The War of the Romantics is a term used by music historians to describe the aesthetic schism among prominent musicians in the second half of the 19th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Musical structure, the limits of chromatic harmony, and program music versus absolute music were the principal areas of contention. Programme music is a form of Art music intended to evoke extra-musical ideas images in the mind of the listener by musically representing a scene image or mood Absolute music (sometimes abstract music) is a term used to describe musicthat is not explicitly "about" anything non-representational ornon-objective The opposing parties crystallized during the 1850s. Events and Trends Industry Production of Steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman The conservative circle, based in Berlin and Leipzig, centered around Johannes Brahms and Clara Schumann. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer Clara Josephine Wieck Schumann (September 13 1819 &ndash May 20 1896 was a German musician one of the most distinguished Pianists of the Romantic era, as Their opponents, the radical progressives in Weimar, focused on Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, The controversy was German and Central European in origin; musicians from France, Italy, and Russia were only marginally involved. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Composers from both sides looked back on Beethoven as their spiritual and artistic hero. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist.
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The Leipzig conservatives
Clara Schumann, Joseph Joachim and Johannes Brahms were early key members of the conservative Leipzig-based school. Clara Josephine Wieck Schumann (September 13 1819 &ndash May 20 1896 was a German musician one of the most distinguished Pianists of the Romantic era, as Joseph Joachim (June 28 1831 &ndash August 15 1907 (ˈjoʊɑːxɪːm was a Hungarian Violinist, conductor, Composer and teacher Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer This core of supporters maintained the artistic legacy of Robert Schumann who had died in 1856. Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic
Robert Schumann was an enthusiastic admirer and occasional critic of Liszt and Wagner. Schumann had been a progressive critic and editor of the influential music periodical Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, which he founded in 1834. Die Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (English - New Journal of Music was a music magazine published in Leipzig, founded by Robert Schumann. Schumann maintained exceptionally enthusiastic and artistically fruitful friendships with the emerging vanguard of radical romantics — Liszt in particular — as well as with musical conservatives such as Mendelssohn and Gade. Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer Niels Wilhelm Gade ( February 22, 1817 &ndash December 21, 1890) was a Danish Composer, conductor, However, after Schumann sold the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik to Franz Brendel it became a propaganda organ for Liszt and his circle. Not to be confused with composer Franz Brendel (1832-1874. Karl Franz Brendel ( November 26, 1811 - November 25, 1868
Clara Schumann had long been the more conservative aesthete in the Schumann marriage. She perceived the change as a slight against her husband’s legacy. The young Brahms, who had been very close to the Schumanns during Robert’s decline, also took up the cause. The conservative critic Eduard Hanslick was very influential on their behalf. Eduard Hanslick ( September 11, 1825 – August 6, 1904) was a Bohemian Austrian writer on music Associated with them at one time or another were Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Friedrich Gernsheim, Robert Fuchs, and Karl Goldmark, among others. Heinrich Picot de Peccaduc Freiherr von Herzogenberg ( 10 June 1843 &ndash 9 October 1900) was an Austrian composer and conductor descended Friedrich Gernsheim ( Worms, July 17 1839 &ndash Berlin, September 10[[ 916]] was a German Composer, conductor Robert Fuchs ( February 15, 1847 &ndash February 19, 1927) was an Austrian Composer and music Teacher. Karl Goldmark, also known originally as Károly Goldmark and later sometimes as Carl Goldmark ( Keszthely, Hungary, May 18, 1830 &ndash
The Radical Romantics
Key figures of the Weimar/New German side were Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. Other notable figures were critic Richard Pohl and composers Felix Draeseke, Julius Reubke, Karl Klindworth, Hans von Bülow, William Mason, Peter Cornelius and briefly Anton Rubinstein and Joachim Raff. Richard Pohl ( September 12, 1826 &ndash December 17, 1896) was a German music critic writer poet and amateur composer Felix August Bernhard Draeseke ( October 7 1835 &ndash February 26 1913) was a Composer of the "New German School" admiring Julius Reubke ( March 23 1834 &ndash June 3 1858) was a German Composer, pianist and organist. Karl Klindworth ( September 25, 1830 &ndash July 27 1916) was a German Composer, conductor and Violinist WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Hans Guido Freiherr von Bülow (January 8 1830 &ndash February 12 1894 William Mason ( Boston, January 24 1829 &ndash New York City, July 14, 1908) was an American Composer Carl August Peter Cornelius ( 24 December 1824 &ndash 26 October 1874) was a German Composer, Writer This article is about the 19th century Russian pianist and composer Joseph Joachim Raff ( May 27, 1822 - June 24 or June 25, 1882) was a Swiss Composer, Teacher and There were several attempts, centering around Liszt, to create a lasting and formal society. The Neu-Weimar-Verein was one attempt to form a club. It lasted a few years and published minutes of their meetings. The Tonkunstler-Versammlung (Congress of Musical Artists), which first met in Leipzig in June 1859, was a more successful attempt at forming an organization.
Key disagreements
A central point of disagreement between these two groups of musicians was between form and forms. Liszt and his circle favored new styles in writing and forms. The Leipzig/Berlin school preferred the forms used by the classic masters, forms codified by musicologists of the early 19th century. The Weimar school increasingly used various kinds of program music (explicitly pictorial and simply suggestive). Liszt developed the symphonic poem. A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of Orchestral Music in one movement in which some extramusical program provides a narrative or illustrative element "New wine required new bottles" was his motto.
Influenced by Liszt's first symphonic poems and later by the Faust Symphony, Hanslick published a statement of principles: music did not and could not represent anything outside itself. A Faust Symphony in three character pictures (Eine Faust-Simphonie in drei Charakterbildern S This excluded realistic impressions in the manner of Hector Berlioz, as well as impressions and feelings, the motto on the score of Beethoven's Sixth Symphony. At least Wagner believed that this was closer to Liszt's intention than any more exact pictorial representation.
See his "Open Letter on Liszt's Symphonic Poems", 1857, Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik April 10 1857, which originated as a letter, Feb 15 1857 to Princess Marie von Sayn-Wittgenstein, Caroline's daughter and Liszt's effective and treated-as adoptive daughter, see Walker, p 231 note, paperback edition. Liszt's prefaces to the works seem to back this view up, as well.
The Manifesto
One significant event out of many was the signing of a Manifesto against the perceived bias of the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik. This effort, whose authors were unknown, received at first four signatures among them those of Brahms and Joachim, though more were canvassed and eventually more were obtained. Before the later signatories could put their names to the document, however, it found its way into the editorial offices of the Berliner Musik-Zeitung Echo, and from there was leaked to the Neue Zeitschrift itself, which parodied it on May 4, 1860. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Two days later (Walker, p 350) it made its official appearance also in the Berliner Musik-Zeitung Echo with more than twenty signatures, including Woldemar Bargiel, Albert Dietrich, Carl Reinecke, and Ferdinand Hiller. Alan Walker, FRSC (born 6 April 1930) is an English - Canadian Musicologist and university professor best known as a Albert Hermann Dietrich ( 28 August 1829 – 20 November 1908) was a German Composer and conductor, remembered WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Carl Heinrich Carsten Reinecke ( June 23, 1824 &ndash WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Ferdinand (von Hiller ( 24 October 1811 &ndash
The war
The war was fought with compositions, words, and even with scenes such as staged catcalls at a concert to show dislike of the musical programme or conductor. Reputations were at stake and partisans sought to embarrass their adversaries with public slights; the Weimar school held an anniversary celebration of the Neue Zeitschrift in Schumann's birthplace Zwickau and conspicuously neglected to invite members of the opposing party (including Clara Schumann). Zwickau (ˈtsvɪkaʊ̯ Cvikov is a city in Germany, in the Bundesland Sachsen (Saxony situated in a valley at the foot of the Erzgebirge Musicians on one side saw this as pitting Brahms' increasingly effective and economical sonata form against (some) Liszt's works with no form at all. Musician on the other saw the musical form best fitting the musical content pitted against works reusing old forms without any understanding of their growth and reason.
Twentieth century diversity
The 20th century brought a diversity of music against which the conflicts of the 19th seem like so many shades of the same color against a rainbow, and often, as Arnold Schoenberg lamented, criticism was one-note* and one-shade in the face of a whirlwind of styles, experimentation, returns-to, but the War of the Romantics, the writing it left and the events we know, provide a very useful insight into the time and its creative artists for all of that. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Arnold Schoenberg ( pronounced ˈʃøːnbɛrk (13 September 1874 &ndash 13 July 1951 was an Austrian and later American Composer, associated with
As to the victor of this metaphorical war, classical works written in the 20th century were either so far away from the questions addressed for either side to be relevant — Robert Ashley's works for light come to mind as an extreme case of music for which these concerns have no relevance, but there might be pieces even more so before not so very long. . . — or often benefited from the thoughts and works of both. Nikolai Medtner acquired the nickname the Russian Brahms (mostly for his sure handling of sonata form, actually — his teacher Taneyev saying that he was born with it) but wrote a half-hour, one-movement sonata, op. Nikolai Karlovich Medtner (Никола́й Ка́рлович Ме́тнер Nikoláj Kárlovič Métner) (&ndash13 November 1951 was a Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev (Pronounced Ta-'ñe-jəv (also Taneev or Taneiev, Russian: Сергей Иванович Танеев Sergej Ivanovič 25/2 in e, with the internal form of a sonata exposition followed by a fantasy.
*Schoenberg's essay — About Music Criticism — published in Style and Idea, page 194, translated by Leo Black, pub. Balmont Music Publishers 1975, paperback edition ISBN 0-520-05294-3, 1984 — remarked that while earlier critics had at least been able to discuss "the problem of whether it is effective or admissible" to reverse the order of the inner movements of a sonata structure, or to have an unusual key sequence in a work (e. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) g. Brahms' 2nd cello sonata, with slow movement a semitone above the main key,) these problems entirely passed modern critics by; critics could only harp on harmony, tonality, harmony. In this respect even the new profession of criticism — and in the mid-1800s professional music criticism (in newspapers, often by non-musicians, that is, as is the habit today) was very new — may have been marginally better. (Or not. )
Books
- Thorpe-Davie, Cedric. Musical Structure and Design, Dover Publications, 1995, ISBN 0-486-21629-2. Still available from some retail outlets.
- Walker, Alan. Alan Walker, FRSC (born 6 April 1930) is an English - Canadian Musicologist and university professor best known as a Franz Liszt: The Weimar Years , Cornell University Press 1993, ISBN 0-8014-9721-3. pp. 338 – 367 is entitled and covers specifically The War of the Romantics but it is a theme elsewhere.
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