum in Ibero-America. David Barsamian is an Armenian American radio broadcaster writer and the founder and director of Alternative Radio, the Boulder Colorado -based But in Anglo-America, while there was some preoccupation with it, it was not formalized until the passage of the General Allotment Act, mid-1880s. At that point they began to define Indian as being someone who was demonstrably and documentably of at least one-quarter by quantum blood indigenous in a given group. You couldn't be an eighth Cheyenne and an eighth Arapaho and be an Indian. You had to be a quarter Cheyenne or a quarter Arapaho or hopefully a quarter and a quarter. The reason for this was quite clear. They were identifying Indians for purposes of allotting them individual parcels of land in the existing reservation base at that point. If they ran out of Indians identifiable as such, then the rest of the land would be declared surplus. So it was clearly in the interests of the government to create a definition of Indianness that would minimize the number of Indians that were available. It was an economic motivation for the application of this genetic criteria to Indianness in the first place. It's become increasingly so ever since. " (David Barsamian interviews Ward Churchill (December 1995). "Historical and Current Perspectives". Z Magazine.  )

</ref>[25]

Writing

As a scholar, Churchill has written on American Indian history and culture, and is particularly outspoken about what he describes as the genocide inflicted on the indigenous people of North America by European settlers and the repression of native peoples that continues to this day. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.

From a Native Son book cover
From a Native Son book cover

Churchill has written or coauthored fourteen books and more than 150 published essays. From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985-1995 is a 1996 book by Ward Churchill. He describes fifty of those essays as "scholarly", of which 27 are refereed. [26] According to the University of Colorado investigation, "His academic publications are nearly all works of synthesis and reinterpretation, drawing upon studies by other scholars, not monographs describing new research based on primary sources. " The investigation also noted that "he has decided to publish largely in alternative presses or journals, not in the university presses or mainstream peer-reviewed journals often favored by more conventional academics. "[1] In addition to his academic writing, Churchill has written for several general readership magazines of political opinion.

In 1986, Churchill wrote an essay titled Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis criticizing pacifist politics within the U. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Pacifism as Pathology Notes on an American Pseudopraxis is an Essay written in 1986 by Ward Churchill. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions S. left as being hypocritical, de facto racist and ineffectual. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that In 1998, Arbeiter Ring Publishing published the essay in a book entitled Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America and listing Ward Churchill as the author. Arbeiter Ring Publishing is a worker-owned and operated independent book publisher and distributor that specializes in progressive radical and Anarchist literature (both (ISBN 1-894037-07-3) The book included a preface by Ed Mead, a new introduction to the essay by Churchill and a commentary by Mike Ryan. The book sparked much debate in leftist circles and inspired more aggressive tactics within the anti-globalization movement in the following few years. " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas [27]

Agents of Repression (1988), co-authored by Jim Vander Wall, describes what the authors claim was "the secret war" against the Black Panther Party and American Indian Movement carried out during the late 1960s and '70s by the FBI under the COINTELPRO program. The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist / Maoist African-American organization established The American Indian Movement ( AIM) is an Indian Activist organization in the United States. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. COINTELPRO (an acronym for Co unter Intel ligence Pro gram was a series of covert and often illegal projects conducted by the United States Federal Bureau The COINTELPRO Papers (1990; reissued 2002), also co-authored with Jim Vander Wall, examines a series of original FBI memos that detail the Bureau's activities against various leftist groups, from the U.S. Communist Party in the 1950s to activists concerned with Central American issues in the 1980s. The COINTELPRO Papers Documents from the FBI's Secret War Against Domestic Dissent is a book by Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall. The Communist Party of the United States of America ( CPUSA) is a Marxist-Leninist Political party in the United States.

In Fantasies of the Master Race (1992), Churchill examines the portrayal of American Indians and the use of American Indian symbols in popular American culture. He focuses on such phenomena as Tony Hillerman's mystery novels, the film Dances with Wolves, and the New Age movement, finding examples of cultural imperialism and exploitation. Tony Hillerman (born 27 May 1925 is an award-winning American author of Detective novels and non-fiction works Dances with Wolves is a 1990 Epic film which tells the story of a United States Lieutenant who travels to the American Frontier to find a military post New Age ( New Age Movement and New Age Spirituality) is a Social Collective Phenomenon and a Spiritual Nature Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Churchill calls author Carlos Castaneda's claims of revealing the teachings of a Yaqui Indian shaman, the "greatest hoax since Piltdown Man. Carlos Castaneda (December 25 1925 – April 27 1998 was a Peruvian born American author The "Yoeme" or Yaqui are a Native American tribe who originally lived in the valley of the Río Yaqui in the northern Mexican state of The "Piltdown Man" is a famous hoax consisting of fragments of a skull and jawbone collected in 1912 from a gravel pit at Piltdown a village near Uckfield "

Struggle for the Land (1993; reissued 2002) is a collection of essays in which Churchill chronicles the U. Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide Ecocide and Colonization is a book by Ward Churchill. S. government's systematic exploitation of Native lands and the killing or displacement of American Indians. He details Native American efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to prevent defoliation and industrial practices such as surface mining. Surface mining is a type of Mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit are removed

Churchill's Indians Are Us? (1994), a sequel to Fantasies of the Master Race, further explores American Indian issues in popular culture and politics. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States He examines the movie Black Robe, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation killings, the prosecution of Leonard Peltier, sports mascots, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and blood quantum laws, calling them tools of genocide. Black Robe is a 1991 Film directed by Bruce Beresford. The Screenplay was written by Irish - Canadian author The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ( Oglala Oyanke in Lakota, also called Pine Ridge Agency) is an Leonard Peltier (born September 12, 1944) is a Native American activist and member of the American Indian Movement The term mascot – defined as a term for any person animal or object thought to bring Luck – colloquially includes anything used to represent a group with a common Blood Quantum Laws is an umbrella term that describes legislation enacted to define membership in Native American groups Churchill is particularly outspoken about New Age exploitations of shamanism and American Indian sacred traditions, and the "do-it-yourself Indianism" of certain contemporary authors. New Age ( New Age Movement and New Age Spirituality) is a Social Collective Phenomenon and a Spiritual Nature John P. LaVelle of the University of New Mexico School of Law published a review of Indians Are Us? in The American Indian Quarterly. Professor LaVelle, who is an enrolled member of the Santee Sioux Nation, states that Indians Are Us? twists historical facts and is hostile toward Indian tribes. [28]

From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism, 1985-1995 (1996) is a collection of 23 previously published essays on Native American history, culture, and political activism. From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985-1995 is a 1996 book by Ward Churchill.

Churchill's A Little Matter of Genocide (1997) is a survey of ethnic cleansing from 1492 to the present. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity He compares the treatment of North American Indians to historical instances of genocide by communists in Cambodia, Turks against Armenians, and Europeans against the Gypsies, as well as Nazis against the Poles and Jews. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************

In Perversions of Justice (2002), Churchill argues that the U. S. 's legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people. Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law, Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non-Indians in the U. S. , but later adapted for application abroad. He concludes that this demonstrates the development of the U. S. 's "imperial logic," which depends on a "corrupt form of legalism" to establish colonial control and empire.

Churchill's controversial essay on 9/11 was expanded into a book-length manuscript, published as On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality (2003) by AK Press. On the Justice of Roosting Chickens reflections on the consequences of U AK Press is a collectively owned and operated independent Publisher and book distributor that specialises in The book features two other chapters, one listing US military interventions, another listing what Churchill believes to be US violations of international law. The original essay takes the "roosting chickens" of the title from a 1963 Malcolm X speech wherein Malcolm X linked the assassination of the U. Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19 1925 February 21 1965 also known as El-Hajj Malik El- Shabazz, was an African American S. president John F. Kennedy to the violence that Kennedy perpetuated as "merely a case of chickens coming home to roost. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of " Churchill's essays in this book address the worldwide forms of resistance that he posits were and continue to be provoked by U. S. imperialism of the 20th and 21st centuries.

In Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools (2004), Churchill traces the history of removing American Indian children from their homes to residential schools (in Canada) or Indian boarding schools (in the USA) as part of government policies (1880s-1980s) which he regards as genocidal. Kill the Indian Save the Man The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools is a 2004 book by Ward Churchill. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Canadian residential school system consisted of a number of schools for Aboriginal children operated during the 19th and 20th century by churches of various denominations Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Americanization can refer to the policies of the United States government and public opinion that there is a standard set of cultural values that should be held in common

Activism

Churchill has been active since at least 1984 as the co-director of the Denver-based American Indian Movement of Colorado, an autonomous chapter of the American Indian Movement. The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States The American Indian Movement of Colorado ( Colorado AIM) is a breakaway branch of the American Indian Movement. The American Indian Movement ( AIM) is an Indian Activist organization in the United States. In 1993, he and other local AIM leaders, including Russell Means, Glen Morris, Bob Robideau, and David Hill, broke with the national AIM leadership, including Dennis Banks and brothers Vernon and Clyde Bellecourt, claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. The American Indian Movement ( AIM) is an Indian Activist organization in the United States. Russell Charles Means ( Lakota: Oyate Wacinyapin (Works for the People born November 10 1939) is one of contemporary America 's best-known The American Indian Movement ( AIM) is an Indian Activist organization in the United States. Dennis Banks (born April 12, 1932) a Native American leader Teacher, Lecturer, Activist and Author, is an Vernon Bellecourt, Indian name WaBun-Inini, ( October 17, 1931 – October 13, 2007) was a member of the White Earth Clyde Howard Bellecourt (born May 8, 1936) is a Native American Civil rights organizer noted for co-founding the American Indian Movement The schism continues, with the national AIM leadership claiming that the local AIM leaders, such as Churchill, are tools of the government which uses them against other American Indians. The word schism (ˈsɪzəm or /ˈskɪzəm/ from the Greek σχίσμα skhísma (from σχίζω skhízō, "to tear to split" The leaders of the national AIM organization claim that Churchill has worked in the past as an underground counter-intelligence source for the U. This article is a subset article of Intelligence cycle security. S. government, for example the FBI, and local, non-Indian, police forces, to subvert the national AIM organization. They cite several examples but specifically a 1993 Boulder interview with Jodi Rave, a former columnist for the Denver Post, where Churchill stated that he "was teaching the Rapid City Police Department about the American Indian Movement. Boulder is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and most populous city of Boulder County, Colorado, in the United States Rapid City is the second-largest city in the US state of South Dakota, and the County seat of Pennington County. "[29]

Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade. Many countries in the New World and elsewhere celebrate the anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas, which occurred on October 12, These protests have brought Colorado AIM's leadership into conflict with some leaders in the Denver Italian American community, the main supporters of the parade. An Italian American is an American of Italian descent and/or dual citizenship Churchill and others have been arrested while protesting for acts such as blocking the parade. [30][31] As early as 2004, Churchill has claimed that the Ninth Amendment rights of native Americans not to be subjected to such displays overrides the First Amendment of non-native Americans and that such parades are unconstitutional. Amendment IX (the Ninth Amendment) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, addresses rights of the people that are The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress Legal scholars have dismissed this argument as carrying no practical weight in higher U. S. courts. [32][33]

In April 1983, Churchill traveled to Tripoli and Benghazi as a representative of AIM and the International Indian Treaty Council to meet Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya while a U. Tripolis ( Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Benghazi or Bengasi ( Arabic بنغازي, transliterated Banġāzī,) is the second largest city in Libya and the Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab S. travel ban to that country was in place. The visit was intended to seek support from Gaddafi regarding claims of the U. S. government's violation of AIM treaties.

9/11 essay controversy

Main article: Ward Churchill 9/11 essay controversy

Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled On the Justice of Roosting Chickens. Ward Churchill, former Ethnic studies professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder, wrote an essay in September On the Justice of Roosting Chickens reflections on the consequences of U In it, he argued that the September 11, 2001 attacks were provoked by U.S. foreign policy. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Further, he argued that people who were wounded and killed in the World Trade Center were not innocent civilians, comparing their role in "ongoing genocidal American imperialism" to the role played by Adolf Eichmann in organizing the Holocaust.

In 2005, this essay was widely publicized when Hamilton College invited Churchill to speak. Hamilton College is a private independent liberal arts college located in Clinton, New York. [34] This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter-accusations of McCarthyism by Churchill and supporters. McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s Following the controversy, the University of Colorado interim Chancellor Phil DiStefano stated, "While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views, his essay on 9/11 has outraged and appalled us and the general public. Chancellor or chancellour (archaic ( Latin: cancellarius) is an official Title used in countries whose civilization has arisen "[10]

Research misconduct investigation

Main article: Ward Churchill misconduct issues

The controversy attracted increased attention to Churchill's research, which had already been criticized by legal scholar John LaVelle and historian Guenter Lewy. The Ward Churchill academic misconduct investigation concerned charges of Plagiarism, fabrication and falsification against Churchill at the University of Colorado Guenter Lewy (born 1923 Germany) is an author and historian and a Professor emeritus of political science at the University of Massachusetts. [28][35][36] More critics came forward, including sociologist Thomas Brown, who had been preparing an article on Churchill's work, and historians R. G. Robertson and Russell Thornton, who claimed that Churchill had mischaracterized their work. [37][38]

In 2005, University of Colorado at Boulder administrators ordered an investigation into the allegations of research misconduct. The University of Colorado at Boulder ( CU-Boulder, UCB officially Colorado and CU colloquially is the Flagship University Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in Professional scientific research. University of Colorado officials pointed out that while accusations against Churchill had been published as early as the 1990s, no one had filed a complaint of research misconduct with the University before 2005. However, they addressed the new charges of research misconduct that came to light during the controversy over Churchill's remarks about the 9/11 victims. [22]

On May 16, 2006 the University released its investigative committee findings. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Investigative Committee, a five-member subcommittee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct, agreed unanimously that Churchill had engaged in "serious research misconduct," including four counts of falsifying information, two counts of fabricating information, two counts of plagiarizing the works of others, improperly reporting the results of studies, and failing to "comply with established standards regarding author names on publications. " In addition, the committee found him "disrespectful of Indian oral traditions. " Two members found that Churchill's actions did not warrant dismissal and that the most appropriate sanction was suspension. While the remaining three found that his conduct was grounds for dismissal, they were split as to what the most appropriate sanction was—two believed suspension was appropriate and one stated dismissal was appropriate. [1]

In its report, the investigative sub-committee "expresses its concern regarding the timing and perhaps the motives for the University's decision to forward charges made in that context. "[1] The Standing Committee's final report, however, states that they could not ignore the charges against Churchill given their seriousness. [39]

The Standing Committee on Research Misconduct accepted the findings of the Investigative Committee that Churchill had "committed serious, repeated, and deliberate research misconduct. " However, the Committee disagreed on what sanctions should be imposed. Six members voted for dismissal. Two members voted for a five year suspension without pay, and one voted for a two year suspension without pay. [39]

Churchill has disputed the finding of misconduct. [40][41][42][43]

Churchill's appeal against his proposed dismissal was considered by a panel of the University's Privilege and Tenure Committee, which found that two of the seven findings of misconduct did not constitute dismissible offences. Three members recommended that the penalty should be demotion and one year's suspension without pay, while two favored dismissal. [2][44]

On July 24, 2007, the University regents voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research misconduct, overruling the recommendation of Privilege and Tenure panel that two of them be dismissed. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. They then fired Churchill by vote of eight to one. The sole dissenter, Cindy Carlisle, had argued for the sanctions recommended by the majority of the Privilege and Tenure dismissal panel. [2][44]

University president Hank Brown said of the firing, "This case was an example not of mistakes, but an effort to falsify history and fabricate history and in the final analysis, this individual did not express regret or apologize. George Hanks "Hank" Brown (born February 12, 1940) is a former Republican politician and Senator from Colorado who served This is a faculty that has an outstanding reputation and this move today protects that reputation. "[45]

On the following day, Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was retribution for expressing politically unpopular views. [46] The University filed for dismissal on September 4, 2007. [47]

Some observers infer that the investigation and these actions were in retaliation for Churchill's controversial statements about the World Trade Center attacks because it began in the midst of national media coverage of his statements, with one stating that Churchill's writing was "subjected to a line-by-line review for evidence of academic malfeasance solely as a punishment for his political statements. "[48][49][50] Eleven professors have signed a complaint against the investigation and its findings, claiming the Committee's research violates standard scholarly practices by using biased information and suppressing information favorable to Churchill. [51] Margaret LeCompte, who is chair of CU's chapter of the American Association of University Professors, views the Churchill case as a "key precedent that could lead to curtailing academic freedoms. The American Association of University Professors ( AAUP) is an Organization of Professors and other academics in the United States. "[52] In addition, scholars, activists and organizations including the ACLU, the National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies, Mumia Abu-Jamal, Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, Drucilla Cornell, and Immanuel Wallerstein, have issued statements objecting to the circumstances of Churchill's firing. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies is "the academic organization that serves academic programs departments and research centers that focus on issues pertaining Mumia Abu-Jamal (born Wesley Cook on April 24 1954 is an American who was convicted and sentenced to death for the 1981 murder of police officer Daniel Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political Howard Zinn (born August 24 1922 is an American Historian, political scientist, social critic, activist and Playwright, best known Drucilla Cornell is a national research foundation chair in customary law indigenous values and the dignity jurisprudence Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (born 28 September 1930, New York City) is a U [53]

According to Thomas Brown, one of Churchill's critics in the academy, support for Churchill has dwindled. Brown states that in February 2005, 199 CU faculty members signed a newspaper article supporting Churchill, but in July 2007, only four CU faculty signed another letter protesting his imminent firing. [54]

Artwork

Churchill's subjects are often American Indian figures and other themes associated with Native American Culture, using historical photographs as source material for works. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States [55]

There have been allegations that Churchill’s pieces infringe copyrights. For example, his 1981 serigraph "Winter Attack" was, according to Churchill and others, based on a 1972 drawing by artist Thomas E. Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink blocking stencil Mails. [56] Churchill printed 150 copies of "Winter Attack" and sold at least one of them; other copies have been made available for purchase online. Churchill maintained that at the time he produced "Winter Attack", he publicly acknowledged that it was based on Mails' work. [57] The online journal Artnet mentions Churchill's artwork and the controversy surrounding its originality. artnet is an online service provider for the international Art market with headquarters in New York and Berlin and regional offices in France China the UK Spain and Russia [55]


Works

Books

Articles

Audio and video

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wesson, Marianne; Clinton, Robert; Limón, José; McIntosh, Marjorie & Radelet, Michael (2006), Report of the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado at Boulder concerning Allegations of Academic Misconduct against Professor Ward Churchill, University of Colorado at Boulder, <http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf> 
  2. ^ a b c d Berny Morson. "CU regents fire Ward Churchill", Rocky Mountain News, 2007-07-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler  
  3. ^ a b c d Dave Curtin; Howard Pankratz and Arthur Kane. "Questions stoke Ward Churchill's firebrand past", Denver Post, 2005-02-13. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed  
  4. ^ a b Denver Post, January 18, 1987. photostat of Denver Post article (the text)
  5. ^ a b Howard Pankratz. "CU prof affirms Indian heritage: Tribe says he's not full member", Denver Post, 2005-02-03. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  6. ^ Patrolling Magazine, 2007
  7. ^ Berny Morson; Charlie Brennan. "Churchill tenure questioned: Prof was granted job security without usual review process", Rocky Mountain News, 2005-02-16. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols  
  8. ^ a b Jefferson Dodge. "Churchill's personnel files released by CU-Boulder", Silver & Gold Record, 2005-02-24. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the  
  9. ^ Honorary Degrees, 1990-1999. Special Collections & Archives. Herrick Memorial Library, Alfred University.
  10. ^ a b Ward Churchill Resigns Administrative Post, University of Colorado at Boulder, Jan. 31, 2005
  11. ^ Ward Churchill (2003). "An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial". Socialism and Democracy 17 (2): 25–76. doi:10.1080/08854300308428341. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  12. ^ Ward Churchill. Ethnic Studies. University of Colorado. Retrieved on 2008-01-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
  13. ^ Jaimes, M. Annette (1992). "Federal Indian Identification Policy: A Usurpation of Indigenous Sovereignty in North America", in Jaimes, M. Annette (ed. ): The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization and Resistance. Boston: South End Press, 123-138. South End Press is a Non-profit Book publisher which is run on a model of Participatory economics, and was founded in 1977 by Michael ISBN 089608424-8.   Churchill told the University of Colorado investigative committee that he wrote this essay in its entirety.
  14. ^ Charlie Brennan. "Tribe snubs prof: Cherokee band says Churchill's claim of membership a fraud", Rocky Mountain News, 2005-05-18. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.  
  15. ^ Charlie Brennan. "Tribe clarifies stance on prof: Milder statement explains Churchill's 'associate' label", Rocky Mountain News, 2005-05-21. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.  
  16. ^ a b Clark, Elizabeth Mattern. "Keetoowah Band says Churchill is honorary, Indian tribe states membership is not recognized", Daily Camera, 2005-05-19. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and  
  17. ^ The Tahlequah Daily Press, February 4, 2005
  18. ^ United Keetoowah Band website, http://unitedkeetoowahband.org/, May 18, 2005.
  19. ^ Flynn, Kevin. "The Churchill files; Are Ward Churchill's claims of American Indian ancestry valid?", Rocky Mountain News, 2005-06-09. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Retrieved on 2007-07-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler  
  20. ^ Appendix C - Best Practices. Campus Diversity Plan: A Blueprint for Action. University of Colorado at Boulder (July 1999).
  21. ^ Charlie Brennan; Stuart Steers. "Red-flagged career: Churchill's tenure at CU marked by warnings of trouble", Rocky Mountain News, 2005-02-17. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori  
  22. ^ a b DiStephano, Philip; Gleeson, Todd & Getches, David (2005-03-24), Report on Conclusion of Preliminary Review in the Matter of Professor Ward Churchill, University of Colorado at Boulder, <http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/report.html> 
  23. ^ CU-Boulder Office of News Services (2005-09-09). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian "Statement Regarding Decision Of Standing Committee On Research Misconduct". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News
  24. ^ Year in quotes. Rocky Mountain News (2005-12-25). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian
  25. ^ Churchill's argument about dilution of tribal membership is controversial, however. According to Circe Sturm, for example, the largest of the federally recognized Cherokee tribes—the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma—does not impose any blood quantum requirements for membership. The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact It requires only that an applicant prove descent from a person listed on official Cherokee rolls. (Sturm, Circe (2002). Blood Politics: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.  )
  26. ^ Ward Churchill (2007-07-12). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Submission of Professor Ward Churchill to the Board of Regents of the University of Colorado (PDF).
  27. ^ L. A. Kauffman (December 10, 1999). "Who were those masked anarchists in Seattle?". Salon. com.
  28. ^ a b LaVelle, John (1999), “Review of "Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America"”, The American Indian Quarterly 20 (1): 109-118, <http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/american-indian-quarterly.pdf> 
  29. ^ Bellecourt, Vernon. United States Government War Against the American Indian Movement, AIM Council on Security and Intelligence, November 3, 1999
  30. ^ "Columbus parade could see less strife: Churchill, conflict having an effect" By Charlie Brennan, Rocky Mountain News, September 24, 2005.
  31. ^ Chronology of Events Concerning (Transform) Columbus Day. Transform Columbus Day Alliance. Retrieved on March 28, 2006. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  32. ^ Ward Churchill: What Did I Really Say? And Why Did I Say It? February 21, 2005 and video of Question#4
  33. ^ Colorado and other legal scholars on 9th vs. 1st issue. February 4, 2005
  34. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm
  35. ^ LaVelle, John (1999), “The General Allotment Act "Eligibility" Hoax: Distortions of Law, Policy, and History in Derogation of Indian Tribes”, Wicazo Sa Review: 251-302, <http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/allotment-act.pdf> 
  36. ^ Lewy, Guenter (2004-11-22). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?. History News Network. History News Network (HNN is a project of the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University.
  37. ^ Jaschik, Scott. "A New Ward Churchill Controversy", Inside Higher Ed, 2005-02-09. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.  
  38. ^ Brown, Thomas (2006), “Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill’s Genocide Rhetoric”, Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification 1 (9): 1-30, <http://www.plagiary.org/smallpox-blankets.pdf> 
  39. ^ a b Rosse, Joseph; Bhagat, Sanjai; Bradburn, Mark; Bruff, Harold; Glyde, Judith; Guberman, Steven; Mody, Bella; Morris, Linda; et al. (2006-06-13), Report and Recommendations of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct Concerning Allegations of Research Misconduct by Professor Ward Churchill, University of Colorado at Boulder, <http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/ChurchillStandingCmteReport.pdf> 
  40. ^ Ward Churchill (2006-05-16). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. A Travesty of an "Investigation". Counterpunch. CounterPunch is a biweekly Newsletter published in the United States that covers politics in a manner its editors describe as "muckraking with a radical Retrieved on 2008-01-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
  41. ^ Churchill, Ward (2006-05-20). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Summary of Fallacies in the University of Colorado Investigative Committee Report of May 9, 2006 (MSWord document).
  42. ^ Churchill, Ward (2007-07-12). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Research Misconduct Complaint against Professor Michael Radelet and Investigative Committee.
  43. ^ Churchill, Ward (2007-07-18). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Research Misconduct Complaint against Professor Marjorie McIntosh and Investigative Committee.
  44. ^ a b Jefferson Dodge. "Regents dismiss Ward Churchill", Silver & Gold Record, 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Retrieved on 2008-01-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army  
  45. ^ Jeffrey Wolf; Nicole Vap (2007-07-25). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler 'I'm going nowhere' says Churchill after firing. 9news. com.
  46. ^ First amended complaint & jury demand. Ward Churchill v. University of Colorado (2007-07-25). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
  47. ^ Arthur Kane. "CU seeks dismissal of Churchill lawsuit", Denver Post, 2007-09-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris.  
  48. ^ Littwin, Mike. "Witch hunt apparently pays off at CU", Rocky Mountain News, 2006-05-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Retrieved on 2007-01-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  49. ^ Tom Mayer (2006-06-19). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. The Report On Ward Churchill. Swans Commentary. Retrieved on 2006-07-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to
  50. ^ Shapiro, Bruce. "Free Speech Fights", The Nation, 2005-03-07. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Retrieved on 2007-07-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently  
  51. ^ Pamela White. "Unfinished Business", Boulder Weekly, 2007-08-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus  
  52. ^ Christopher N. Osher. "Churchill part of bigger fight", Denver Post, 2007-05-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following  
  53. ^ Statements in support of Ward Churchill (2007-10-17). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost
  54. ^ Thomas Brown (2007). "Ward Churchill's Twelve Excuses for Plagiarism". Plagiary 2 (7): 1–12.  
  55. ^ a b Artnet News: Art Troubles for WTC "Little Eichmanns" Critic (3/15/05). Retrieved on 2007-07-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus
  56. ^ Ward Churchill copied 'original' art piece (2005-02-26). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed
  57. ^ Chohan, Raj (February 24, 2005). 'Original' Churchill Art Piece Creates Controversy (HTML). KCNC-TV (CBS Broadcasting). Retrieved on 2008-01-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.

External links


Persondata
NAME Churchill, Ward
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Political activist
DATE OF BIRTH October 2, 1947
PLACE OF BIRTH Elmwood, Illinois, USA
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Elmwood is a city in Peoria County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1945 at the 2000 census
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic