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 U.S. Soldiers boarding a CH-47 Chinook helicopter in Afghanistan during Operation Anaconda in the Shahi-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains southeast of Zormat. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Operation Anaconda is the code name for an operation in early March 2002 in which the United States military, along with allied Afghan military forces attempted to The Shah-i-Kot Valley (also Shahi-Kot Shah-e-Kot and other variant spellings is a Valley located in Afghanistan 's Paktia province southeast of the town |
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 United States[2] United Kingdom[2][3]  Thailand India Japan
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 al-Qaeda al Qaeda in Iraq Taliban Islamic Courts Union[7] Jemaah Islamiyah Abu Sayyaf[8] Moro Islamic Liberation Front[9] Muslim Brotherhood |
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| Commanders | |||||||
Tommy Franks Jock Stirrup Dan Halutz Peter van Uhm Gabre Heard |
Osama Bin Laden Mohammed Omar |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Military casualties ~27,700 dead ~51,600+ Injured More... |
Military casualties ~54,114 to 58,864+ dead More... |
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| Civilian casualties More than 217,000 civilians killed worldwide (exact number unclear, many accidental resulting from bombings. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Horn of Africa (alternatively Northeast Africa, and sometimes Somali Peninsula; shortened to HOA) is a Peninsula in East Africa The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Military/diplomatic campaigns The campaign War on Terrorism is taking place in the following theaters of operation The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Singapore The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Kingdom of Tonga is an Archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean comprising 169 islands 36 of them inhabited stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI is a group playing an active role in the Iraqi insurgency. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim History The JI was established as a loose confederation of several Islamic groups "Sword of God" redirects here For the 7th century Arab Muslim military commander known as the "Sword of God" see Khalid ibn al-Walid. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF) is a Muslim Separatist rebel group located in Southern Philippines. The Muslim Brothers ( Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwān al-muslimūn, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان General Tommy Ray Franks, United States Army (Ret KBE (Honorary (born June 17, 1945 in Wynnewood Oklahoma) is a retired Air Chief Marshal Sir Graham Eric Stirrup GCB, AFC, DSc, FRAeS FCMI RAF (born 4 December ( דן חלוץ) (born August 7[[ 948]] in Tel Aviv, Israel) is an Israeli Air Force Lt Peter van Uhm ( Nijmegen, 15 July 1955 is the current Commander-in-chief of the Military of the Netherlands. General Gabre Heard is the overall commander of all Ethiopian military forces in Somalia Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Mullah Mohammed Omar ( Pashto: ملا محمد عمر (born c War on Terrorism casualties: Casualties of United States and campaign allies Killed Military and para-military casualties only War on Terrorism casualties: Casualties of United States and campaign allies Killed Military and para-military casualties only War on Terrorism casualties: Casualties of United States and campaign allies Killed Military and para-military casualties only |
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The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the various religious, military, political, legal, educational, economical and personal actions initiated by the United States government, stated to be a response to the September 11, 2001 attacks. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The official objectives are to counter terrorist threats, prevent terrorist acts and curb the influence of terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The [1][10] Both the term and the policies it denotes have been a source of ongoing controversy, as critics argue it has been used to justify unilateral preemptive war, human rights abuses and other violations of international law. Preemptive war (or a preemptive strike) is waged in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived inevitable offensive or Invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards [11][12][13]
War on Terrorism
- See also: Terrorism and List of terrorist incidents
Terrorist organizations carried out attacks on the U. S. and its allies throughout the latter part of the 20th century, prompting occasional military responses. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Following the 1998 embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania,[14] United States President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets associated with al-Qaeda. In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The August 1998 bombings of Afghanistan and Sudan ( Code-named Operation Infinite Reach by the United States) were American Cruise missile Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The [15][16] These targets included a civilian pharmaceutical plant in Sudan that produced 90% of the region's malaria drugs. In October of 2000 the USS Cole bombing occurred,[17] followed by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The USS Cole bombing was a Suicide bombing attack against the U [18] The latter attacks created an immediate demand throughout the United States for a decisive response. It has, however, been argued that the "decisive response" has caused still more deaths through the killing of civilians. The Bush administration's use of the War on Terrorism to justify the invasion of Iraq has been particularly controversial, as the link asserted between al-Qaeda and Saddam Hussein was subsequently dismissed by every investigative body to study the issue. Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations were made by some U [19]
In 2001 the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1373 which obliges all States to criminalize assistance for terrorist activities, deny financial support and safe haven to terrorists and share information about groups planning terrorist attacks. In 2005 the Security Council also adopted resolution 1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws[20]. Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter terrorism activities by adopting nations the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
Historical usage of phrase
The phrase "War on Terrorism" was first widely used by the Western press to refer to the attempts by Russian and European governments, and eventually the U. News is any new information or information on Current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or Word of mouth S. government, to stop attacks by anarchists against international political leaders. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i (See, for example, New York Times, April 2, 1881. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ) Many of the anarchists described themselves as "terrorists," and the term had a positive valence for them at the time. When Russian Marxist Vera Zasulich shot and wounded a Russian police commander who was known to torture suspects on 24 January 1878, for example, she threw down her weapon without killing him, announcing, "I am a terrorist, not a killer. Vera Ivanovna Zasulich ( Вера Ивановна Засулич) ( &mdash May 8, 1919) was a Russian Marxist writer and revolutionary Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common "[21]
The next time the phrase gained currency was when it was used to describe the efforts by the British colonial government to end a spate of Jewish attacks in the British Mandate of Palestine in the late 1940s. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement The British proclaimed a "War on Terrorism" and attempted to crack down on Irgun, Lehi, and anyone perceived to be cooperating with them. Irgun (ארגון shorthand for HaIrgun HaTzva'i HaLe'umi BeEretz Yisra'el, he הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל "National Military Organization Lehi ('lɛxi Hebrew acronym for Lohamei Herut Israel, "Fighters for the Freedom of Israel" לח"י - לוחמי חירות The Jewish attacks, Arab attacks and revolts, and the subsequent British crackdown hastened the British evacuation from Palestine. The phrase was also used frequently by U. S. President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s. [22]
On September 20th, 2001, during an address to a joint session of congress and the American people, President George W. Bush formally declared war on terror when he said, "Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated. "
Operative definition in U. S. foreign policy
The United States has defined terrorism under the Federal Criminal Code. Chapter 113B of Part I of Title 18 of the Code defines terrorism and lists the crimes associated with it. [23] In Section 2331 of Chapter 113b, terrorism is defined as:
- ". . . activities that involve violent. . . <or life-threatening acts>. . . that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State and. . . appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and . . . <if domestic>. . . (C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States. . . <if international>. . . (C) occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States. . . "
With respect to defining his policy known as the War on Terror, President Bush has stated that:
- ". . . today's war on terror is like the Cold War. It is an ideological struggle with an enemy that despises freedom and pursues totalitarian aims. . . . I vowed then that I would use all assets of our power of Shock and Awe to win the war on terror. And so I said we were going to stay on the offense two ways: one, hunt down the enemy and bring them to justice, and take threats seriously; and two, spread freedom. "[24]
British objections to the phrase "war on terrorism"
The Director of Public Prosecutions and head of the Crown Prosecution Service in the UK, Ken McDonald — Britain's most senior criminal prosecutor — has stated that those responsible for acts of terror such as the 7 July 2005 London bombings are not "soldiers" in a war, but "inadequates" who should be dealt with by the criminal justice system. The Director of Public Prosecutions is the officer charged with the prosecution of criminal offences in several Criminal jurisdictions around the world The Crown Prosecution Service, or CPS, is a non-ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom responsible for public Prosecutions The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Sir Kenneth Donald John Macdonald, QC (born 4 January 1953) is Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP of England and Wales. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring He added that a "culture of legislative restraint" was needed in passing anti-terrorism laws, and that a "primary purpose" of the violent attacks was to tempt countries such as Britain to "abandon our values. " He stated that in the eyes of the UK criminal justice system, the response to terrorism had to be "proportionate, and grounded in due process and the rule of law":
- "London is not a battlefield. Proportionality is a principle in law which although related covers two distinct concepts London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Those innocents who were murdered. . . were not victims of war. And the men who killed them were not, as in their vanity they claimed on their ludicrous videos, 'soldiers'. They were deluded, narcissistic inadequates. They were criminals. They were fantasists. Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting We need to be very clear about this. On the streets of London there is no such thing as a war on terror. The fight against terrorism on the streets of Britain is not a war. It is the prevention of crime, the enforcement of our laws, and the winning of justice for those damaged by their infringement. "[25]
Stated U. S objectives and strategies
The Bush Administration has defined the following objectives in the War on Terrorism: [26]
- Defeat terrorists and their organizations.
- Identify, locate and destroy terrorists along with their organizations.
- Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists.
- End the state sponsorship of terrorism.
- Establish and maintain an international standard of accountability with regard to combating terrorism.
- Strengthen and sustain the international effort to fight terrorism.
- Working with willing and able states.
- Enabling weak states.
- Persuading reluctant states.
- Compelling unwilling states.
- Interdict and disrupt material support for terrorists.
- Eliminate terrorist sanctuaries and havens.
- Diminishing the underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit.
- Partner with the international community to strengthen weak states and prevent (re)emergence of terrorism.
- Win the war of ideals.
- Defend U. S. citizens and interests at home and abroad.
- Implement the Nation Strategy for Homeland Security.
- Attain domain awareness.
- Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical physical and information-based infrastructures at home and abroad.
- Integrate measures to protect U. S. citizens abroad.
- Ensure an integrated incident management capability.
Timeline
Campaigns and theaters of operation
Africa
Horn of Africa
This extension of Operation Enduring Freedom, titled OEF-HOA, was initiated in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. Timeline of the War on Terrorism: 2001 September 11 - September 11 2001 attacks in New York City, Washington Military/diplomatic campaigns The campaign War on Terrorism is taking place in the following theaters of operation Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA is the name of the Military operation defined by the United States for combating Terrorism in The War in Somalia is an ongoing armed conflict involving largely Ethiopian and Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG forces versus the Somali The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a specific terrorist organization as a target. Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF is the official name used by the U OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect terrorist activities in the region and to work with host nations to prevent the reemergence of terrorist cells and activities.
In October 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was established in Djibouti at Camp Le Monier. Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Camp Lemonier (or Camp Le Monier) is a United States Navy base specifically a Forward Operating Site, situated in Djibouti and is home It contains approximately 2,000 personnel including U. S. military and Special Operations Forces (SOF) and coalition force members, Coalition Task Force 150 (CTF-150). The coalition force members consist of ships from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, New Zealand, Spain and the United Kingdom. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region and areas of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign [27] Included in the operation is the training of selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency tactics. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include rebuilding of schools and medical clinics as well as providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained. The program expands as part of the Trans-Saharan Counter Terrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in training the forces of Chad, Niger, Mauritania and Mali. Chad (Tchad تشاد Tshād) officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a Landlocked country in Central Africa. Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Mauritania (موريتانيا Mūrītāniyā officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. [27] However, the War on Terror does not include Sudan, where over 400,000 have died due to state-sponsored terrorism. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. [28]
On July 1, 2006, a Web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic state in the country and warned western states that his al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The [29]
Somalia has been considered a "failed state" because its official central government was weak, dominated by warlords and unable to exert effective control over the country. Beginning in mid-2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamist faction campaigning on a restoration of "law and order" through Sharia Law, had rapidly taken control of much of southern Somalia. The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. On December 14, 2006, the U. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. S. Assistant Secretary of State Jendayi Frazer claimed al-Qaeda cell operatives were controlling the Islamic Courts Union, a claim denied by the ICU. Jendayi Elizabeth Frazer is the US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, heading the Bureau of African Affairs. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The [30]
By late 2006, the UN-backed Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia had seen its power effectively limited to Baidoa, while the Islamic Courts Union controlled the majority of Southern Somalia, including the capital of Mogadishu. The Transitional Federal Government (TFG of the Somali Republic ( Dowladda federaalka kumeelgaarka) is the present internationally recognized government of Somalia Baidoa ( Baydhabo) is a city in south-central Somalia, situated 256 kilometers (159 miles by road northwest of the capital Mogadishu. The Islamic Courts Union ( ICU, Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga Arabic: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū On December 20, the Islamic Courts Union launched an offensive on the government stronghold of Baidoa, and saw early gains before Ethiopia intervened in favor of the government. The Battle of Baidoa began on December 20, 2006 when the Somali Transitional Federal Government 's forces (TFG allied with Ethiopian forces stationed NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page By December 26, the Islamic Courts Union went into a "tactical retreat" towards Mogadishu, before again retreating as TFG/Ethiopian troops neared, leading them to take Mogadishu with no resistance. Mogadishu ( Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar, Hamar; مقديشو Maqadīshū The Fall of Mogadishu occurred on December 28, 2006, when the militaries of Somalia 's Transitional Federal Government The ICU then fled to Kismayo, where they are currently fighting Ethiopian/TFG forces in the Battle of Jilib. The Battle of Jilib was a battle in the 2006 Somali War fought by the Islamic Courts Union (ICU and affiliated militias against Ethiopian and The Prime Minister of Somalia claims that 3 terror suspects from the 1998 Embassy Bombings are being sheltered in Kismayo. In the 1998 US Embassy bombings ( August 7, 1998) hundreds of people were killed in simultaneous Car bomb explosions at the United States [11] On 30 December 2006, al-Qaeda deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri called upon Muslims worldwide to fight against Ethiopia and the TFG in Somalia. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [31]
On January 8, 2007, the U. S. launched a strike in Somalia against the suspects using AC-130 gunships. The Battle of Ras Kamboni was a battle in the 2006-2007 Somali War fought by the Islamic Courts Union (ICU and affiliated militias against Ethiopian The Lockheed AC-130 Gunship is a heavily-armed ground attack airplane [12]
Europe
Beginning in October 2001, Operation Active Endeavour is a naval operation of NATO started in response to the 9/11 attacks. Operation Active Endeavour is a naval operation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It operates in the Mediterranean Sea and is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general. A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e Shipping is physical process of Transporting goods and Cargo. The operation has also assisted Greece with the prevention of illegal immigration. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country
Middle East
Iraq
Iraq had been listed as a State Sponsor of Terror by the United States since 1990,[32] and maintained poor relations with the United States since the Gulf War. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. "State Sponsors of Terrorism" is a designation applied by the United States Department of State to nations who are designated by the Secretary of State "to Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Tensions were high throughout the 1990s, with the United States launching Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet demands of "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The December 1998 bombing of Iraq (code-named Operation Desert Fox) was a major four-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets from December 16 - December 19 [33] After the September 11 attacks, the U. S. government claimed that Iraq was a threat to the United States because Iraq could begin to use its alleged Weapons of Mass Destruction to aid terrorist groups.
The George W. Bush administration called for the United Nations Security Council to send weapons inspectors to Iraq to find and destroy alleged weapons of mass destruction and for a UNSC resolution. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. [34][35] UNSC Resolution 1441 was passed unanimously, which offered Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" or face "serious consequences. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 is a resolution by the UN Security Council, passed unanimously on November 8, 2002 " Resolution 1441 did not authorize the use of force by member states, thus Resolution 1441 had no effect on the UN Charter's prohibition on the use of force by member states against fellow member states. The United Nations Charter is the Treaty that forms and establishes the International organization called the United Nations. Saddam Hussein subsequently allowed UN inspectors to access Iraqi sites, while the U. S. government continued to assert that Iraq was being obstructionist. [13] In October 2002, the United States Congress authorized the president to use force if necessary to disarm Iraq in order to "prosecute the war on terrorism. "[36] After failing to overcome opposition from France, Russia, and China against a UNSC resolution that would sanction the use of force against Iraq, and before the UN weapons inspectors had completed their inspections which were deemed to be fruitless by the U. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National S. because of Iraq's alleged deception, the United States assembled a "Coalition of the Willing" composed of nations who pledged support for a war against Iraq. The term coalition of the willing is a post-1990 political phrase used to describe military or military/humanitarian interventions for which the United Nations Security Council On March 20th, 2003, the invasion of Iraq was launched in what the Bush Administration said were the "serious consequences" spoken of in UNSC Resolution 1441. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia
Saddam Hussein's regime was quickly toppled and on May 1, 2003, George W. Bush stated major combat operations in Iraq had ended and claimed victory against it. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. [14] But the war continued on as an insurgency against the U. The Iraqi insurgency is composed of diverse mix of militias foreign fighters all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the US-led Coalition in Iraq S. -led coalition forces and the Iraqi police units and governing structures they installed. Elements of the insurgency are led by Sunni loyalists, who are Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists. Some insurgency leaders Islamists and see themselves as fighting a religious war to liberate Iraq of foreign non-Muslim occupiers and their Iraqi collaborators. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only [15]
Lebanon
In July 2006, following the killing of three Israeli soldiers and the taking prisoner of two more by Hezbollah, Israel invaded southern Lebanon, intent on the destruction of Hezbollah. Background See also Israel-Lebanon conflict The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO had engaged in cross-border attacks from Southern Lebanon Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The conflict lasted over a month and caused the deaths of between 845[37] and 1300[38] Lebanese and 163 Israelis (119 military and 44 civilian) and wounding thousands more Israelis and Lebanese. [39] Both the Lebanese government (including Hezbollah) and the Israeli government have agreed to the terms of the ceasefire agreement created by the United Nations that began at 0500 on August 14, 2006. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 is a resolution intended to resolve the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. While the conflict is associated with the longer running Arab-Israeli conflict, prior to the declaration of the ceasefire, Israel stated it was fighting a war against terror,[40] the U. S. government stated the conflict was also a front in the "War on Terror"[41] and President Bush reiterated it in a speech the day the ceasefire came into effect. [42]
In 2007 a conflict began in northern Lebanon after fighting broke out between Fatah al-Islam, an Islamist militant organization, and the Lebanese Armed Forces on May 20, 2007 in Nahr al-Bared, a Palestinian refugee camp near Tripoli. The 2007 Lebanon conflict began when fighting broke out between Fatah al-Islam, an Islamist militant organization, and the Lebanese Armed Forces Fatah al-Islam ( Arabic: فتح الإسلام, English: Conquest of Islam) is a radical Sunni Islamist group that Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international The Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF' ( Arabic: القوات المسلحة اللبنانية al-Quwa'at al-Musalha al-Lubna'ani Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Nahr al-Bared ( literally Cold River is a Palestinian Refugee camp in northern Lebanon, 16 km from the city Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Palestinian Refugee camps were established after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War to accommodate Palestinian refugees who fled from the war Tripoli ( Lebanese Arabic: طرابلس Ṭrāblos or Ṭrēblos locally Ṭrōbles Standard Arabic: Ṭarābulus Τρίπολις Tripolis is the second-largest The conflict evolved mostly around the Siege of Nahr el-Bared, but minor clashes had also occurred in the Ain al-Hilweh refugee camp in southern Lebanon and several terrorist bombings took place in and around Lebanon's capital Beirut. Ain al-Hilweh (variously Ayn al-Hilweh Ein al-Hilweh etc the literal meaning is "sweet spring " (عين الحلوة is the largest Palestinian Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 The terrorist group has been described as a militant jihadist[43] movement that draws inspiration from al-Qaeda. A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The [43] The U. S. provided military aid to Lebanon during the conflict.
In May 2008, Lebanon's 17-month long political crisis spiralled out of control. MAY ( also known as: Mei メイ 메이 is a Korean singer well known in South Korea for singing the song "Miracle" 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The 2006–2008 Lebanese political protests were a series of protests and Sit-ins that began on 1 December, 2006, led by groups in Lebanon that The unrest saw fighters from Shi'a movements Hezbollah and Amal opposing pro-government gunmen, including fighters loyal to the Sunni Future Movement Party, in several areas of the capital. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation For other uses of Amal see the disambiguation page. Amal Movement ( Arabic: abbreviation of أفواج المقاومة اللبنانية transliterated Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Future Movement ( Arabic: تيار المستقبل Tayyar Al Mustaqbal) (FM is a Lebanese Political movement in Lebanon, led by The government was U. S. -backed while the Shiite militants were armed and financed by Syria and Iran. The fighting led to the fall of Beirut and the eastern Aley area to opposition forces.
Saudi Arabia
The resistance against Saudi government was started since the bombing in Riyadh on 12 May 2003 by al-Qaeda terrorists. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Riyadh ( الرياض Ar-Riyāḍ) is the Capital of Saudi Arabia and its largest city Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The attacks are targeting the Saudi security forces, the foreign workers, and tourists (mostly Western).
Gaza Strip/ West Bank
The Fatah-Hamas conflict began in 2006 and has continued, in one form or another, into the middle of 2007. Fatah (فتح literally opening, is a reverse Acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (حركة التحرير Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The conflict is between the two main Palestinian factions, Fatah and Hamas, with each vying to assume political control of the Palestinian Territories. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called The majority of the fighting is occurring in the Gaza Strip, which was taken over by Hamas in June 2007. The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Fatah is United States backed and, although it won the first free and democratic elections held in the Palestinian territories, Hamas is considered a terrorist organization by the United States, United Nations and the European Union. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Many organizations that are accused of being a terrorist organization deny using Terrorism as a Military tactic to achieve their goals and there is no international The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Central Asia/South Asia
India
India has had to deal with a slow but steady rise in Islamist terrorism over the course of the 1990s and the 21st century. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was a high-profile attack by Kashmiri militants against the building housing the Parliament of India in New Delhi Terrorism in India can be attributed to many low intensity conflict within its borders Violence in Kashmir has existed in various forms mainly in Jammu and Kashmir, the Indian side of the disputed territory Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) The recent rise in prominence of several terror groups, such as Lashkar-e-Toiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Hizbul Mujahideen and others in Kashmir has created grave problems for the country. Lashkar-e-Taiba ( Urdu: لشكرِ طيبه laškar-ĕ ṯaiyyiba, literally Army of the Pure, also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba Jaish-e-Mohammed ( Urdu: جيش محمد, literally The Army of Mohammad, transliterated as Jaish-e-Muhammed, Jaish-e-Mohammad or Hizbul Mujahideen ( حزب المجاھدین) (literally Party of Freedom Fighters) is a group of Kashmiri militants based in Pakistan and Pakistan administered This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Major terrorist incidents in India include the 1993 Mumbai bombings, as well as Terrorism in Kashmir such as Wandhama massacre, Kaluchak massacre, Chittisinghpura massacre and others. The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of thirteen bomb explosions that took place in Bombay (now Mumbai) India on March 12, 1993 Violence in Kashmir has existed in various forms mainly in Jammu and Kashmir, the Indian side of the disputed territory Wandhama massacre refers to the murder of Kashmiri Hindus in the town of Wandhama on January 1998. The Kaluchak Massacre refers to an incident on May 14 2002 near the town of Kaluchak in the Indian state of Jammu when three terrorists attacked a tourist The Chittisinghpura massacre refers to the shooting to death of 35 Sikhs by the Islamic Fundamentalist militant group Lashkar-e-Toiba on March Terrorist attacks in the rest of the country include the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, Akshardham Temple attack, 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings, 2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack in Ayodhya, 2005 Jaunpur train bombing, 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings, 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings, 2006 Malegaon blasts, 2006 Varanasi bombings, and the 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was a high-profile attack by Kashmiri militants against the building housing the Parliament of India in New Delhi The Akshardham Temple attack or Akshardham Temple siege occurred on September 25 2002 when two heavily armed Muslim terrorists arrived at the Akshardham The 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings occurred on October 29, 2005 in Delhi, India, killing 62 people and injuring at least On July 5 2005, five suspected Islamist Terrorists ref name="article3"> Terrorists storm Ayodhya complex attacked the site of the The Jaunpur train bombing occurred on July 28 2005, when an explosion destroyed a carriage of an express train near the town of Jaunpur in Uttar Pradesh The 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings occurred on October 29, 2005 in Delhi, India, killing 62 people and injuring at least The 2006 Malegaon bombings were a series of bomb blasts that took place on 8 September 2006 in Malegaon, a town in the Nashik district of The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi in India on 7 March 2006 The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings were an alleged terrorist attack that occurred around midnight on 18 February 2007 on the Samjhauta Express, a twice-weekly train
The international terrorist netowork al-Qaeda also lends ideological and financial support to terrorism in Kashmir, with Osama bin Laden constantly demanding that jihad be waged against India. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [16] and Islamic Fundamentalist propaganda groups disseminating propaganda in many countries against India with rhetoric like "idol worshippers and Hindus" who "occupy Kashmir"[17]
The Indian Government and Military of India have taken numerous counter-terrorist measures to combat rising terrorism in the country[18][19]. Islamic fundamentalism Arabic: usul (from usul the "fundamentals"] is a term used to describe religious ideologies seen as advocating a return to the A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Organization and command structure The headquarters of the Indian Armed Forces is in New Delhi, the capital city. Some of these measures stand criticized by Human rights groups as being too draconian, particularly in Kashmir. Similar allegations are levelled on the militants as well [20]. In the aftermath of the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, massive troop buildups occurred in the Kashmir region by both India and Pakistan and fire was exchanged. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was a high-profile attack by Kashmiri militants against the building housing the Parliament of India in New Delhi This incident is called the 2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff. On January 12, 2002, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf gave a speech intended to reduce tensions with India. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of He declared the Pakisan would combat extremism on its own soil, but said that Pakistan had a right to Kashmir. [44] Indian leaders reacted with skepticism. Minister of State for External Affairs Omar Abdullah said that the speech was nothing new, and others said that it would 'not make any change in the Indian stand'. [45] Still, tensions eased somewhat. The Indian President told his generals that there’d be no attack “for now. ”[46]
Afghanistan
In October 2001, in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, NATO invaded Afghanistan to remove al-Qaeda forces and oust the Taliban regime which had control of the country. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The North Atlantic Treaty Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately On September 20, 2001 George W. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban regime to turn over Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda leaders operating in the country. [47] The Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden's link to the September 11 attacks and, if such evidence warranted a trial, they offered to handle such a trial in an Islamic Court. [48] On October 7, 2001 the official invasion began with British and American forces conducting aerial bombing campaigns. [49]
Pakistan
The Saudi born Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was arrested by Pakistani officials during a series of joint U. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Abu Zubaydah (born 12 March 1971 as Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn (ابو زبيدة was according to American authorities a high-ranking member of Al-Qaida S. and Pakistan raids during the week of March 23, 2002. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. During the raid the suspect was shot three times while trying to escape capture by military personnel. Zubaydah is said to be a high-ranking al-Qaeda official with the title of operations chief and in charge of running al-Qaeda training camps. [21] Later that year on September 14, 2002, Ramzi Binalshibh was arrested in Pakistan after a three-hour gunfight with police forces. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Ramzi Binalshibh (رمزي بن الشيبة of which Binalshibh is an erroneous latinization also erroneous is the transliterated version of Ramzi bin al-Shibh Binalshibh is known to have shared a room with Mohammad Atta in Hamburg, Germany and to be a financial backer of al-Qaeda operations. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It is said Binalshibh was supposed to be another hijacker, however the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services rejected his visa application three times, leaving him to the role of financier. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS is a bureau in the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS The trail of money transferred by Binalshibh from Germany to the United States links both Mohammad Atta and Zacarias Moussaoui. Zacarias Moussaoui ( Arabic: زكريا موسوي; born May 30 1968 is a French citizen who was convicted of conspiring to kill citizens [22]
On March 1, 2003, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed was arrested during CIA-led raids on the suburb of Rawalpindi, nine miles outside of the Pakistani capital of Islamabad. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ( خالد شيخ محمد; also transliterated as Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, and additionally known by at least fifty aliases near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all ( Urdu: Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad, in the province |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Mohammed at the time of his capture was the third highest ranking official in al-Qaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for the September 11 attacks. Escaping capture the week before during a previous raid, the Pakistani government was able to use information gathered from other suspects captured to locate and detain Mohammed. Mohammed was indicted in 1996 by the United States government for links to the Oplan Bojinka, a plot to bomb a series of U. The Bojinka Plot ( Arabic: بجنكة Tagalog: Planong Bojinka was a planned large-scale terrorist attack by Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed S. civilian airliners. Other events Mohammed has been linked to include: ordering the killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl, the USS Cole bombing, Richard Reid's attempt to blow up a civilian airliner with a shoe bomb, and the terrorist attack at the El Ghriba synagogue in Djerba, Tunisia. Daniel Pearl ( October 10, 1963 – February 1, 2002) was an American Journalist who was kidnapped and murdered in The USS Cole bombing was a Suicide bombing attack against the U Background A British citizen born in Bromley, South London and educated at Thomas Tallis School in Kidbrooke, London The Ghriba synagogue bombing was a deadly bombing carried out in Tunisia by the Al-Qaeda terrorist group on the El Ghriba synagogue. Djerba (also transliterated as Jerba, Jarbah or Girba جربة is with its 514 km² the largest Island off North Africa Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Khalid Shaikh Mohammed has described himself as the head of the al-Qaeda military committee[23].
Amidst all this, in 2006, Pakistan was accused by NATO commanding officers of aiding and abetting the Taliban in Afghanistan;[50] but NATO later admitted that there was no known evidence against the ISI or Pakistani government of sponsoring terrorism. [51] However in 2007, allegations of ISI secretly making bounty payments up to CDN$ 1,900 (Pakistani rupees. The rupee ( sign: ₨; code: PKR) is the Currency of Pakistan. 1 lakh) for each NATO personnel killed surfaced. A lakh (also written lac, and lackh in an Indian english language news source India PR Wire 8 Oct '08 is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to [52] The Afghan government also accuses the ISI of providing help to militants including protection to the recently killed Mullah Dadullah, Taliban's senior military commander, a charge denied by the Pakistani government. [53] India, meanwhile continues to accuse Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence of planning several terrorist attacks in Kashmir and elsewhere in the Indian repubic, including the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings, which Pakistan attributes it to "homegrown" insurgencies. History After independence in 1947 two new intelligence agencies were created in Pakistan called the Intelligence Bureau (IB and Military Intelligence [54] Many other countries like Afghanistan and the UK have also accused Pakistan of State-sponsored terrorism and financing terrorism. The definitions of state-sponsored terrorism, Terrorism, and State terrorism are controversial Terrorist financing is a topic that shot into the limelight after the events of September 11 2001. The upswing in American military activity in Pakistan and neighboring Afghanistan corresponded with a drastic increase in American military aid to the Pakistan government. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, In the three years before the attacks of September 11, Pakistan received approximately $9 million in American military aid. In the three years after, the number increased to $4. 2 billion, making it the country with the maximum funding post 9/11. [55]. Such a huge inflow of funds has raised concerns that these funds were given without any accountability, as the end uses not being documented, and that large portions were used to suppress civilians' human rights and to purchase weapons to contain domestic problems like the Balochistan unrest. Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان [56][57]
Waziristan
In 2004 the Pakistani Army launched a campaign in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan's Waziristan region, sending in 80,000 troops. The War in North-West Pakistan is an armed conflict between the Pakistani Army and Islamist militants made up by local tribesmen the Taliban and foreign extremists The Pakistan Army ( Urdu:) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders the security of administered The Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA) in Pakistan are areas outside the four provinces bordering Afghanistan, comprising a region Waziristan ( Pashto: وزیرستان "land of the Wazir " is a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan The goal of the conflict was to remove the al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the region. After the fall of the Taliban regime many members of the Taliban resistance fled to the Northern border region of Afghanistan and Pakistan where the Pakistani army had previously little control. With the logistics and air support of the United States, the Pakistani Army captured or killed numerous al-Qaeda operatives such as Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, wanted for his involvement in the USS Cole bombing, Oplan Bojinka plot and the killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed ( خالد شيخ محمد; also transliterated as Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, and additionally known by at least fifty aliases The Bojinka Plot ( Arabic: بجنكة Tagalog: Planong Bojinka was a planned large-scale terrorist attack by Ramzi Yousef and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed Daniel Pearl ( October 10, 1963 – February 1, 2002) was an American Journalist who was kidnapped and murdered in However, the Taliban resistance still operates in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas under the control of Haji Omar. Haji Omar (حاجی عمر is the amir (leader of an Islamic political organization [58]
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
In 2002 and again in 2005, the Indonesian island of Bali has been struck by suicide and car bombings that killed over 200 people and injured over 300. The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The 2004 Australian embassy bombing took place on September 9, 2004 in Jakarta, Indonesia. The 2005 Bali bombings were a series of Terrorist Suicide bomb attacks that occurred on October 1, 2005, in Bali, Indonesia Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to The 2002 attack consisted of a bomb hidden in a backpack exploding inside of "Padds's Bar," a remote controlled car bomb exploding in front of the "Sari Club" and a third explosion in front of the American consulate in Bali. The 2005 attack consisted of 2 suicide bombings, the first near a food court in Jimbaran, the second in the main square of Kuta. Jimbaran is a fishing village and tourist resort in Bali, Indonesia. Kuta is a town in southern Bali, Indonesia. A former fishing village it was one of the first towns on Bali to see substantial Tourist development and The group Jemaah Islamiyah is suspected by Indonesian authorities of carrying out both attacks.
On September 9, 2004, a car bomb exploded outside of the Australian embassy in Jakarta, killing 10 Indonesians and injuring over 140 others; despite conflicting initial reports there were no Australian casualties. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. [59] Foreign Minister Alexander Downer reported that a mobile phone text message was sent to Indonesian authorities before the bombing warning of attacks if Abu Bakar Bashir was not released from prison. Alexander John Gosse Downer (born 9 September 1951 is an Australian Liberal politician who was Foreign Minister of Australia from March 1996 to December Text messaging, or texting is the common term for the sending of "short" (160 characters or fewer including spaces text messages from Mobile phones Abu Bakar Bashir (also Abubakar Ba'asyir, Abdus Somad, and Ustad Abu ("Teacher Abu" born August 17 1938 is an Indonesian Muslim [60] Abu Bakar Ba'asyir was imprisoned on charged of treason for his support of the 2002 and 2005 Bali bombings. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. [61] Currently Jemaah Islamiyah is suspected of carrying out the attacks and Noordin Mohammed Top is a prime suspect. Top is a bomb maker and explosions expert for Jemaah Islamiyah. [62]
Philippines
In January 2002 the United States Special Operations Command, Pacific deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorism. Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines (OEF-P is part of Operation Enduring Freedom and the U The United States Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM or SOCOM) is the Unified Combatant Command charged with overseeing the various Special Operations The Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP) ( Filipino: Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas) is composed of the Philippine Army, Philippine The operations were mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the island of Basilan. "Sword of God" redirects here For the 7th century Arab Muslim military commander known as the "Sword of God" see Khalid ibn al-Walid. History The JI was established as a loose confederation of several Islamic groups Basilan (Officially Province of Basilan; Fil - Lalawigan ng Basilan Span The United States military has reported that they have removed over 80% of the Abu Sayyaf Group members from the region. The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called "Operation Smiles. " The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan to prevent the ability for members of the terrorist groups to reestablish themselves.
North America
United States of America
- Further information: Detentions following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack
A $40 billion emergency spending bill was passed by the United States Congress, and an additional $20 billion bail-out of the airline industry was also passed. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses
The Justice Department launched a Special Registration procedure for certain male non-citizens in the U. The National Security Entry-Exit Registration System (NSEERS INS Special Registration) is a system for registration of certain non-citizens within the United States S. , requiring them to register in person at offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
Several laws were passed to increase the investigative powers of law enforcement agencies in the United States, notably the USA PATRIOT Act. The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a controversial Act of Congress that U Many civil liberties groups have alleged that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. Constitutionality is the status of a law, a procedure or an act's accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable Constitution. The Fourth Amendment' ( Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is a part of the Bill of Rights. On July 30th, 2003, the ACLU filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's 1st Amendment rights, 4th Amendment Rights, and right to due process, by having the ability to search business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation - without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a controversial Act of Congress that U [24] Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.
In a speech on June 9, 2005, Bush said that the USA PATRIOT Act had been used to bring charges against more than 400 suspects, more than half of whom had been convicted. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Meanwhile the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) quoted Justice Department figures showing that 7,000 people have complained of abuse of the Act. The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU) consists of two separate Non-profit organizations the ACLU Foundation a 501(c(3 organization which focuses The ACLU also maintains that many others do not know they have been subjected to a search because the law requires that searches be kept secret.
DARPA began an initiative in early 2002 with the creation of the Total Information Awareness program, designed to promote information technologies that could be used in counterterrorism. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new Technology This program, facing criticism, has since been defunded by Congress.
Various government bureaucracies which handled security and military functions were reorganized. Most notably, the Department of Homeland Security was created to coordinate "homeland security" efforts in the largest reorganization of the U. S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense. The Office of Strategic Influence was secretly created after 9/11 for the purpose of coordinating propaganda efforts, but was closed soon after being discovered. The Office of Strategic Influence, or OSI, was a department created by the United States Department of Defense on October 30, 2001, to support The Bush administration implemented the Continuity of Operations Plan (or Continuity of Government) to ensure that U. Continuity of Operations Plan refers to the preparations and institutions maintained by the United States government, providing survival of Government S. government would be able to continue in catastrophic circumstances.
Recently the House of Representatives passed a bill enacting many of the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission, something the Democrats campaigned on as part of their "100 hour plan. " The bill passed in the House 299-128 and is currently still being considered in the U. S. Senate. So far funding has not been appropriated for the enactments. [25]
International military support
The first wave of attacks were carried out solely by American and British forces. Several nations took on both the Taliban and terrorists during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan during initial combat operations starting in October 2001 in the In January 2006 NATO ’s focus in southern Afghanistan was to form Provincial Reconstruction Teams with the British leading in Helmand Province and the The NATO -led International Security Assistance Force now has the lead for all combat (such as fighting the resurgent Taliban in the south and reconstruction operations (often Since the initial invasion period, these forces were augmented by troops and aircraft from Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand and Norway amongst others. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional In 2006, there were about 33,000 troops in Afghanistan.
On September 12, 2001, less than 24 hours after the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, NATO invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty and declared the attacks to be an attack against all 19 NATO member countries. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The City of New York Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The North Atlantic Treaty The North Atlantic Treaty is the Treaty that brought NATO into existence signed in Washington DC on April 4, 1949. Australian Prime Minister John Howard also declared that Australia would invoke the ANZUS Treaty along similar lines. See also Howard Government John Winston Howard AC (born 26 July 1939 was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March The Australia New Zealand United States Security Treaty ( ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the Military alliance which binds Australia and
In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On November 22, 2002, the member states of the EAPC decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism which explicitly states that "EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council ( EAPC) a NATO institution is a multilateral forum created to improve relations between NATO and non-NATO countries in "[63] NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour. A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e Shipping is physical process of Transporting goods and Cargo. Operation Active Endeavour is a naval operation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
The invasion of Afghanistan is seen as the first action of this war, and initially involved forces from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Afghan Northern Alliance. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ( UIF, Jabha-yi Muttahid-i Islami-yi Milli bara-yi Nijat-i Afghanistan) also known as the Northern
Support for the United States cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the "coalition of the willing" countries that unconditionally supported the U. The term coalition of the willing is a post-1990 political phrase used to describe military or military/humanitarian interventions for which the United Nations Security Council S. -led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighbouring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Pakistan was also engaged in the Waziristan War. The War in North-West Pakistan is an armed conflict between the Pakistani Army and Islamist militants made up by local tribesmen the Taliban and foreign extremists Supported by U. S. intelligence, Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas. [64]
The International Security Assistance Force
December 2001 saw the creation of the NATO led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to assist the Afghan Transitional Administration and the first post-Taliban elected government. International Security Assistance Force (10 ( ISAF) is a NATO -led security and development mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations International Security Assistance Force (10 ( ISAF) is a NATO -led security and development mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations See also Civil war in Afghanistan This article on the History of Afghanistan since 1992 covers the time period from the fall of the Najibullah government in 1992 With a renewed Taliban insurgency, it was announced in 2006 that ISAF would replace the U. S troops in the province as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The British 16th Air Assault Brigade (latter reinforced by Royal Marines) formed the core of the force in Southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The Royal Marines ( RM) are the marine corps and amphibious Infantry of the United Kingdom and along with the Royal Navy The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia, along with special forces from Denmark and Estonia (and small contingents from other nations). Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region [65][66][67][68]
Criticisms of U. S. objectives and strategies
The War on Terrorism as indefinite and indeterminate
Policy experts have criticized the “War on Terrorism” as an irresponsible metaphor, arguing that “war” must by definition be waged against nations—not against broad and controversial categories of activity such as “terrorism. See also War on Terrorism Criticism of the War on Terrorism (also named the War on Terror) addresses the issues morals Ethics, efficiency economics Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects ” Cognitive linguist George Lakoff writes:
- "Literal—not metaphorical—wars are conducted against armies of other nations. In Linguistics and Cognitive science, cognitive linguistics (CL refers to the school of linguistics that understands language creation learning and usage "Lakoff" and "Professor Lakoff" redirect here They end when the armies are defeated militarily and a peace treaty is signed. Terror is an emotional state. It is in us. It is not an army. And you can’t defeat it militarily and you can’t sign a peace treaty with it. "[69]
Dr. David Kilcullen, a counterinsurgency and counterterrorism advisor to Gen. David Petraeus and U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, has asserted that:
- "We must distinguish Al Qa'eda and the broader militant movements it symbolises – entities that use terrorism – from the tactic of terrorism itself. David Kilcullen, PhD (born 1967 is a leading contemporary practitioner and theorist of Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism. See also Insurgency In the context of an occupation or a Civil war, counter-insurgency (abbreviated COIN is a military term for the combat Counter-terrorism or counterterrorism refers to the practices tactics, techniques and strategies that Governments militaries, Police departments General David Howell Petraeus, USA (born November 7 1952) is scheduled to become the next Commander U The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The In practice, as will be demonstrated, the 'War on Terrorism' is a defensive war against a world-wide Islamist jihad, a diverse confederation of movements that uses terrorism as its principal, but not its sole tactic. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. A tactic is a conceptual action used by a military unit of no larger than a division to implement a specific mission and achieve a specific objective or to advance toward a "[70]
Francis Fukuyama, a prominent former neoconservative, has made the similar point that "The term “war on terrorism” is a misnomer, resulting in distorted ideas of the main threat facing Americans today. Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama (born 27 October 1952) is an American Philosopher, political economist, and author Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism Terrorism is only a means to an end; in this respect, a “war on terror” makes no more sense than a war on submarines. "[71]
The term "terrorism" has been also been characterized as unacceptably vague. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime observes:
- "The lack of agreement on a definition of terrorism has been a major obstacle to meaningful international countermeasures. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC is a United Nations agency that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention Cynics have often commented that one state's "terrorist" is another state's "freedom fighter. "[72]
Opponents critical of this inherent subjectivity point out that governments such as Iran, Lebanon, and Venezuela consistently use the term "terrorism" to describe actions taken by the United States. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the [73]
Further criticism maintains that the War on Terrorism provides a framework for perpetual war; that the announcement of such open-ended goals produces a state of endless conflict, since "terrorist groups" can continue to arise indefinitely. Perpetual War is the debut release by the Boston -based Metalcore music group Diecast. [74]. President Bush has pledged that the War on Terrorism “will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. ”[75] During a July 2007 visit to the United States, newly appointed British Prime Minister Gordon Brown defined the War on Terror, specifically the element involving conflict with Al Qaeda, as "a generational battle". WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951 is [76]
The War on Terrorism as counterproductive
Significant numbers of security experts, politicians, and policy organizations have claimed that the War on Terrorism has been counterproductive: that it has consolidated opposition to the U. S. , aided terrorist recruitment, and increased the likelihood of attacks against the U. S. and its allies. In a 2005 briefing paper, the Oxford Research Group reported that
- "Al-Qaida and its affiliates remain active and effective, with a stronger support base and a higher intensity of attacks than before 9/11. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Oxford Research Group (ORG is an independent non-governmental organisation and UK registered charity which works together with others to promote a more sustainable approach to security . . . Far from winning the 'war on terror', the second George W. Bush administration is maintaining policies that are not curbing paramilitary movements and are actually increasing violent anti-Americanism. The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America "[77]
The South African Mail & Guardian describes research commissioned by the British Ministry of Defence which concluded:
- "The war in Iraq . The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Mail & Guardian is a South African weekly investigative newspaper published by M&G Media in Johannesburg, South Africa, with a strong focus The Ministry of Defence ( MoD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy and is the headquarters . . has acted as a recruiting sergeant for extremists across the Muslim world . . . Iraq has served to radicalise an already disillusioned youth and al-Qaeda has given them the will, intent, purpose and ideology to act. "[78]
Peter Bergen and Paul Cruickshank, research fellows at the Center on Law and Security at the NYU School of Law, have argued that the "globalization of martyrdom" potentiated by the Iraq War “has generated a stunning sevenfold increase in the yearly rate of fatal jihadist attacks, amounting to literally hundreds of additional terrorist attacks and thousands of civilian lives lost. Peter Bergen (born December 12, 1962) is a print and television journalist and author who appears as a terrorism analyst on CNN. See also New York Law School The New York University School of Law ( NYU Law) is the ”[79]
The 2007 National Intelligence Estimate issued the following among its "key judgments":
- "The Iraq conflict has become the —cause celebre“ for jihadists, breeding a deep resentment of US involvement in the Muslim world and cultivating supporters for the global jihadist movement. National Intelligence Estimates ( NIEs) are United States federal government documents that are the authoritative assessment of the Director of National Intelligence Should jihadists leaving Iraq perceive themselves, and be perceived, to have failed, we judge fewer fighters will be inspired to carry on the fight. "[80]
Double standards
Others have criticized the U. S. for double standards in its dealings with key allies that are also known to support terrorist groups, such as Pakistan. A double standard refers to one class of entities being treated differently from another class of entities and implies an unfair or unjustified differentiation Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Afghan President Hamid Karzai has repeatedly stated that in the "war against terrorism," “the central front is Pakistan"; Pakistan has also been alleged to provide Taliban operatives with covert support via the ISI. Hamid Karzai ( حامد کرزي, حامد کرزي) (born 24 December 1957) is the current President of Afghanistan, since December The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately History After independence in 1947 two new intelligence agencies were created in Pakistan called the Intelligence Bureau (IB and Military Intelligence [81] These accusations of double dealing regard civil liberties[82] and human rights as well as terrorism. thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. According to the Federation of American Scientists, "[i]n its haste to strengthen the "frontline" states' ability to confront transnational terrorist threats on their soil, and to gain the cooperation of regimes of geostrategic significance to the next phases of the "War on Terrorism", the administration is disregarding normative restrictions on U. The Federation of American Scientists ( FAS) is a non-profit organization formed in 1945 by scientists from the Manhattan Project who felt that scientists engineers S. aid to human rights abusers. " [83] Amnesty International has argued that the Patriot Act gives the U. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a controversial Act of Congress that U S. government free reign to violate the constitutional rights of citizens. [84] The Bush administration's alleged use of extraordinary rendition, secret prisons, and torture have all fueled opposition to the War on Terrorism. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally [85] [86][87]
Decreasing international support
In 2002, strong majorities supported the U. S. -led War on Terrorism in Britain, France, Germany, Japan, India, and Russia. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending By 2006, supporters of the effort were in the minority in Britain (49%), France (43%), Germany (47%), and Japan (26%). Although a majority of Russians still supported the War on Terrorism, that majority had decreased by 21%. Whereas 63% of the Spanish population supported the War on Terrorism in 2003, only 19% of the population indicated support in 2006. 19% of the Chinese population supports the War on Terrorism, and less than a fifth of the populations of Turkey, Egypt, and Jordan support the effort. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Indian support for the War on Terrorism has been stable. [88] Andrew Kohut, speaking to the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, noted that, according to the Pew Research Center polls conducted in 2004, "majorities or pluralities in seven of the nine countries surveyed said the U. The US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, also known as the House Foreign Affairs Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives The Pew Research Center is a Think tank based in Washington D S. -led war on terrorism was not really a sincere effort to reduce international terrorism. This was true not only in Muslim countries such as Morocco and Turkey, but in France and Germany as well. The true purpose of the war on terrorism, according to these skeptics, is American control of Middle East oil and U. S. domination of the world. "[89]
Role of U. S. media
Researchers in the area of communication studies and political science have found that American understanding of the war on terror is directly shaped by how the mainstream news media reports events associated with the war on terror. In Bush’s War: Media Bias and Justifications for War in a Terrorist Age[90] political communication researcher Jim A. Kuypers illustrated “how the press failed America in its coverage on the War on Terror. Jim A Kuypers is an American academic specializing in Communication studies. ” In each comparison, Kuypers “detected massive bias on the part of the press. ” This researcher called the mainstream news media an “anti-democratic institution” in his conclusion. “What has essentially happened since 9/11 has been that Bush has repeated the same themes, and framed those themes the same whenever discussing the War on Terror,” said Kuypers. “Immediately following 9/11, the mainstream news media (represented by CBS, ABC, NBC, USA Today, New York Times, and Washington Post) did echo Bush, but within eight weeks it began to intentionally ignore certain information the president was sharing, and instead reframed the president's themes or intentionally introduced new material to shift the focus. ”
This goes beyond reporting alternate points of view, which is an important function of the press. “In short,” Kuypers explained, “if someone were relying only on the mainstream media for information, they would have no idea what the president actually said. It was as if the press were reporting on a different speech. ” The study is essentially a “comparative framing analysis. ” Overall, Kuypers examined themes about 9-11 and the War on Terror that the President used, and compared them to the themes that the press used when reporting on what the president said.
“Framing is a process whereby communicators, consciously or unconsciously, act to construct a point of view that encourages the facts of a given situation to be interpreted by others in a particular manner,” wrote Kuypers. These findings suggest that the public is misinformed about government justification and plans concerning the war on terror.
Others have also suggested that press coverage has contributed to a public confused and misinformed on both the nature and level of the threat to the U. S. posed by terrorism. In his book, Trapped in the War on Terror[91] political scientist Ian S. Lustick, claimed, “The media have given constant attention to possible terrorist-initiated catastrophes and to the failures and weaknesses of the government's response. ” Lustick alleged that the War on Terror is disconnected from the real but remote threat terrorism poses, and that the generalized War on Terror began as part of the justification for invading Iraq, but then took on a life of its own, fueled by media coverage.
Media researcher Stephen D. Cooper’s analysis of media criticism Watching the Watchdog: Bloggers As the Fifth Estate[92] contains many examples of controversies concerning mainstream reporting of the War on Terror. Cooper found that bloggers’ criticisms of factual inaccuracies in news stories or bloggers’ discovery of the mainstream press’s failure to adequately check facts before publication caused many news organizations to retrack or change news stories.
Cooper found that bloggers specializing in criticism of media coverage advanced four key points: 1. Mainstream reporting of the war on terror has frequently contained factual inaccuracies. In some cases, the errors go uncorrected; moreover, when corrections are issued they usually are given far less prominence than the initial coverage containing the errors. 2. The mainstream press has sometimes failed to check the provenance of information or visual images supplied by Iraqi “stringers” (local Iraqis hired to relay local news). 3. Story framing is often problematic; in particular, “man-in-the-street” interviews have often been used as a representation of public sentiment in Iraq, in place of methodologically sound survey data. 4. Mainstream reporting has tended to concentrate on the more violent areas of Iraq, with little or no reporting of the calm areas.
Military decorations
Since 2002, the United States military, has created several military awards and decorations related to the "War on Terrorism" including:
- "Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal"
- "Afghanistan Campaign Medal"
- "Iraq Campaign Medal"
- "Global War on Terrorism Service Medal"
The U.S. Department of Transportation created two awards related to the "War on Terrorism" which are authorized to be worn on U. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal (GWOTEM is a United States armed forces medal created by Presidential Order of George W The Afghanistan Campaign Medal is a military decoration of the United States military which was created by Executive Order 13363 of The Iraq Campaign Medal is a military decoration of the United States armed forces which was created by Executive Order 13363 of President The Global War on Terrorism Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States military which was created by Executive Order 13289 of President The United States Department of Transportation ( DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with Transportation S. military uniforms:
NATO has also created military decorations related to the "War on Terrorism":
- Article 5 NATO Medal
- Non-Article 5 ISAF NATO Medal
Casualties
Number of Persons Killed in the "War on Terrorism" as defined
There is no widely agreed on figure for the number of people that have been killed so far in the "War on Terrorism" as it has been defined by the Bush Administration to include the war in Afghanistan, the war in Iraq, and operations elsewhere. The Transportation 9-11 Medal is a special decoration of the U The Transportation 9-11 Ribbon is a civil and military decoration of the U The North Atlantic Treaty The NATO Medal is an International military decoration which is awarded to various militaries of the world under the authority of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation International Security Assistance Force (10 ( ISAF) is a NATO -led security and development mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations The NATO Medal is an International military decoration which is awarded to various militaries of the world under the authority of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Some estimates include the following:
- Iraq — 62,570 to 1,124,000
-
- Opinion Research Business (ORB) poll conducted August 12-19, 2007 estimated 1,033,000 violent deaths due to the Iraq War. On Friday September 14 2007 ORB (Opinion Research Business an independent polling agency located in London published estimates of the total war casualties in Iraq since The range given was 946,000 to 1,120,000 deaths. A nationally representative sample of approximately 2000 Iraqi adults answered whether any members of their household (living under their roof) were killed due to the Iraq War. 22% of the respondents had lost one or more household members. ORB reported that "48% died from a gunshot wound, 20% from the impact of a car bomb, 9% from aerial bombardment, 6% as a result of an accident and 6% from another blast/ordnance. "[93][94][95][96]
- Between 392,979 and 942,636 estimated Iraqi (655,000 with a confidence interval of 95%), civilian and combatant, according to the second Lancet survey of mortality. The Lancet, one of the oldest scientific Medical journals in the world published two peer-reviewed studies on the effect of the 2003 invasion [97]
- A minimum of 62,570 civilian deaths reported in the mass media up to 28 April 2007 according to IraqBodyCount. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- 4000 U. S. military dead (2008 26 March). 22,401 wounded in action, of which 10,050 were unable to return to duty within 72 hours. 6,640 non-hostile injuries and 18,183 diseases (both requiring medical air transport). [98]
- Afghanistan — between 1,300 and 49,600
-
- According to Marc W. Herold,[99] up to 3,600 civilians were killed as a result of U. S. bombing.
- Joshua Muravchik of the American Enterprise Institute and Carl Conetta of the Project on Defense Alternatives question Herold's heavy use of the Afghan Islamic Press, "suspicious" tallies of other news agencies, and statistical errors in Herold's study. Joshua Muravchik is a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research and a self-described neoconservative The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI is a conservative Think tank, founded in 1943 Afghan Islamic Press (AIP is a Peshawar-based news agency of Afghanistan formed in 1982 by Muhammad Yaqub Sharafat during USSR invasion of Afghanistan for propaganda purposes [100] Conetta's study puts total civilian casualties between 1000 and 1300. [101]
- A Los Angeles Times study put the number of collateral dead between 1,067 and 1,201. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed
- According to Jonathan Steele of The Guardian between 20,000 and 49,600 people may have died of the consequences of the invasion. Jonathan Steele is a British Journalist and Author of Soviet Power The Kremlin's Foreign Policy-Brezhnev to Andropov, among other books The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. [102]
- Somalia - 7,000+
-
- In December 2007, The Elman Peace and Human Rights Organisation said it had verified 6,500 civilian deaths, 8,516 people wounded, and 1. December 2007 is the twelfth month of that year It began on a Saturday and 31 days later ended on a Monday 5 million displaced from homes in Mogadishu alone during the year 2007. [103]
Further reading
- Müller, Sebastian R. Hawala. An Informal Payment System and Its Use to Finance Terrorism, Dec. 2006, ISBN 3-8655-0656-9
- Kuypers, Jim A. Bush’s War: Media Bias and Justifications for War in a Terrorist Age, ISBN 0-7425-3653-X
- Brian Michael Jenkins, Unconquerable Nation, RAND Corporation, Fall 2006, ISBN 0-8330-3893-1 and ISBN 0-8330-3891-5
- Igmade (Stephan Trüby et al. Brian Michael Jenkins, born in 1942 in Chicago is an expert on Terrorism and transportation security Unconquerable Nation Knowing Our Enemy Strengthening Ourselves (ISBN 0-8330-3893-1 is a book written by Brian Michael Jenkins, one of the world’s foremost authorities The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis , eds. ), 5 Codes: Architecture, Paranoia and Risk in Times of Terror, Birkhäuser; 2006, ISBN 3-7643-7598-1
- Richard Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror, Free Press; 2004, ISBN 0-7432-6024-4
- Ira Chernus. Monsters To Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2006 ISBN 1-59451-276-0
- Michael Scheuer, Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on Terror, ISBN 1-57488-849-8
- From 'Cold War' to 'Full-Spectrum Dominance', on the MagMa Report
- Michelle Malkin, In Defense Of Internment: The Case for Racial Profiling in World War II and the War on terror, September, 2004, National Book Network, hardcover, 416 pages, ISBN 0-89526-051-4
- Steven Emerson (2002), American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us, Free Press; 2003 paperback edition, ISBN 0-7432-3435-9
- Lyal S. Sunga, (2002) US Anti-Terrorism Policy and Asia’s Options, in Johannen, Smith and Gomez, (eds. Michael F Scheuer is a former CIA employee In his 22-year career he served as the Chief of the Bin Laden Issue Station (aka "Alec Station" from 1996 Michelle Malkin (née Maglalang) (born October 20 1970 is an American conservative Columnist, Blogger Author, and political commentator Steven Emerson is an American investigative journalist specializing in national security Terrorism, and Islamic extremism. Professor Lyal S Sunga, Senior Lecturer / Director of Research Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Lund Sweden is a specialist on international ) September 11 & Political Freedoms: Asian Perspectives (Select) 242–264, ISBN 981-4022-24-1
- Marina Ottoway, et al. , Democratic Mirage in the Middle East, Carnegie Endowment for Ethics and International Peace, Policy Brief 20, (October 20, 2002). Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Internet, available online at: www.ceip.org/files/publications/HTMLBriefs-WP/20_October_2002_Policy_Brief/20009536v01.html
- Marina Ottoway and Thomas Carothers, Think Again: Middle East Democracy,Foreign Policy (Nov. /Dec. 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=2705&print=1
- Chris Zambelis, The Strategic Implications of Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Middle East, Parameters, (Autumn 2005). Internet, available online at: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05autumn/zambelis.htm
- Adnan M. Hayajneh, The U. S. Strategy: Democracy and Internal Stability in the Arab World,Alternatives (Volume 3, No. 2 & 3, Summer/Fall 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.alternativesjournal.net/volume3/number2/adnan.htm
- Gary Gambill, Jumpstarting Arab Reform: The Bush Administration's Greater Middle East Initiative, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin (Vol. 6, No. 6–7, June/July 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.meib.org/articles/0407_me2.htm
- Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy, United States Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C. , President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East, (November 6, 2003). Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Internet, available online at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031106-2.html
- Hans Köchler, Terrorism and National Liberation. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman Proceedings of the International Conference on the Question of Terrorism. Frankfurt a. M:/Bern/New York: Peter Lang, 1988, ISBN 3-8204-1217-4
- Hans Köchler, Manila Lectures 2002. Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman Terrorism and the Quest for a Just World Order. Quezon City (Manila): FSJ Book World, 2002, ISBN 3-211-83091-X
- Hans Köchler, The War on Terror, its Impact on the Sovereignty of Nations, and its Implications on Human Rights and Civil Liberties, Manila, September 2002
- Hans Köchler, The United Nations and International Terrorism : Challenges to Collective Security, Shanghai, November 2002
- Robert Blecher, Free People Will Set the Course of History: Intellectuals, Democracy and American Empire, Middle East Report (March 2003). Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman Hans Köchler (born October 18 1948 in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria) is Full Professor of Philosophy and Chairman Internet, available online at: http://www.merip.org/mero/interventions/blecher_interv.html
- Robert Fisk, What Does Democracy Really Mean In The Middle East? Whatever The West Decides, The London Independent (August 8, 2005). Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Internet, available online at: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article9888.htm
- Fawaz Gergez, Is Democracy in the Middle East a Pipedream?,Yale Global Online (April 25, 2005). Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Internet, available online at: http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=5622
- Donald Rumsfeld, Bureaucracy to Battlefield Speech, (September 10, 2001) Internet, available online at: http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2001/s20010910-secdef.html
- Leon Hadar, The Green Peril: Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat, (August 27, 1992) Internet, available online at: http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-177.html
- George W. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Bush, A Period of Consequences, (September 23, 1999) Internet, available online at: http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/news99/92399_defense.htm
- George W. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Bush, A Distinctly American Internationalism, (November 19, 1999) Internet, available online at: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/wspeech.htm
- Nicholas Lemann, Dreaming About War, (July 16, 2001) The New Yorker, Internet available online at: http://www.comw.org/qdr/0107lemann.html
- James Der Derian, The Illusion of a Grand Strategy, (May 25, 2001) The New York Times, Internet available online at: http://www.comw.org/qdr/0105DerDerian1.html
- Paul Wolfowitz, Briefing on the Defense Planning Guidance, (August 16, 2001), Internet, available online at: http://www.comw.org/qdr/fulltext/010816Wolfowitz.html
- Henry Shelton, Change, Troops and Transformation, (August 28, 2001), Internet, available online at: http://www.hqusareur.army.mil/htmlinks/Press_Releases/2001/Aug/20010828-1.htm
- Project for the New American Century, Rebuilding America's Defenses, (September 2000), Internet, available online at: http://www.newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf
- Foreign Policy in Focus, The Bush Administration's Strategic Defense Review, (May 2001), Internet, online at: http://www.fpif.org/presentations/0105briefingbook/index_body.html
- Col. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Daniel Smith and others, Reforging the Sword: Forces for the 21st Century Security Strategy, Center for Defense Information, (September 2001), Internet, online at: http://www.cdi.org/mrp/reforging-full.pdf
- BBC News, Stumbling towards Pentagon reform: Ambitious agenda, (August 16, 2001), Internet, online at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1495340.stm
- Philip Gold, Savaging Donald Rumsfeld, The Washington Times, (August 28, 2001), Internet, online at: http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=Defense&id=1045
- Condoleezza Rice, Life after the Cold War, Council on Foreign Relations, (September 2000), Internet, online at: web.archive.org
- Ashton Carter and William Perry, Preventive Defense, A New Security Strategy for America, Brooking Institution, (1999), Internet, online at: http://brookings.nap.edu/books/081571307X/html/R1.html
- Steven Metz, Asymmetry and U. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) S. Military Strategy: Definition, Background, and Strategic Concepts, U. S. Army War College, (January 2001), Internet, online at: web.archive.org
- Kenneth McKenzie, The Revenge of the Melians: Asymmetric Threats and the next QDR, National Defense University, (November 2000), Internet, online at: http://www.ndu.edu/inss/McNair/mcnair62/m62cvr.html
- L. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Ali Khan, A Theory of International Terrorism (2006) & The Essentialist Terrorist (2006)
- Mohsin Hamid, The Reluctant Fundamentalist; 2007, ISBN 978-0241143650
References
- ^ a b Presidential Address to the Nation, October 7, 2001. Mohsin Hamid (born 1971 is a Pakistani British Author. Biography Hamid spent part of his childhood in the United States where The Reluctant Fundamentalist is a novel by Mohsin Hamid that was published in 2007 whitehouse. gov. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ a b c d e Operation Enduring Freedom - Deployments. globalsecurity. org. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ Hairan, Abdulhadi. Pakistan and the War on Terrorism. MiddleEastFront. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ Christoffersen, Gaye (September 2002). "Constituting the Uyghur in U.S.-China Relations: The Geopolitics of Identity Formation in the War on Terrorism". Strategic Insights I (7).
- ^ West, Sunguta (October 17, 2006). "Somalia's ICU Declares Holy War on Ethiopia". Terrorism Focus 3 (40).
- ^ Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines [OEF-PI]. globalsecurity. org. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ Pham, J. Peter (January 19, 2007). Somalia May Save the War on Terrorism. Accuracy in Media. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ http://www.bloggernews.net/113178
- ^ http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/moro.cfm
- ^ Counterterrorism and Terrorism. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ BBC News | AMERICAS | War on terror 'curbing human rights'
- ^ Civil Rights
- ^ Preemptive War and International Law
- ^ "Report of the Accountability Review Boards", U. S. Department of State, 1998-08-07. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great.
- ^ "U.S. strikes terrorist targets in Afghanistan, Sudan", CNN, 1998-08-20. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
- ^ "U.S. retaliates for Africa bombings", CNN, 08. 20. 98.
- ^ "U.S. sailors killed in attack on Navy vessel in Yemen", CNN, 2000-10-12. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.
- ^ "What proof of bin Laden's involvement", CNN, 2001-09-13. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
- ^ Al Qaeda-Hussein Link Is Dismissed (washingtonpost.com); see also Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda
- ^ U.N. Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee
- ^ The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11. Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations were made by some U Department of Political Science University of California at Los Angeles (Summer 2004). The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2006-08-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
- ^ "War on Terrorism", Aljazeera. Com, 2003-01-01. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
- ^ CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE [1]
- ^ Remarks by President Bush on the Global War on Terror[2]
- ^ There is no war on terror in the UK, says DPP, The Times, January 24, 2007, p. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. 12, [3]
- ^ NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR COMBATING TERRORISM[4]
- ^ a b CRS Report for Congress[5]
- ^ AP report on Sudan
- ^ Bin Laden releases Web message on Iraq, Somalia USA Today
- ^ U.S. says al Qaeda behind Somali Islamists Reuters
- ^ Somali, Ethiopian troops take Islamist stronghold CNN
- ^ "Iraq accuses U.S., Turkey of 'illegally' meeting with Kurds", CNN, 2000-03-09. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.
- ^ "Clinton: Iraq has abused its final chance", CNN, 1998-12-16. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion
- ^ "Iraq weighs U.N. resolution", CNN, 2002-11-09. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all
- ^ "Bush's remarks after U.N. passes Iraq resolution", CNN, 2002-11-08. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration
- ^ "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq", White House, 2002-10-02. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule
- ^ Lauren Frayer. "Lebanese army greeted in south", Indianapolis Star, 2006-08-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica.
- ^ Robert Fisk. "Robert Fisk: Lebanon's pain grows by the hour as death toll hits 1,300", The Independent, 2006-08-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
- ^ Ben Wedeman; Brent Sadler. "Refugees stream back to southern Lebanon", CNN, 2006-08-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
- ^ "Israel needs int'l support for war against terror: DM", People's Daily Online, August 10, 2006. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Israeli Defense Minister Amir Peretz said Wednesday morning that Israel is fighting a war of the free world against terror"
- ^ "Lebanon part of 'war on terror', says Bush", ABC News, July 30, 2006. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Bush: 'Hezbollah suffered a defeat'", CNN, 2006-08-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
- ^ a b Le Figaro (April 16, 2007). "Fatah Al-Islam: the new terrorist threat hanging over Lebanon". Retrieved May 20, 2007.
- ^ BBC News | SOUTH ASIA | Musharraf declares war on extremism
- ^ rediff.com: Musharraf's speech greeted with skepticism in India
- ^ Steve Coll, "The Stand-Off. Steve Coll (born October 8, 1958 in Washington DC) is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American Journalist and writer " The New Yorker, February 13 & 20
- ^ "Transcript of President Bush's address", CNN, 9. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry 20. 01.
- ^ "Taliban rejects president Bush's demands", PBS, 09. 21. 01.
- ^ Into Afghanistan: Rooting out the Taliban. United States Department of Defense (August 9, 2006). Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ NATO faces defeat in Afghanistan
- ^ The Hindu. "No evidence against Pakistan: NATO", The Hindu, 2006-10-11. The Hindu is a single-edition English-language Indian newspaper Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Retrieved on 2007-06-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China.
- ^ Pakistan accused of placing bounty on NATO soldiers April 05, 2007, The Vancouver Sun
- ^ Taliban military leader killed by Nato forces Belfast Telegraph, May 14, 2007
- ^ CNN. The Vancouver Sun is a daily newspaper first published in the Canadian province of British Columbia on February 12, 1912 The Belfast Telegraph is a daily evening newspaper published in Belfast, Northern Ireland by Independent News and Media. "Pakistan spy agency behind Mumbai bombings", CNN, 2006-09-30. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Retrieved on 2006-09-30. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the
- ^ "Pakistan's $4.2 Billion 'Blank Check' for U.S. Military Aid, After 9/11, funding to country soars with little oversight", Center for Public Integrity, March 27, 2007. The Center for Public Integrity is a nonprofit organization dedicated to producing original responsible investigative journalism on issues of public concern Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. (English)
- ^ Billions in Aid, With No Accountability Center for Public Integrity Posted: 5/31/2007
- ^ An alliance of convenience By Burhanuddin Hasan The News International, Pakistan
- ^ "Top al Qaeda operative caught in Pakistan", CNN, 2003-03-01. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Center for Public Integrity is a nonprofit organization dedicated to producing original responsible investigative journalism on issues of public concern The News International ( is the second largest English language Newspaper in Pakistan. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant
- ^ "JI 'claims Jakarta car bombing'", CNN, 2004-09-09. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
- ^ "Text 'warned of Jakarta bomb'", CNN, 09. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner 10. 04.
- ^ "Jihad warning over Indonesian cleric arrest", CNN, 2002-10-10. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated
- ^ "'Walking bombs' are desperate", CNN, 2003-11-01. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi
- ^ Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism. NATO (November 22, 2002). Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2006-08-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
- ^ "New frontline in the war on terror", The Guardian, 05. 04. 06.
- ^ "UK troops take over Afghan duties", BBC, 2006-06-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ "Canada set for longer Afghan stay", BBC, 2006-06-16. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses.
- ^ "Australia outlines Afghan force", BBC, 2006-05-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
- ^ "More Dutch troops for Afghanistan", BBC, 2006-02-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
- ^ Five Years After 9/11: Drop the War Metaphor — Rockridge Institute
- ^ "Countering Global Insurgency"
- ^ "Phase III in the War on Terrorism?" (Brookings Institution)
- ^ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
- ^ "An open letter to the American president" Lebanon Daily Star
- ^ Richissin, Todd. "'War on terror' difficult to define" The Baltimore Sun, 2 September 2004. The Baltimore Sun (officially just The Sun) is Maryland ’s largest general circulation daily newspaper and provides comprehensive coverage
- ^ "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People"
- ^ "CNN: Britain's Brown: Al Qaeda fight a 'generation-long' battle"
- ^ [http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/briefing_papers/endlesswar.php "Endless War: The global war on terror and the new Bush Administration"]
- ^ "Iraq war was terrorism 'recruiting sergeant'" Mail & Guardian 28 Sep 2006
- ^ "The Iraq Effect." Mother Jones, 1 March 2007
- ^ Iraq National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) - "Prospects for Iraq's Stability: A Challenging Road Ahead" Unclassified Key Judgments - Released on Friday, February 2, 2007.
- ^ ‘Pakistan must not harbour Taliban’ By Khalid Hasan
- ^ "Democracy Hypocrisy"; The New Yorker 8 Dec 2001
- ^ "The War on Terrorism" and Human Rights: Aid to Abusers
- ^ Amnesty International
- ^ Washington Post
- ^ NPR
- ^ Guardian
- ^ Pew Global Attitudes Project: America’s Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project
- ^ www. au. af. mil/au/awc/awcgate/congress/koh111005. pdf
- ^ Kuypers, Jim A. [2006-10-28]. Bush’s War: Media Bias and Justifications for War in a Terrorist Age. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. . ISBN 0-7425-3653-X.
- ^ Lustick, Ian S. [2006-09-01]. Trapped in the War on Terror. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3983-0.
- ^ Cooper, Stephen D. [2006-06-12]. Watching the Watchdog: Bloggers As the Fifth Estate. Marquette Books. ISBN 0-9229-9347-5.
- ^ "More than 1,000,000 Iraqis murdered". September 2007. Opinion Research Business. PDF report: [6]
- ^ "Poll: Civilian Death Toll in Iraq May Top 1 Million". By Tina Susman. Sept. 14, 2007. Los Angeles Times. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed
- ^ "Greenspan Admits Iraq was About Oil, As Deaths Put at 1.2 Million". By Peter Beaumont and Joanna Walters. Sept. 16, 2007. The Observer (UK). The Observer is a British Newspaper published on Sundays In about the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper The
- ^ "The Media Ignore Credible Poll Revealing 1.2 Million Violent Deaths In Iraq". Sept. 18, 2007. MediaLens. Media Lens is a media analysis Website based in the United Kingdom.
- ^ "[7]. " The Lancet. This article is about the journal For other uses of the term "lancet" see Lancet (disambiguation.
- ^ "http://icasualties.org/oif/. " Iraq Coalition Casualties
- ^ "http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mwherold/. " Dossier on Civilian Victims of United States' Aerial Bombing
- ^ The Prof Who Can't Count Straight
- ^ "http://www.comw.org/pda/0201oef.html. " Operation Enduring Freedom: Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties
- ^ "http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/comment/story/0,11447,718647,00.html. " The Guardian
- ^ Mogadishu violence kills 6,500 in past year: rights group
See also
- List of military strikes against presumed terrorist targets
- Airport security repercussions due to the September 11, 2001 attacks
- Axis of evil
- Allegations of state terrorism by the U.S.
- Barbary Wars
- Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
- Black sites (CIA secret detention centers)
- Crusade (modern)
- Islamism
- Anti-Arabism
- Persecution of Muslims
- Islam by country
- List of wars in the Muslim world
- Criticisms of the "War on Terrorism"
- Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies, an Italian "parallel police" under investigations since July 2005
- Executive Order 12333
- Extrajudicial execution
- Extraordinary rendition
- Guantánamo Bay
- Homeland security
- Iraq War
- Long War (21st century)
- McCain Detainee Amendment
- Manhunt (Military)
- Manhunt (law enforcement)
- Manhunting
- Operation Eagle Assist
- NSA warrantless surveillance controversy
- Proactive and Preemptive Operations Group
- Rendition (game)
- Strategic reset
- Terrorist surveillance program
- Targeted killing
- Unlawful combatant
- U.S.-Pakistan relations
- U. This article documents military strikes by governments against presumed terrorist targets outside war zones Definition President Bush's exact statement was as follows second goal is to prevent regimes (terrorist that sponsor terror from threatening America or our friends and The United States government has been accused of having directly committed acts of State terrorism, as well as funding training and harboring individuals The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century The Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005 (S The Tenth Crusade is a Rhetorical device that builds an analogy between the U Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Anti-Arabism or Arabophobia is Prejudice or Hostility against people of Arabic origin Persecution of Muslims refers to the Religious persecution inflicted upon Muslims Persecution may refer to beating torture confiscation or destruction Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Part of the List of wars series Battles of the Rashidun Caliphate Ridda wars Battle of Yamama 632 See also War on Terrorism Criticism of the War on Terrorism (also named the War on Terror) addresses the issues morals Ethics, efficiency economics The Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies ( Italian: Dipartimento Studi Strategici Antiterrorismo, DSSA) is an Italian organization Executive Order 12333 extends powers and responsibilities of US intelligence agencies and directs the leaders of U For extrajudicial executions see also Assassination Extra-judicial killings are the illegal killing of leading political trades union dissidents Guantánamo Bay ( Spanish Bahía de Guantánamo) is a bay located in Guantánamo Province at the south-eastern end of Cuba The term homeland security refers to the broad national effort by all levels of government to protect its territory from hazards both internal and external natural and man-made The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign The Long War is a term used by the administration of US President George W Manhunting is the deliberate identification capture or killing of senior or otherwise important enemy combatants dubbed high-value targets, usually by Special operations In law enforcement a manhunt is a search for a dangerous Fugitive involving the use of all available police units and technology and sometimes help from the public Following the attacks of September 11 2001, Operation Eagle Assist began on October 9, 2001 after the North Atlantic Council's October The NSA warrantless surveillance controversy concerns Surveillance of persons within the United States incident to the collection of Foreign intelligence by the P2OG stands for Proactive Preemptive Operations Group, a US Intelligence agency that would employ "black world" ( Black operations tactics rendition is a 2007 work of Interactive fiction by "nespresso" written using Inform 7 and published in Z-code format in which the player performs Strategic reset is a policy framework designed to stop counterproductive U An electronic surveillance program was implemented by the National Security Agency (NSA of the United States in the wake of the September 11 2001 attacks as part Selective Assassination is a policy of selecting targets using arms training personnel and cover-up strategies designed to justify assassination as the means to meet a political agenda An unlawful combatant or unprivileged combatant/belligerent is a Civilian who directly engages in armed conflict under the International Humanitarian Law S. anti-terror legislation:
- UK anti-terror legislation:
- Algerian Civil War
- War in Afghanistan
- War on Islam
- List of wars by death toll
- War on Terror (game)
- Religious war
External links
- Official sites by governments and international organizations
- CIA and the War on Terror
- FBI Most Wanted Terrorists
- Rewards for Justice — Most Wanted Terrorists
- Whitehouse FAQ about the "War on Terrorism"
- U.S. Dept. of Defense News on the "War on Terrorism"
- NATO and the scourge of terrorism
- UN action against terrorism
- INTERPOL and fugitives
- US Marshals Service
- General "war on terrorism" news
- Long War Journal - The Long War Journal is dedicated to providing original and accurate reporting and analysis of the Long War (also known as the Global War on Terror). The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the Patriot Act, is a controversial Act of Congress that U The Ohio Patriot Act (SB 9 is an act passed in the US state of Ohio. The Terrorism Act is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament made law on March 30 2006, after being introduced on October 12 2005 The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 is a British Act of Parliament intended to deal with the Law Lords ' ruling of 16 December, 2004 The Algerian Civil War was an armed conflict between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups which began in 1991 The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U War against Islam (also War on Islam, or Attack on Islam) is a critical term used to describe a perceived campaign to harm weaken or even annihilate the religion This is a list of wars and human-made disasters by death toll. War on Terror The Boardgame is a satirical strategic Board game produced by TerrorBull Games. A religious war is a War caused by religious differences It can involve one state with an established religion against another state with a different religion or a different This is accomplished through its programs of embedded reporters, news and news aggregation, podcasts, and other multimedia formats.
- Iraq Status Report - The IraqStatusReport. com Web site provides the only “one-stop-shop” on the Internet for news, commentary and analysis related to the U. S. Mission in Iraq.
- Insurgency Research Group - Multi-expert blog dedicated to the study of insurgency and the development of counter-insurgency policy.
- Zbigniew Brzezinski, Terrorized by 'War on Terror' -- How a Three-Word Mantra Has Undermined America (The Washington Post, Sunday, March 25, 2007)
- UK faces a long war Janes. Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński ˈzbigɲev bʐɛˈʑiɲski: (born March 28 1928 Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American com, January 2007
- The Terrorism Index — The first comprehensive and regularly updated report card on the war on terrorism. Developed by Foreign Policy Magazine and the Center for American Progress
- The Guardian — Gunned down to impress America
- Killed in the name of Terror — Ansar Burney to sue Macedonian govt for killing 6 Pakistanis
- BBC News In Depth: Investigating al-Qaeda
- The Washington Post "War on terrorism" coverage
- This war on terrorism is bogus by Michael Meacher
- Bush at War Part II Independent news reports by Inter Press Service
- Primary legal documents
- Findlaw Special Coverage "War on Terrorism" (court documents in . Michael Hugh Meacher (born November 4 1939) is a British Labour party Politician, and Member of Parliament (MP for Inter Press Service (abbreviated IPS) is a global News agency. pdf)
- Authorization For Use of Military Force Against September 11 terrorists (AUMF) US Public Law 107-40, September 18, 2001, 115 Stat. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. 224
- Report on Strategic Communication (pdf) Defense Science Board Task Force, September 2004
- counter-terrorism-law.org
- Specific articles
- Counteracting Terrorism, LNTV, August 13, 2006
- "Pakistanis Arrest Qaeda Figure Seen as Planner of 9/11", The New York Times, March 2, 2003
- Other
- Documenting and fighting torture used in the "War on Terror. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "
- Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the "War on Terrorism"
- And the Gloves Came Off Douglas C. McNabb and Matthew R. McNabb,The European Lawyer, October 2005.
- The Power of Nightmares; A three-part BBC documentary
- Extraordinary renditions: the playwright and the president; Jeff Sommers, Khaled Diab and Charles Woolfson explore the dynamics between playwright and president as America's 'war on terror' stands in the dock.
- Richard Clarke Speech on Streaming Video; Speech by Richard Clarke, a former member of the National Security Council, US Department of State official, March 8, 2005
- Seminar on the Global "War On Terrorism" by the Chairman of the Cold War Veterans Association — Vince Milum
- The Quadrennial Defense Review of 2001 by the Project for Defense Alternatives
- The War on Terror Board Game
- Video
- The Dark Side — After 9/11 Vice President Cheney initiated an expansion of executive power, took on George Tenet's CIA for control over intelligence and brought the War on Terrorism to Iraq. A National Security Council (NSC is usually an Executive branch governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Macedonia Killings Video — 2002 confrontation at the US embassy in Macedonia
- The Long War — Colbert highlights the new name for "war on terror" that the pentagon is now using.
- The Power of Nightmares
- [26] Documentary on Radical Islam's War against the West
- Recent events
Dictionary
War on Terrorism
-proper noun
- (US) An ongoing campaign by the United States (and some of its allies) the stated aim of which is to counter international terrorism, but especially to counter al-Qaeda and other militant Muslim groups.
- The common term for the military, political, legal and ideological conflict against Islamic terrorism, and specifically used in reference to operations by the United States, in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks.
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