War Military History

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War is any large scale, violent conflict. Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity Prehistoric warfare is War conducted in the era before Writing, and before the establishments of large social entities like States Historical warfare sets Ancient warfare is War as conducted from the beginnings of recorded History to the end of the ancient period Medieval Warfare is the warfare of the Middle Ages. In Europe technological cultural and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character Early Modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of Gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive Industrial warfare is a period in the History of warfare ranging roughly from the start of the Industrial Revolution to the beginning of the Information Age Modern warfare, although present in every Historical period of Military history, is generally used to refer to the concepts, methods and Battlespace is a unified strategy to integrate and combine Armed forces for the Military theatre of operations, including air, information Air power redirects here for electrical and mechanical energy supplied by air movement see Wind power Information warfare is the use and management of information in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent Land warfare, sometimes also called ground combat is the term used to describe military operations eventuating in Combat that take place predominantly on the land surface of Naval warfare is Combat in and on Seas Oceans or any other major bodies of water such as large Lakes and wide Rivers History Space warfare is combat that takes place in Outer space, ie outside the Atmosphere. A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons Armoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of Armoured fighting vehicles in Modern warfare. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Electronic warfare ( EW) is the use of the Electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this medium by an adversary while optimizing its use by friendly The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The US Department of Defense defines psychological warfare ( PSYWAR) as" The planned use of Propaganda and other Psychological actions Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating This article is about the military strategy For the Israeli-Egyptian conflict see War of Attrition, for the game theoretical model see War of attrition (game Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Maneuver warfare, also spelled manoeuvre warfare, is the term used by military theorists for a concept of Warfare that advocates attempting to Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a Belligerent engages in a total mobilization of all available resources at his disposal Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek Economic warfare is the term for economic policies followed as a part of Military operations during Wartime The purpose of economic warfare is to capture Grand strategy is military Strategy at the level of movement and use of an entire Nation state or Empire 's resources A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy Military rank is a system of hierarchical relationships in Armed forces or civil institutions organized along military lines A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy Military Logistics is the art and science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces This article lists military technology items devices and methods Materiel (from the French "matériel" for equipment or hardware related to the word Material) is a term used in English to refer to the Military supply chain management is a cross-functional approach to procuring, producing and delivering products and services The broad This is an index to articles listing Battles. List of battles (alphabetical gives a global list See also Military History Antiquity Albania Agron ( 250 BC - 230 BC) The first king to unite the Illyrian This is a list of missions operations and projects Missions in support of other missions are not listed independently A Siege is a prolonged Military Assault and Blockade on a City or Fortress with the intent of conquering by force or Attrition See also List of military writers. Friedrich von Bernhardi Ivan Bloch John Boyd, inventor of the OODA Loop This is a listing of lists of Wars, sorted by country date region and type of conflict This article lists and summarizes War crimes committed since the Hague Convention of 1907. There is a bewildering array of Weapons far more than would be useful in list form This is a list of military writers, alphabetical by last name Conflict is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of Needs values and interests The conduct of war extends along a continuum, from the almost universal tribal warfare that began well before recorded human history, to wars between city states, nations, or empires. Endemic warfare is the state of continual low-threshold Warfare in a tribal Warrior society A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that By extension, the word is now used for any struggle, as in the war on drugs or the war on terror. The War on Drugs is a prohibition campaign undertaken by the United States government with the assistance of participating countries intended to reduce the Illegal The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U It was once thought humans were the only creatures who fought wars, but closer observation of animal life has discovered wars between ant colonies and chimpanzee tribes. Ants are social Insects of the family Formicidae and along with the related families of Wasps and Bees belong to the order Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan.

A group of combatants and their support is called an army on land, a navy at sea, and air force in the air. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces An air force, also known in some countries as an air army or historically an army air corps, is in the broadest sense the national military or armed service Wars may be prosecuted simultaneously in one or more different theatres. In Warfare a theater or theatre is defined as a specific geographical area of conduct of armed conflict bordered by areas where no combat is taking place Within each theatre, there may be one or more consecutive military campaigns. In the Military sciences a military campaign is a term applied to large scale, long duration significant Military strategy plan incorporating A military campaign includes not only fighting but also intelligence, troop movements, supplies, propaganda, and other components. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people Continuous conflict is traditionally called a battle, although this terminology is not always fed to conflicts involving aircraft, missiles or bombs alone, in the absence of ground troops or naval forces. A civil war is the use of force to resolve internal differences. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state

Contents 1 Factors leading to war 1.1 Psychological theories 1.2 Sociological theories 1.3 Demographic theories 1.4 Evolutionary psychology theories 1.5 Rationalist theories 1.6 Economic theories 1.7 Marxist theories 1.8 Political science theories 2 Types of war and warfare 2.1 Just Cause War 2.2 By cause 2.3 Types of warfare 2.4 By style 2.5 Warfare environment 3 History of war 4 Morality of war 5 Factors ending a war 6 List of wars by death toll 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 See also 9.1 General 9.2 Lists 9.3 Military knowledgebase 10 External links

Factors leading to war

A war may begin following an official declaration of war but undeclared wars are common. A declaration of war is a formal performative Speech act or signing of a document by an authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of War Any general theory of war must explain not only war but also peace. It must explain not only the wars fought in almost every generation in almost every country in the world, but also the rare instances of extended relative peace, including the Pax Romana and the peace in Europe since World War II. Pax Romana ( Latin for " Roman Peace " was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Motivations for war may be different for those ordering the war than for those undertaking the war. For a state to prosecute a war it must have the support of its leadership, its military forces, and the population. For example, in the Third Punic War,^[1] Rome's leaders may have wished to make war with Carthage for the purpose of eliminating a resurgent rival, while the individual soldiers may have been motivated by a wish to end the practice of child sacrifice. The Third Punic War ( 149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" Since many people are involved, a war may acquire a life of its own -- from the confluences of many different motivations.

In Why Nations Go to War, by Darian Domer, the author points out that both sides will claim that morality justifies their fight. He also states that the rationale for beginning a war depends on an overly optimistic assessment of the outcome of hostilities (casualties and costs), and on mis-perceptions of the enemy's intentions. In Attribution theory, the fundamental attribution error (also known as correspondence bias or overattribution effect) is the tendency for people to In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. In his book War Before Civilization, Lawrence H Keeley a professor at the University of Illinois, says that 87% of tribal societies were at war more than once per year and Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, says that approximately 90-95% of known societies engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought constantly. This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of ^[2]

Psychological theories

Psychologists such as E. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and F. M. Durban and John Bowlby have argued that human beings are inherently violent. John Bowlby ( February 26, 1907 – September 2, 1990) was a British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst notable for his interest in child "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. While this violence is repressed in normal society, it needs the occasional outlet provided by war. This combines with other notions such as displacement, where a person transfers their grievances into bias and hatred against other ethnic groups, nations, or ideologies. In Psychology, displacement is an Unconscious Defense mechanism whereby the mind redirects affects from an object felt to be dangerous or unacceptable Bias is a term used to describe a Tendency or Preference towards a particular perspective, Ideology or result especially when the tendency interferes An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics While these theories may have some explanatory value about why wars occur, they do not explain when or how they occur. Nor do they explain the existence of certain human cultures completely devoid of war. ^[3] If the innate psychology of the human mind is unchanging, these variations are inconsistent. A solution adapted to this problem by militarists such as Franz Alexander is that peace does not really exist. Franz Gabriel Alexander January 22 1891 - March 8 1964) was an Hungarian American Psychoanalyst and Physician Periods that are seen as peaceful are actually periods of preparation for a later war or when war is suppressed by a state of great power, such as the Pax Britannica. Pax Britannica ( Latin for "the British Peace" modelled after Pax Romana) was the period of relative peace in Europe

If war is innate to human nature, as is presupposed by many psychological theories, then there is little hope of ever escaping it. Psychologists have argued that while human temperament allows wars to occur, this only happens when mentally unbalanced people are in control of a nation. In psychology temperament is the innate aspect of an individual's personality such as Introversion or Extroversion. This school of thought argues leaders that seek war such as Napoleon, Hitler, and Stalin were mentally abnormal, but fails to explain the thousands of free and presumably sane people who wage wars at their behest. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party

A distinct branch of the psychological theories of war are the arguments based on evolutionary psychology. Evolutionary psychology ( EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traits ��such as Memory, Perception, This school tends to see war as an extension of animal behaviour, such as territoriality and competition. Competition is a rivalry between individuals groups nations or animals for territory or resources However, while war has a natural cause, the development of technology has accelerated human destructiveness to a level that is irrational and damaging to the species. Humans have similar instincts to that of a chimpanzee but overwhelmingly more powerful. Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. The earliest advocate of this theory was Konrad Lorenz. Konrad Zacharias Lorenz ( November 7, 1903 in Vienna &ndash February 27, 1989 in Vienna) was an Austrian ^[4] These theories have been criticised by scholars such as John G. Kennedy, who argue that the organised, sustained war of humans differs more than just technologically from the territorial fights between animals. Ashley Montagu^[5] strongly denies such universalistic instinctual arguments, pointing out that social factors and childhood socialisation are important in determining the nature and presence of warfare. Thus while human aggression may be a universal occurrence, warfare is not and would appear to have been a historical invention, associated with certain types of human societies.

The Italian psychoanalyst Franco Fornari, a follower of Melanie Klein, thought that war was the paranoid or projective “elaboration” of mourning. (Fornari 1975). Our nation and country play an unconscious maternal role in our feelings, as expressed in the term “motherland. ” Fornari thought that war and violence develop out of our “love need”: our wish to preserve and defend the sacred object to which we are attached, namely our early mother and our fusion with her. For the adult, nations are the sacred objects that generate warfare. Fornari focused upon sacrifice as the essence of war: the astonishing willingness of human beings to die for their country, to give over their bodies to their nation. Fornari called war the “spectacular establishment of a general human situation whereby death assumes absolute value. ” We are sure that the ideas for which we die must be true, because “death becomes a demonstrative process. ”

Sociological theories

Sociology has long been very concerned with the origins of war, and many thousands of theories have been advanced, many of them contradictory. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Sociology has thus divided into a number of schools. One, the Primat der Innenpolitik (Primacy of Domestic Politics) school based on the works of Eckart Kehr and Hans-Ulrich Wehler, sees war as the product of domestic conditions, with only the target of aggression being determined by international realities. Eckart Kehr (1902 in Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg, Germany – 1933 in Washington D Hans-Ulrich Wehler (born September 11, 1931) is a Left-wing German Historian. Thus World War I was not a product of international disputes, secret treaties, or the balance of power but a product of the economic, social, and political situation within each of the states involved. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All A controversy or dispute is a commencement of a conflict between statements of accepted fact and a new or unaccepted proposal that disagrees with argues against

This differs from the traditional Primat der Außenpolitik (Primacy of Foreign Politics) approach of Carl von Clausewitz and Leopold von Ranke that argues it is the decisions of statesmen and the geopolitical situation that leads to war. Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz (ˈklaʊzəvɪts ( July 1, 1780 – November 16, 1831) was a Prussian soldier military historian Leopold von Ranke ( December 21, 1795 – May 23, 1886) was a German Historian of the 19th century and frequently considered Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales

Demographic theories

Demographic theories can be grouped into two classes, Malthusian theories and youth bulge theories. A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a

Malthusian theories see expanding population and scarce resources as a source of violent conflict.

Pope Urban II in 1095, on the eve of the First Crusade, wrote, "For this land which you now inhabit, shut in on all sides by the sea and the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; it scarcely furnishes food enough for its cultivators. Pope The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing Hence it is that you murder and devour one another, that you wage wars, and that many among you perish in civil strife. Let hatred, therefore, depart from among you; let your quarrels end. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher; wrest that land from a wicked race, and subject it to yourselves. "

This is one of the earliest expressions of what has come to be called the Malthusian theory of war, in which wars are caused by expanding populations and limited resources. Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) wrote that populations always increase until they are limited by war, disease, or famine. Thomas Robert Malthus FRS (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834 was an English political economist and demographer who expressed views A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation

This theory is thought by Malthusians to account for the relative decrease in wars during the past fifty years, especially in the developed world, where advances in agriculture have made it possible to support a much larger population than was formerly the case, and where birth control has dramatically slowed the increase in population. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Birth control, sometimes synonymous with contraception, is a regimen of one or more actions devices or Medications followed in order to deliberately prevent

Youth bulge theory differs significantly from malthusian theories. A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a Its adherents see a combination of large male youth cohorts (as graphically represented as a "youth bulge" in a population pyramid) with a lack of regular, peaceful employment opportunities as a risk pool for violence. A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a While malthusian theories focus on a disparity between a growing population and available natural resources, youth bulge theory focuses on a disparity between non-inheriting, "excess" young males and available social positions within the existing social system of division of labour.

Contributors to the development of youth bulge theory include French sociologist Gaston Bouthoul,^[6], U. A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a S. sociologist Jack A. Goldstone,^[7], U. Jack A Goldstone is an American Sociologist and Political scientist, specializing in studies of Social movements, Revolutions and International S. political scientist Gary Fuller,^[8][9][10], and German sociologist Gunnar Heinsohn. Gunnar Heinsohn (born 1943 in the German-occupied city of Gotenhafen (today Gdynia, Poland) is a German sociologist. ^[11] Samuel Huntington has modified his Clash of Civilizations theory by using youth bulge theory as its foundation:

"I don't think Islam is any more violent than any other religions, and I suspect if you added it all up, more people have been slaughtered by Christians over the centuries than by Muslims. Samuel Phillips Huntington (born April 18, 1927) is an American political scientist who gained prominence through his " Clash of Civilizations The Clash of Civilizations is a Theory, proposed by Political scientist Samuel P But the key factor is the demographic factor. Generally speaking, the people who go out and kill other people are males between the ages of 16 and 30.

During the 1960s, 70s and 80s there were high birth rates in the Muslim world, and this has given rise to a huge youth bulge. But the bulge will fade. Muslim birth rates are going down; in fact, they have dropped dramatically in some countries. Islam did spread by the sword originally, but I don't think there is anything inherently violent in Muslim theology. "^[12]

Youth Bulge theories represent a relatively recent development but seem to have become more influential in guiding U. A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a S. foreign policy and military strategy as both Goldstone and Fuller have acted as consultants to the U. S. Government. CIA Inspector General John L. Helgerson referred to youth bulge theory in his 2002 report "The National Security Implications of Global Demographic Change". John L Helgerson is a long-time official of the United States ' most senior intelligence agency the CIA. ^[13]

According to Heinsohn, who has proposed youth bulge theory in its most generalized form, a youth bulge occurs when 30 to 40 percent of the males of a nation belong to the "fighting age" cohorts from 15 to 29 years of age. It will follow periods with total fertility rates as high as 4-8 children per woman with a 15-29 year delay. The total fertility rate ( TFR, sometimes also called the fertility rate, period total fertility rate (PTFR or total A total fertility rate of 2,1 children born by a woman during her lifetime represents a situation of in which the son will replace the father, the daughter the mother. Thus, a total fertility rate of 2,1 represents replacement level, while anything below represents a sub-replacement fertility rate leading to population decline. Sub-replacement fertility is a Total fertility rate that is not high enough to replace an area's population Population decline is the reduction over time in a region's Census. Total fertility rates above 2,1 will lead to population growth and to a youth bulge. Population growth is the change in Population over time and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population using "per unit time" for A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a A total fertility rate of 4-8 children per mother implies 2-4 sons per mother. Consequently, one father has to leave not 1, but 2 to 4 social positions (jobs) to give all his sons a perspective for life, which is usually hard to achieve. Since respectable positions cannot be increased at the same speed as food, textbooks and vaccines, many "angry young men" find themselves in a situation that tends to escalate their adolescent anger into violence: they are

1. demographically superfluous,
2. might be out of work or stuck in a menial job, and
3. often have no access to a legal sex life before a career can earn them enough to provide for a family.

The combination of these stress factors according to Heinsohn^[14] usually heads for one of six different exits:

1. Violent Crime
2. Emigration ("non violent colonization")
3. Rebellion or putsch
4. Civil war and/or revolution
5. Genocide (to take over the positions of the slaughtered)
6. Conquest (violent colonization, frequently including genocide abroad).

Religions and ideologies are seen as secondary factors that are being used to legitimate violence, but will not lead to violence by themselves if no youth bulge is present. The world's principal Religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups or world religions'. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Consequently, youth bulge theorists see both past "Christianist" European colonialism and imperialism and today's "Islamist" civil unrest and terrorism as results of high birth rates producing youth bulges. ^[15] While during the period of European colonialism, European countries had high birthrates and huge youth bulges that fueled colonialist expansion, today Afghanistan, which has a total fertility rate of 6 children per woman and an estimated unemployment rate of 40%^[16], would represent a typical youth bulge country^[17]. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The total fertility rate ( TFR, sometimes also called the fertility rate, period total fertility rate (PTFR or total The Gaza Strip can be seen as another example of youth-bulge-driven violence, especially if compared to Lebanon which is geographically close, yet remarkably more peaceful. The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية ^[18] Among prominent historical events that have been linked to the existence of youth bulges is the role played by the historically large youth cohorts in the rebellion and revolution waves of early modern Europe, including French Revolution of 1789^[19], and the importance of economic depression hitting the largest German youth cohorts ever in explaining the rise of Nazism in Germany in the 1930s. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German ^[20] The 1994 Rwandan Genocide has also been analyzed as following a massive youth bulge. The Rwandan Genocide was the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwanda 's minority Tutsis and the moderates of its Hutu majority ^[21]

While the security implications of rapid population growth have been well known since the completion of the National Security Study Memorandum 200 in 1974,^[22] neither the U. National Security Study Memorandum 200 (NSSM200 was completed on December 10, 1974 by the U S. nor the WHO have effectively implemented the recommended preventive measures to control population growth to avert the terror threat they are now facing. Prominent demographer Stephen D. Mumford attributes this to the influence of the Catholic Church. Stephen D Mumford is an American Demographer, specializing in the relationship between world population growth and national and Global security. ^[23]

Youth Bulge theory has been subjected to statistical analysis by the World Bank,^[24] Population Action International,^[25] and the Berlin Institute for Population and Development. ^[26] Detailed demographic data for most countries is available at the international database of the United States Census Bureau. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census ^[27]

Youth bulge theories have been criticized as leading to racial, gender and age discrimination. ^[28]

Evolutionary psychology theories

Wars are seen as the result of evolved psychological traits that are turned on by either being attacked or by a population perception of a bleak future. The theory accounts for the IRA going out of business, but leads to a dire view of current wars. ^[29] Studies of endemic violence and tribal warfare in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea demonstrate that intertribal warfare is highest in those parts of the country where population densities are greatest and pressure on land and other resources is thereby maximized. Endemic warfare is the state of continual low-threshold Warfare in a tribal Warrior society Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania Similarly, evidence of organized warfare in the Ancient World, in pre-dynastic Mesopotamia and in Ancient Egypt, suggests that organized systematic warfare only appeared after population densities had increased, and there was increased pressure upon limited ecological resources. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now

(These ideas above are actually old International Relations ideas and are not based on Evolutionary Psychology at all, in fact they are not consistent with the Theory of Evolution and so cannot be Evolutionary Psychology theories. A central tenet of the Theory of Evolution is that populations quickly fill their ecological niches, creating selective pressure for the most fit. In effect, a "bleak future" is a given over evolutionary time, in fact this insight of Malthus's lead Darwin to the Theory of Evolution, and it is maladaptive to wait until you perceive it coming, when your attack will be anticipated. It is also maladaptive to not take the opportunity to gain habitat and women by attacking your neighbor when they are weak. When the bleak future arrives they may be strong or have new allies. Maladaptive behaviors cannot be selected for. So the ideas above do not mesh with the theory which is central to Evolutionary Psychology. Nor do they fit with the anthropological record which Evolutionary Psychology always seeks to corroborate its ideas with. )

The book "The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War" by David Livingstone Smith is much more relevant for those seeking a view generated by the Evolutionary Psychology methodology.

The paper "Altruism and War" which can be found here is a work written for an academic audience which takes an Evolutionary Psychology viewpoint on war as well, attempting to describe for the first time the entire psychological process from commitment to group to willingness to kill members of another group on one's groups behalf.

A critical aspect of all true EP based theories of war is the understanding that most or all of the proximate causes of war are little more than excuses that our minds need to fabricate to justify their actions. These justifications take universal forms at every level of human group conflict. They can include: 1)The assertion that the other group presents a threat which must be defended against, 2)The assertion that the other group has provoked the conflict, 3)The assertion that the other group has committed acts which violate morality (such as stealing from your group, raping women, taking premature babies out of incubators), 4)Descriptions of the other group as being threat animals or pathogens (snakes, bears, jackals, cancers, rats, and so on), 5)Asserting that the other is inherently evil, 6)Asserting that the other group are insane or lead by the insane. The other inherent pattern is that positive group definitional attributes are seen as being the opposite of the enemy or rival group.

Evolutionary Psychology hypothesis on war also importantly show that the decision making process is rarely rational, that in fact human belief and decision making processes are often not rational on the whole.

Of course, one side sometimes is simply defending itself. But more often both sides go through a similar and linked psychological process of justification, as above, and an escalating cycle of verbal and then violent action. Such escalation takes place as an effect of our evolved program to punitively punish the other for their transgression through acts which attempt to dissuade them from further transgression, by going well beyond simple tit-for-tat.

Looking for rational causes, as is common in most hypothesis and even in the above mentioned notions of perceived bleak futures, is not the path to understanding war.

Rationalist theories

Rationalist theories of war assume that both sides to a potential war are rational, which is to say that each side wants to get the best possible outcome for itself for the least possible loss of life and property to its own side. Given this assumption, if both countries knew in advance how the war would turn out, it would be better for both of them to just accept the post-war outcome without having to actually pay the costs of fighting the war. This is based on the notion, generally agreed to by almost all scholars of war since Carl von Clausewitz, that wars are reciprocal, that all wars require both a decision to attack and also a decision to resist attack. Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz (ˈklaʊzəvɪts ( July 1, 1780 – November 16, 1831) was a Prussian soldier military historian Rationalist theory offers three reasons why some countries cannot find a bargain and instead resort to war: issue indivisibility, information asymmetry with incentive to deceive, and the inability to make credible commitments. In Economics and Contract theory, information asymmetry deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better Information ^[30]

Issue indivisibility occurs when the two parties cannot avoid war by bargaining because the thing over which they are fighting cannot be shared between them, only owned entirely by one side or the other. Religious issues, such as control over the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, are more likely to be indivisible than economic issues. The Temple Mount ( הַר הַבַּיִת, Har haBáyit) also called the Noble Sanctuary ( الحرم القدسي الشريف, al-haram

A bigger branch of the theory, advanced by scholars of international relations such as Geoffrey Blainey, is the problem of information asymmetry with incentives to misrepresent. Professor Geoffrey Blainey AC (born 11 March 1930) is an Australian Historian. The two countries may not agree on who would win a war between them, or whether victory would be overwhelming or merely eked out, because each side has military secrets about its own capabilities. They will not avoid the bargaining failure by sharing their secrets, since they cannot trust each other not to lie and exaggerate their strength to extract more concessions. Failure ( fail, phail or flop) in general refers to the state or Condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective For example, Sweden made efforts to deceive Nazi Germany that it would resist an attack fiercely, partly by playing on the myth of Aryan superiority and by making sure that Hermann Göring only saw elite troops in action, often dressed up as regular soldiers, when he came to visit. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member

Intelligence gathering may sometimes, but not always, mitigate this problem. For example, the Argentinian dictatorship knew that the United Kingdom had the ability to defeat them, but their intelligence failed them on the question of whether the British would use their power to resist the annexation of the Falkland Islands.

The American decision to enter the Vietnam War was made with the full knowledge that the communist forces would resist them, but did not believe that the guerrillas had the capability to long oppose American forces. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

Thirdly, bargaining may fail due to the states' inability to make credible commitments. ^[31] In this scenario, the two countries might be able to come to a bargain that would avert war if they could stick to it, but the benefits of the bargain will make one side more powerful and lead it to demand even more in the future, so that the weaker side has an incentive to make a stand now.

Rationalist explanations of war can be critiqued on a number of grounds. The assumptions of cost-benefit calculations become dubious in the most extreme genocidal cases of World War II, where the only bargain offered in some cases was infinitely bad. Rationalist theories typically assume that the state acts as a unitary individual, doing what is best for the state as a whole; this is problematic when, for example, the country's leader is beholden to a very small number of people, as in a personalistic dictatorship. Rationalist theory also assumes that the actors are rational, able to accurately assess their likelihood of success or failure, but the proponents of the psychological theories above would disagree.

Rationalist theories are usually explicated with game theory, for example, the Peace War Game, not a wargame as such, rather a simulation of economic decisions underlying war. Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, An Iterated game originally played in academic groups and by Computer simulation for years to study possible strategies of Cooperation and Aggression. A wargame is a Game that simulates or represents a Military operation. Simulation is the imitation of some real thing state of affairs or process An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area

Economic theories

Another school of thought argues that war can be seen as an outgrowth of economic competition in a chaotic and competitive international system. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area In this view wars begin as a pursuit of new markets, of natural resources, and of wealth. Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form Unquestionably a cause of some wars, from the empire building of Britain to the 1941 Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in pursuit of oil, this theory has been applied to many other conflicts. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit It is most often advocated by those to the left of the political spectrum, who argue such wars serve the interests of the wealthy but are fought by the poor. Some to the right of the political spectrum may counter that poverty is relative and one poor in one country can be relatively wealthy in another. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities Such counter arguments become less valid as the increasing mobility of capital and information level the distributions of wealth worldwide, or when considering that it is relative, not absolute, wealth differences that may fuel wars. There are those on the extreme right of the political spectrum who provide support, fascists in particular, by asserting a natural right of the strong to whatever the weak cannot hold by force. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Some centrist, [capitalism|[capitalist]], world leaders, including Presidents of the United States and US Generals, expressed support for an economic view of war. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by

"Is there any man, is there any woman, let me say any child here that does not know that the seed of war in the modern world is industrial and commercial rivalry?" - Woodrow Wilson, September 11, 1919, St. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Louis. ^[32]

"I spent 33 years and four months in active military service and during that period I spent most of my time as a high class muscle man for Big Business, for Wall Street and the bankers. Big Business or big business is a term used to describe large corporations in either an individual or collective sense Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. In short, I was a racketeer, a gangster for capitalism. A racket is an illegal business usually run as part of Organized crime. For other uses see Gangsta. A gangster is a criminal who is or at some point almost invariably becomes a member of a persistent violent Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where " - simultaneously highest ranking and most decorated United States Marine (including two Medals of Honor) Major General Smedley Butler (and a Republican Party primary candidate for the United States Senate) 1935. The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Smedley Darlington Butler (July 30 1881 &ndash June 21 1940 Nicknamed " The Fighting Quaker " and " Old Gimlet Eye " was a Major The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives ^[33]

"For the corporation executives, the military metaphysic often coincides with their interest in a stable and planned flow of profit; it enables them to have their risk underwritten by public money; it enables them reasonably to expect that they can exploit for private profit now and later, the risky research developments paid for by public money. It is, in brief, a mask of the subsidized capitalism from which they extract profit and upon which their power is based. " C. Wright Mills, Causes of world war 3,1960

"In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. Charles Mills ( August 28, 1916, Waco Texas &ndash March 20, 1962, West Nyack New York) was an American A military-industrial complex (MIC is a concept commonly used to refer to Policy relationships between Governments national Armed forces, and industrial The potential for disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. " - Dwight Eisenhower, Farewell Address, Jan. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general 17, 1961. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Marxist theories

The Marxist theory of war argues that all war grows out of the class war. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Class conflict, also class war or class warfare, is both the friction that accompanies social relationships between members or groups of different It sees wars as imperial ventures to enhance the power of the ruling class and divide the proletariat of the world by pitting them against each other for contrived ideals such as nationalism or religion. Wars are a natural outgrowth of the free market and class system, and will not disappear until a world revolution occurs. This is about the concept of world revolution in Marxist theory

Political science theories

The statistical analysis of war was pioneered by Lewis Fry Richardson following World War I. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All More recent databases of wars and armed conflict have been assembled by the Correlates of War Project, Peter Brecke and the Uppsala Department of Peace and Conflict Research.

There are several different international relations theory schools. International relations theory attempts to provide a conceptual model upon which international relations can be analyzed Supporters of realism in international relations argue that the motivation of states is the quest for security, to ensure survival. Realism, also known as political realism, in the context of International relations, encompasses a variety of theories and approaches all of which share a belief One position, sometimes argued to contradict the realist view, is that there is much empirical evidence to support the claim that states that are democracies do not go to war with each other, an idea known as the democratic peace theory. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system The democratic peace theory (or liberal peace theory or simply the democratic peace) holds that democracies &mdash usually liberal democracies Other factors included are difference in moral and religious beliefs, economical and trade disagreements, declaring independence, and others.

Another major theory relating to power in international relations and machtpolitik is the Power Transition theory, which distributes the world into a hierarchy and explains major wars as part of a cycle of hegemons being destabilized by a great power which does not support the hegemons' control. Power in international relations is defined in several different ways Power politics, or Machtpolitik (borrowed from German) is a state of International relations in which sovereigns protect their own interests The Power transition theory is a theory about the cyclic nature of War, in relation to the Power in international relations. Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale

Types of war and warfare

Just Cause War

The Just War Theory was asserted as authoritative Catholic Church teaching by the United States Catholic Bishops in their pastoral letter, "'The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response," issued in 1983. Just War theory is a Doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin studied by moral Theologians Ethicists and international More recently, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2309, published in 1994, lists four "strict conditions for legitimate defense by military force.

By cause

Marxism, succeeded by the Soviet ideology, distinguished the just and unjust war. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Just war was considered to be slave rebellions, or national liberation movements, while an unjust war carried the imperialistic character. Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Smaller armed conflicts are often called riots, rebellions, coups, etc. Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other

When one country sends armed forces to another, allegedly to restore order or prevent genocide, or other crimes against humanity, or to support a legally recognized government against insurgency, that country sometimes refers to it as a police action. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution Police action in Military / Security studies and International relations, is a Euphemism for a military action undertaken without a formal This usage is not always recognized as valid, however, particularly by those who do not accept the connotations of the term.

A Fault Line War is a war that is fought between two or more civilizations. A fault line war is one that takes place between two or more identity groups (usually religious or ethnic from different civilizations The issue at stake in a fault line war is very symbolic for at least one of the groups involved.

Types of warfare

Conventional warfare is an attempt to reduce an opponent's military capability. Conventional warfare is a form of Warfare conducted by using conventional military weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation It is a war between nation-states and nuclear or biological weapons are not usually used.
Unconventional warfare is an attempt to achieve military victory through acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine support for one side of an existing conflict. Unconventional warfare (abbreviated UW) is the opposite of Conventional warfare.
Nuclear warfare is a war in which nuclear weapons are used. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.
Civil war is a war where the forces in conflict belong to the same country or empire or other political entity. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state
Asymmetric warfare, is a conflict between two populations of drastically different levels of military mechanisation. Asymmetric warfare originally referred to War between two or more belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly Mechanization or mechanisation ( BE) is providing human operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work This type of war often results in guerrilla tactics. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Military action produces a very small percentage of air pollution emissions. Intentional air pollution in combat is one of a collection of techniques collectively called chemical warfare. Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Poison gas as a chemical weapons was principally used during World War I, and resulted in an estimated 91,198 deaths and 1,205,655 injuries. Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Various treaties have sought to ban its further use. Non-lethal chemical weapons, such as tear gas and pepper spray, are widely used, sometimes with deadly effect. A lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (from lacrima meaning "a tear " in Latin) (commonly referred to as tear gas) is a Pepper spray (also known as OC spray (from " Oleoresin Capsicum " OC gas, capsicum spray, or oleoresin capsicum

By style

Historian Victor Davis Hanson has claimed there exists a unique "Western Way of War", in an attempt to explain the military successes of Western Europe. Victor Davis Hanson (born 1953 in Fowler California) is a Military historian, Columnist, political essayist and former Classics professor notable It originated in Ancient Greece, where, in an effort to reduce the damage that warfare has on society, the city-states developed the concept of a decisive pitched battle between heavy infantry. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca This would be preceded by formal declarations of war and followed by peace negotiations. In this system constant low-level skirmishing and guerrilla warfare were phased out in favour of a single, decisive contest, which in the end cost both sides less in casualties and property damage. Although it was later perverted by Alexander the Great, this style of war initially allowed neighbours with limited resources to coexist and prosper. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ'

He argues that Western-style armies are characterised by an emphasis on discipline and teamwork above individual bravado. Examples of Western victories over non-Western armies include the Battle of Marathon, the Battle of Gaugamela, the Siege of Tenochtitlan, and the defence of Rorke's Drift. The Battle of Marathon ( Greek: Μάχη τοῡ Μαραθῶνος Machē tou Marathōnos) during the Greco-Persian Wars took place in 490 The Battle of Gaugamela (ˌgɔːgəˈmiːlə (Γαυγάμηλα took place in 331 BC between Alexander the Great of Macedonia and Darius III San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Rorke's Drift was a mission station in Natal, South Africa, situated near a natural ford (drift on the Buffalo River at.

Warfare environment

The environment in which a war is fought has a significant impact on the type of combat which takes place, and can include within its area different types of terrain. This in turn means that soldiers have to be trained to fight in a specific types of environments and terrains that generally reflects troops' mobility limitations or enablers. These include:

• Arctic warfare or Winter warfare in general
• Desert warfare
• Jungle warfare
• Maneuver warfare
• Naval warfare or Aquatic warfare that includes Littoral, Amphibious and Riverine warfare
• Sub-aquatic warfare
• Mountain warfare sometimes called Alpine warfare
• Urban warfare
• Air warfare that includes Airborne warfare and Airmobile warfare
• Space warfare
• Electronic warfare including Radio, Radar and Network warfare
• Border warfare a type of limited defensive warfare
• Mine warfare a type of static terrain denial warfare
• Psychological warfare
• Guerilla warfare
• Cyber warfare
• Energy warfare
• Biological warfare
• Trench warfare
• Nuclear warfare

History of war

Main article: History of war

There is little agreement about the origins of war. Arctic warfare or winter warfare is a term used to describe armed conflict that takes place in an exceptionally cold weather usually in Snowy and icy terrain sometimes Desert warfare is combat in Deserts In desert warfare the elements can sometimes be more dangerous than the actual enemy Jungle warfare is a term used to cover the special techniques needed for Military units to survive and fight in jungle terrain. Maneuver warfare, also spelled manoeuvre warfare, is the term used by military theorists for a concept of Warfare that advocates attempting to Naval warfare is Combat in and on Seas Oceans or any other major bodies of water such as large Lakes and wide Rivers History A monitor was a type of relatively small Warship which was neither fast nor strongly armoured but carried disproportionately large guns and was used by some navies Mountain warfare refers to warfare in the Mountains or similarly rough terrain Urban warfare is modern warfare conducted in Urban areas such as Towns and cities. Air power redirects here for electrical and mechanical energy supplied by air movement see Wind power Space warfare is combat that takes place in Outer space, ie outside the Atmosphere. Electronic warfare ( EW) is the use of the Electromagnetic spectrum to effectively deny the use of this medium by an adversary while optimizing its use by friendly The US Department of Defense defines psychological warfare ( PSYWAR) as" The planned use of Propaganda and other Psychological actions Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Cyber-warfare (also known as cybernetic war, or cyberwar) is the use of Computers and the Internet in conducting Warfare in Cyberspace Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity Some believe war has always been with us; others stress the lack of clear evidence for war in our prehistoric past, and the fact that many peaceful, non-military societies have and still do exist.

Originally, war likely consisted of small-scale raiding. Since the rise of the state some 5000 years ago, military activity has occurred over much of the globe. The advent of gunpowder and the acceleration of technological advances led to modern warfare.

The Human Security Report 2005 documented a significant decline in the number and severity of armed conflicts since the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. The Human Security Report 2005 is a report outlining declining world trends of global violence from the early 1990s to 2003 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the However, the evidence examined in the 2008 edition of the Peace and Conflict study indicates that the overall decline in conflicts has stalled. ^[34]

Morality of war

Throughout history war has been the source of serious moral questions. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Although many ancient nations and some modern ones have viewed war as noble, over the sweep of history, concerns about the morality of war have gradually increased. Today, war is seen by some as undesirable and morally problematic. At the same time, many view war, or at least the preparation and readiness and willingness to engage in war, as necessary for the defense of their country. Pacifists believe that war is inherently immoral and that no war should ever be fought.

The negative view of war has not always been held as widely as it is today. Heinrich von Treitschke saw war as humanity's highest activity where courage, honour, and ability were more necessary than in any other endeavour. thumb Heinrich Gotthard von Treitschke ( September 15, 1834 &ndash April 28, 1896) was a nationalist German Gallantry redirects here Or see Gallant for other meanings Courage, also known as bravery, will, intrepidity Honor or Honour (see spelling differences) (the latter directly from the Latin word honos honoris) is the evaluation of a person's Friedrich Nietzsche also saw war as an opportunity for the Übermensch to display heroism, honour, and other virtues. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist The Übermensch ( German; English: Overman, Superman) is a Concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Another supporter of war, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, favoured it as part of the necessary process required for history to unfold and allow society to progress. At the outbreak of World War I, the writer Thomas Mann wrote, "Is not peace an element of civil corruption and war a purification, a liberation, an enormous hope?" This attitude has been embraced by societies from Sparta and Rome in the ancient world to the fascist states of the 1930s. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Paul Thomas Mann ( June The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology

International law recognizes only two cases for a legitimate war:

1. Wars of defense: when one nation is attacked by an aggressor, it is considered legitimate for a nation to defend itself against the aggressor. International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards
2. Wars sanctioned by the UN Security Council: when the United Nations as a whole acts as a body against a certain nation. Examples include various peacekeeping operations around the world. Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace

The subset of international law known as the law of war or international humanitarian law also recognises regulations for the conduct of war, including the Geneva Conventions governing the legitimacy of certain kinds of weapons, and the treatment of prisoners of war. The law of war (also law of armed conflict, LOAC) is Law concerning acceptable practices relating to war International humanitarian law ( IHL) often referred to as the Laws of war, the laws and customs of war or the law of armed conflict The Geneva Conventions consist of four Treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for International law for humanitarian Cases where these conventions are broken are considered war crimes, and since the Nuremberg Trials at the end of World War II the international community has established a number of tribunals to try such cases. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Factors ending a war

The political and economic circumstances in the peace that follows war usually depends on the "facts on the ground". Where evenly matched adversaries decide that the conflict has resulted in a stalemate, they may cease hostilities to avoid further loss of life and property. Stalemate is a situation in Chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal moves They may decide to restore the antebellum territorial boundaries, redraw boundaries at the line of military control, or negotiate to keep or exchange captured territory. " Antebellum " is an expression derived from Latin that means "before war" ( ante, "before" and bellum Negotiations between parties involved at the end of a war often result in a treaty, such as the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, which ended the First World War. A Treaty is an agreement under International law entered into by actors in international law namely States and International organizations. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

A warring party that surrenders may have little negotiating power, with the victorious side either imposing a settlement or dictating most of the terms of any treaty. Surrender is when Soldiers, nations or other combatants stop fighting and become Prisoners of war, either as A common result is that conquered territory is brought under the dominion of the stronger military power. An unconditional surrender is made in the face of overwhelming military force as an attempt to prevent further harm to life and property. Unconditional surrender is a surrender without conditions except for those provided by International law. For example, the Empire of Japan gave an unconditional surrender to the Allies of World War II after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (see Surrender of Japan), the preceding massive strategic bombardment of Japan and declaration of war and the immediate invasion of Manchuria by the Soviet Union. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close A settlement or surrender may also be obtained through deception or bluffing. Deception (also called beguilement or subterfuge) is the act of convincing another to believe Information that is not true or not the whole truth as in In the card game of Poker, to bluff is to bet or raise with an inferior hand

Many other wars, however, have ended in complete destruction of the opposing territory, such as the Battle of Carthage of the Third Punic War between the Phoenician city of Carthage and Ancient Rome in 149 BC. The Battle of Carthage was the major act of the Third Punic War between the Phoenician city of Carthage in Africa (near present-day The Third Punic War ( 149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers In 146 BC the Romans burned the city, enslaved its citizens, and razed the buildings.

Some wars or war-like actions end when the military objective of the victorious side has been achieved. Others do not, especially in cases where the state structures do not exist, or have collapsed prior to the victory of the conqueror. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In such cases, disorganised guerilla warfare may continue for a considerable period. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc In cases of complete surrender conquered territories may be brought under the permanent dominion of the victorious side. A raid for the purposes of looting may be completed with the successful capture of goods. Looting ( Hindi lūṭ akin to Sanskrit luṭhati steals also Latin latro, latronis In other cases an aggressor may decide to end hostilities to avoid continued losses and cease hostilities without obtaining the original objective, such as happened in the Iran-Iraq War.

Some hostilities, such as insurgency or civil war, may persist for long periods of time with only a low level of military activity. An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state In some cases there is no negotiation of any official treaty, but fighting may trail off and eventually stop after the political demands of the belligerent groups have been reconciled, a political settlement has been negotiated, or combatants are gradually killed or decide the conflict is futile.

List of wars by death toll

These figures include deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, atrocities etc. An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied as well as deaths of soldiers in battle.

This is an incomplete list of wars.

• 60,000,000–72,000,000 - World War II (1939–1945), (see World War II casualties)^[35][36]
• 30,000,000–60,000,000 - Mongol Conquests (13th century) (see Mongol invasions and Tatar invasions)^{[37][38][39][40]}
• 25,000,000 - Manchu conquest of Ming China (1616–1662)^[41]
• 20,000,000–70,000,000 - World War I (1914–1918) (see World War I casualties) note that the larger number includes Spanish flu deaths
• 20,000,000 - Taiping Rebellion (China, 1851–1864) (see Dungan revolt)^[42]
• 20,000,000 - Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)^[43]
• 10,000,000 - Warring States Era (China, 475 BC–221 BC)
• 7,000,000 - 20,000,000 Conquests of Timur the Lame (1360-1405) (see List of wars in the Muslim world)^[44][45]
• 5,000,000–9,000,000 - Russian Civil War and Foreign Intervention (1917–1921)^[46]
• 5,000,000 - Conquests of Menelik II of Ethiopia (1882- 1898)^[47][48]
• 3,800,000 - 5,400,000 - Second Congo War (1998–2007)^[49][50][51]
• 3,500,000–6,000,000 - Napoleonic Wars (1804–1815) (see Napoleonic Wars casualties)
• 3,000,000–11,500,000 - Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)^[52]
• 3,000,000–7,000,000 - Yellow Turban Rebellion (China, 184–205)
• 2,500,000–3,500,000 - Korean War (1950–1953) (see Cold War)^[53]
• 2,300,000–3,800,000 - Vietnam War (entire war 1945–1975)
  • 300,000–1,300,000 - First Indochina War (1945–1954)
  • 100,000–300,000 - Vietnamese Civil War (1954–1960)
  • 1,750,000–2,100,000 - American phase (1960–1973)
  • 170,000 - Final phase (1973–1975)
  • 175,000–1,150,000 - Secret War (1962–1975)
• 2,000,000–4,000,000^[54] - French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) (see Religious war)
• 2,000,000 - Shaka's conquests (1816-1828)^[55]
• 2,000,000 - Mahmud of Ghazni's invasions of India (1000-1027)^[56]
• 300,000–3,000,000^[57] - Bangladesh Liberation War
• 1,500,000–2,000,000 - Afghan Civil War (1979 -)
  • 1,000,000–1,500,000 Soviet intervention (1979–1989)
• 1,300,000–6,100,000 - Chinese Civil War (1928–1949) note that this figure excludes World War II casualties
  • 300,000–3,100,000 before 1937
  • 1,000,000–3,000,000 after World War II
• 1,000,000–2,000,000 - Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)^[58]
• 1,000,000 - Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)^[59]
• 1,000,000 - Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)^[60]
• 1,000,000 - Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)
• 1,000,000 - Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)
• 618,000^[61] - 970,000 - American Civil War (including 350,000 from disease) (1861–1865)
• 900,000–1,000,000 - Mozambique Civil War (1976–1993)
• 868,000^[62] - 1,400,000^[63] - Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
• 800,000 - 1,000,000 - Rwandan Civil War (1990-1994)
• 800,000 - Congo Civil War (1991–1997)
• 600,000 to 1,300,000 - First Jewish-Roman War (see List of Roman wars)
• 580,000 - Bar Kokhba’s revolt (132–135CE)
• 570,000 - Eritrean War of Independence (1961-1991)
• 550,000 - Somali Civil War (1988 - )
• 500,000 - 1,000,000 - Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
• 500,000 - Angolan Civil War (1975–2002)
• 500,000 - Ugandan Civil War (1979–1986)
• 400,000–1,000,000 - War of the Triple Alliance in Paraguay (1864–1870)
• 400,000 - War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
• 371,000 - Continuation War (1941-1944)
• 350,000 - Great Northern War (1700-1721)^[64]
• 315,000 - 735,000 - Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651) English campaign ~40,000, Scottish 73,000, Irish 200,000-620,000^[65]
• 300,000 - Russian-Circassian War (1763-1864) (see Caucasian War)
• 300,000 - First Burundi Civil War (1972)
• 300,000 - Darfur conflict (2003-)
• 270,000–300,000 - Crimean War (1854–1856)
• 255,000-1,120,000 - Philippine-American War (1898-1913)
• 230,000–1,400,000 - Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991)
• 220,000 - Liberian Civil War (1989 - )
• 214,000 - 655,000+ - Iraq War (2003-Present) (see 2003 invasion of Iraq)
• 200,000 - 1,000,000^[66][67] - Albigensian Crusade (1208-1259)
• 200,000–800,000 - Warlord era in China (1917–1928)
• 200,000 - Second Punic War (BC218-BC204) (see List of Roman battles)
• 200,000 - Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2000)
• 200,000 - Algerian Civil War (1991 - )^[68][69]
• 200,000 - Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996)
• 190,000 - Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)
• 180,000 - 300,000 - La Violencia (1948-1958)
• 170,000 - Greek War of Independence (1821-1829)
• 150,000 - Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)
• 150,000 - North Yemen Civil War (1962–1970)
• 150,000 - Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)
• 148,000-1,000,000 - Winter War (1939)
• 125,000 - Eritrean-Ethiopian War (1998–2000)
• 120,000 - 384,000 Great Turkish War (1683-1699) (see Ottoman-Habsburg wars)
• 120,000 - Bosnian War (1992–1995)
• 120,000 - Third Servile War (BC73-BC71)
• 117,000 - 500,000 - Revolt in the Vendée (1793-1796)
• 101,000 - 115,000 - Arab-Israeli conflict (1929- )
• 100,500 - Chaco War (1932–1935)
• 100,000 - 1,000,000 - War of the two brothers (1531–1532)
• 100,000 - 400,000 - Western New Guinea (1984 - ) (see Genocide in West Papua)
• 100,000 - 200,000 - Indonesian invasion of East Timor (1975-1978)
• 100,000 - Persian Gulf War (1991)
• 100,000–1,000,000 - Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962)
• 100,000 - Thousand Days War (1899–1901)
• 100,000 - Peasants' War (1524-1525)^[70]
• 80,000 - Third Punic War (BC149-BC146)
• 75,000 - 200,000? - Conquests of Alexander the Great (BC336-BC323)
• 75,000 - El Salvador Civil War (1980–1992)
• 75,000 - Second Boer War (1898–1902)
• 70,000 - Boudica's uprising (AD60-AD61)
• 69,000 - Internal conflict in Peru (1980 - )
• 60,000 - Sri Lanka/Tamil conflict (1983-)
• 60,000 - Nicaraguan Rebellion (1972-91)
• 55,000 - War of the Pacific (1879-1885)
• 50,000 - 200,000 - First Chechen War (1994–1996)
• 50,000 - 100,000 - Tajikistan Civil War (1992–1997)
• 50,000 - Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) (see Wars involving England)
• 45,000 - Greek Civil War (1945-1949)
• 41,00–100,000 - Kashmiri insurgency (1989 - )
• 36,000 - Finnish Civil War (1918)
• 35,000 - 40,000 - War of the Pacific (1879–1884)
• 35,000 - 45,000 - Siege of Malta (1565) (see Ottoman wars in Europe)
• 30,000 - Turkey/PKK conflict (1984 - )
• 30,000 - Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)
• 25,000 - Second Chechen War (1999 - present)^[71]
• 23,384 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 (December 1971)
• 23,000 - Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988-1994)
• 20,000 - 49,600 U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan (2001 – 2002)
• 15,000–20,000 - Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
• 11,053 - Malayan Emergency (1948-1960)
• 10,000 - Amadu's Jihad (1810-1818)
• 7,264–10,000 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (August-September 1965)
• 7,000–24,000 - American War of 1812 (1812-1815)
• 7,000 - Kosovo War (1996–1999) (disputed)
• 5,000 - Turkish invasion of Cyprus (1974)
• 4,588 - Sino-Indian War (1962)
• 4,000 - Waziristan War (2004-2006)
• 4,000 - Irish Civil War (1922-23)
• 3,700 - Northern Ireland conflict (1969 - 1998)
• 3,000 - Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire (2002 - )
• 2,899 - New Zealand Land Wars (1845 - 1872)
• 2,604–7,000 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (October 1947 - December 1948)
• 2,000 - Football War (1969)
• 2,000 - Irish War of Independence (1919-21)
• 1,975–4,500+ - violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (2000 -)
• 1,547–2,173+ - 2006 Lebanon War
• 1,724 - War of Lapland (1945)
• 1,500 - Romanian Revolution (December 1989)
• 1,000 - Zapatista uprising in Chiapas (1994)
• 907 - Falklands War (1982)
• 1 - Pig War (1859)

References

Bibliography

• Angelo Codevilla and Paul Seabury, War: Ends and Means (Potomac Books, Revised second edition by Angelo Codevilla, 2006) ISBN-X
• Angelo M. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Codevilla, No Victory, No Peace (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005) ISBN
• Barzilai Gad, Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996). Peace, in the modern usage is a concept defined by the ideal state of relationship as absence of hostility at the international level that of a War.
• Fry, Douglas P. , 2005, The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence, Oxford University Press.
• Gat, Azar 2006 War in Human Civilization, Oxford University Press.
• Gunnar Heinsohn, Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen ("Sons and Imperial Power: Terror and the Rise and Fall of Nations"), Orell Füssli (September 2003), ISBN, available online as free download (in German)
• Fabio Maniscalco, (2007). World Heritage and War - monographic series "Mediterraneum", vol. VI. Massa, Naples. ISBN.  
• Kelly, Raymond C. , 2000, Warless Societies and the Origin of War, University of Michigan Press.
• Small, Melvin & Singer, David J. (1982). Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars,. Sage Publications. ISBN.  
• Otterbein, Keith, 2004, How War Began. Texas A&M University Press.
• Turchin, P. 2005. War and Peace and War: Life Cycles of Imperial Nations. Peace, in the modern usage is a concept defined by the ideal state of relationship as absence of hostility at the international level that of a War. New York, NY: Pi Press. ISBN
• Van Creveld, Martin The Art of War: War and Military Thought London: Cassell, Wellington House
• Fornari, Franco (1974). The Psychoanalysis of War. Tr. Alenka Pfeifer. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Press. ISBN: . Reprinted (1975) Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN
• Keeley, Lawrence. War Before Civilization, Oxford University Press, 1996.
• Zimmerman, L. The Crow Creek Site Massacre: A Preliminary Report, US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, 1981.
• Chagnon, N. The Yanomamo, Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1983.
• Pauketat, Timothy. North American Archaeology 2005. Blackwell Publishing.
• Wade, Nicholas. Before the Dawn, Penguin: New York 2006.
• Rafael Karsten, Blood revenge, war, and victory feasts among the Jibaro Indians of eastern Ecuador (1923).
• S. A. LeBlanc, Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest, University of Utah Press (1999).

See also

• Peace

General

• Breakaway states
• Casus belli
• Colonial war
• Religious war
• Disaster
• Fault Line War
• Feud
• Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
• Horses in warfare
• Just War theory
• Sun Tzu, The Art of War
• Ten Threats identified by the United Nations
• Undeclared war
• Violence
• War on Drugs
• War Before Civilization
• War and environmental law
• War as metaphor
• War cycles
• Water war

Lists

• Ongoing wars
• Most lethal wars in world history
• List of wars
• List of battles
• List of war crimes
• List of events named massacres
• List of orders of battle
• List of invasions
• List of disasters
• List of terrorist incidents
• List of military commanders
• List of battles by death toll
• List of battles and other violent events by death toll
• List of revolutions and rebellions
• List of riots

Military knowledgebase

• Military science
• War Studies
• Military technology and equipment
• Military strategy
• Operational art
• Military tactics
• Military logistics
• Philosophy of war
• Weapons

External links

• The Warlords,C. Wright Mills,The Power Elite,1956
• List of Wars
• War Articles and History guide, open community site on war
• A timeline of War and Conflict across the globe: 3000 B.C. to A.D. 1999
• Bloodiest Battles of the 20th Century
• Death Tolls for Battles of the 16th, 17th, 18th & 19th Centuries
• Death Toll from Disasters, War & Accidents
• Documents and Resources on War, War Crimes and Genocide
• The Security Demographic - provides information about demographic theories of war
• Correlates of War Project
• Correlates of War 2
• Antiwar.com
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
• Complex Emergencies Database (CE-DAT) - A database on the human impact of conflicts and other complex emergencies. Peace, in the modern usage is a concept defined by the ideal state of relationship as absence of hostility at the international level that of a War. This is a list of currently active autonomist and Secessionist movements around the world Casus belli is a Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war Colonial war is a form of conflict fought between the foreign occupiers of a Colony and the colony's indigenous population colonists or the military forces of a rival A religious war is a War caused by religious differences It can involve one state with an established religion against another state with a different religion or a different A disaster is the impact of a natural or human-made hazard that negatively affects society or environment. A fault line war is one that takes place between two or more identity groups (usually religious or ethnic from different civilizations A feud (ˈfjuːd (referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud or vendetta) is a long-running argument or fight between parties&mdashoften through Guilt The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are the forces of man's destruction described in the Christian Bible in chapter six of the Book of Revelation. Horses were first used in warfare over 5000 years ago The earliest evidence of the use of horses ridden in warfare dates Just War theory is a Doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin studied by moral Theologians Ethicists and international Sun Tzu ( ("Master Sun" also called Sun Wu ( is traditionally considered to be the author of The Art of War (also simply called the The Art of War ( is a Chinese military Treatise that was written during the 6th century BC by Sun Tzu. The ten threats identified by the High Level Threat Panel of the United Nations are these Poverty Infectious disease The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security An undeclared war is a conflict that is fought between two or more nations without a formal Declaration of war being issued Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes The War on Drugs is a prohibition campaign undertaken by the United States government with the assistance of participating countries intended to reduce the Illegal In his book War Before Civilization, Lawrence H Keeley a professor at the University of Illinois, says that 87% of tribal societies were at war more than once per year and War can heavily damage the environment and warring countries often place victory ahead of environmental concerns for the duration of the war The use of war as metaphor is a literary trope of long-standing The theory of war cycles holds that Wars happen in cycles The cycles of war The forerunner of the study of war cycles was Edward R Dewey A water war describes an armed conflict motivated around the use or possession of Water resources within a state’s boundary or between two different states This is a list of ongoing conflicts that are happening around the world which continue to result in violent deaths This is a list of wars and human-made disasters by death toll. This is a listing of lists of Wars, sorted by country date region and type of conflict This is an index to articles listing Battles. List of battles (alphabetical gives a global list This article lists and summarizes War crimes committed since the Hague Convention of 1907. This is a list of events named "massacre". The term suggests Mass murder and its usage may be controversial This is a list of orders of battle, which list the known military units that were located within the field of operations for each battle This is a list of Invasions ordered by date An invasion is a military action consisting of armed forces of one geopolitical entity entering territory controlled by The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered non-state Terrorism. See also Military History Antiquity Albania Agron ( 250 BC - 230 BC) The first king to unite the Illyrian This page lists mortalities from battles and other individual military operations or acts of violence sorted by death toll. This is a list of Revolutions and Rebellions BC 499 BC - 493 BC: Ionian Revolt. This is a chronological list of Riots The list is incomplete and contains only riots documented in Western culture archives Military Science is the process of translating National defence policy to produce Military capability by employing Military scientists including War studies is the multi-disciplinary study of war It is distinct from Military history in that it encompasses a variety of fields Philosophy of war This article lists military technology items devices and methods Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek Military tactics ( Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army are the techniques for using weapons or military units in combination for engaging and defeating Military Logistics is the art and science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of military forces The philosophy of war examines War beyond the typical questions of Weaponry and strategy, inquiring into such things as the meaning and Etiology A weapon is a Tool used either in Hunting, or attack or defence in Combat for the purpose of subduing enemy personnel or to destroy enemy weapons
• Christopher Caldwell: Youth and War, a deadly Duo - short summary of youth bulge theory (see section "demographic theories" above)
• WarWiki - a Wikia-hosted wiki about war
• War Disaster and Genocide
• The Myth of the Peaceful Savage
• The fraud of primitive authenticity
• Warfare among tribal peoples
• "The Art of War – maintaining the objective?" on BBC Radio 4’s In Our Time featuring Sir Michael Howard, Angie Hobbs and Jeremy Black
• War Studies Primer - an introductory course on the study of war

Type	Example
Extortionate	Pecheneg and Cuman forays on Rus in 9th–13th centuries
Aggressive	the wars of Alexander the Great in 323–323 BC
Colonial	Sino-French War
National liberation	Algerian War
Religious	Crusades
Dynastic	War of the Spanish Succession
Trade	Opium Wars
Revolutionary	French Revolutionary Wars
Guerrilla	Peninsular War
Civil	Spanish Civil War
Secessionist	American Civil War
Nuclear	Cold war

Wikia (originally Wikicities) is a selective Free web hosting service for Wikis (or Wiki farm) operated by Wikia Inc A wiki is a page or collection of Web pages designed to enable anyone who accesses it to contribute or modify content using a simplified Markup language. In Our Time is a discussion programme hosted by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom. The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται Cumans (Кумани Byzantine: Kuman or Cuman, Kunok Turkic: Kumanlar) were a nomadic Turkic people who inhabited a Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Events By place Macedonian Empire In the spring Alexander the Great crosses the Indus near Attock and enters Events By place Macedonian Empire 10 June — In Babylon, Alexander the Great dies ten days after being taken ill The Sino-French War ( Chinese:, French: Guerre franco-chinoise, Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh) was a limited conflict fought The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting The Opium Wars ( also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, lasted from 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 the climax of a trade dispute between China under the Qing The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states The Peninsular War or Spanish War of Independence pitted an alliance of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal against France The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the

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