A waqf (Arabic: وقف, plural Arabic: اوقاف, awqāf; Turkish: vakıf) is an inalienable religious endowment in Islam, typically devoting a building or plot of land for Muslim religious or charitable purposes. Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This is a sub-article of Fiqh and Law and economics. Islamic economics is Economics in accordance with Islamic law This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Under Islamic law, jizya or jizyah (جزْية ʤɪzjæh Ottoman Turkish: cizye both derived from Pahlavi and ultimately from Aramaic In Sharia (Islamic Jurisprudence) nisab (نصاب is the amount which savings or capital or product must exceed in order for the Muslim owner to be obliged Khums ( خمس xʊms is the Arabic word for One Fifth (1/5 According to Shia Islamic legal terminology it means "one-fifth of certain items which a person This is a sub-article of Zakat, Infaq and Mustahabb. Sadaqah (plural sadaqat) ( صدقة, sˤɒdæqɒh is an Bayt al-Mal, AKA Bayt al-Mal Lil Muslimeen is a Hezbollah -controlled organization that performs financial services for the organization Islamic banking refers to a system of banking or banking activity that is consistent with Islamic law ( Sharia) principles and guided by Islamic economics Riba ( Arabic: ربا rɪbæː means Usury and is forbidden in Islamic economic jurisprudence. Murabaha (accurate transliteration murābaḥa, Arabic مرابحه is defined as a particular kind of sale compliant with Shariah, where the seller expressly mentions Takaful is an Islamic Insurance concept which is grounded in Islamic muamalat (banking transactions observing the rules and regulations of Islamic Sukuk ( Arabic: صكوك plural of صك Sakk "legal instrument deed check" is the Arabic name for a financial Certificate but can be seen This is a sub-article to Islamic economical jurisprudence and Inheritance. This is a sub-article of Islamic economic jurisprudence and Muslim world. See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna In Islamic law Marriage ("ʿurs" عرس is a legal bond and Social contract between a man and a woman as prompted by the Shari'a. This is a sub-article of Fiqh and Criminal law. Islamic criminal law (فقه العقوبات is Criminal law in accordance This is a sub-article of Islamic jurisprudence and Etiquette. This is a sub-article to Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic theology. This is a sub-article to Fiqh and Hygiene Hygiene is a prominent topic in Islam. Islamic military jurisprudence consists of the basic laws governing the conduct of the military aspects of Jihad (also known as "lesser Jihad " The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion It is conceptually similar to the common law trust. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive In Common law legal systems a trust is an arrangement whereby Property (including real tangible and intangible is managed by one person (or persons or organizations

Funding of schools and hospitals

After the Islamic waqf law and madrassah foundations were firmly established by the 10th century, the number of Bimaristan hospitals multiplied throughout throughout Islamic lands. "Madrasa" and "Medrese" redirect here For the village in Azerbaijan see Mədrəsə. Bimaristan is a Middle Persian and modern Persian ( بیمارستان bīmārestān) word meaning Hospital, with Bimar- In the 11th century, every Islamic city had at least several hospitals. The waqf trust institutions funded the hospitals for various expenses, including the wages of doctors, ophthalmologists, surgeons, chemists, pharmacists, domestics and all other staff, the purchase of foods and remedies; hospital equipment such as beds, mattresses, bowls and perfumes; and repairs to buildings. A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. Ophthalmology was one of the foremost branches in medieval Islamic medicine. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Pharmacists are Health professionals who practice the art and science of Pharmacy. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living The waqf trusts also funded medical schools, and their revenues covered various expenses such as their maintenance and the payment of teachers and students. In business revenue or revenues is Income that a company receives from its normal business activities usually from the sale of goods and services ^[1]

Comparisons with trust law

The waqf in Islamic law, which developed in the medieval Islamic world from the 7th to 9th centuries, bears a notable resemblance to the English trust law. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. In Common law legal systems a trust is an arrangement whereby Property (including real tangible and intangible is managed by one person (or persons or organizations ^[2] Every waqf was required to have a waqif (founder), mutawillis (trustee), qadi (judge) and beneficiaries. Qadi (also known as Qazi or Kazi or Kadi) (قاضي is a judge ruling in accordance with the Sharia, Islamic religious law ^[3] Under both a waqf and a trust, "property is reserved, and its usufruct appropriated, for the benefit of specific individuals, or for a general charitable purpose; the corpus becomes inalienable; estates for life in favor of successive beneficiaries can be created" and "without regard to the law of inheritance or the rights of the heirs; and continuity is secured by the successive appointment of trustees or mutawillis. Usufruct is the legal right to use and derive profit or benefit from Property that belongs to another person as long as the property is not damaged The definition of charitable organization, and of charity varies according to the country and in some instances the region of the country in which the charitable organization operates An estate is the Net worth of a person at any point in time It is the sum of a person's Assets - legal rights interests and entitlements to Property of "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. "^[4]

The only significant distinction between the Islamic waqf and English trust was "the express or implied reversion of the waqf to charitable purposes when its specific object has ceased to exist",^[5] though this difference only applied to the waqf ahli (Islamic family trust) rather than the waqf khairi (devoted to a charitable purpose from its inception). Another difference was the English vesting of "legal estate" over the trust property in the trustee, though the "trustee was still bound to administer that property for the benefit of the beneficiaries. " In this sense, the "role of the English trustee therefore does not differ significantly from that of the mutawalli. "^[6]

The trust law developed in England at the time of the Crusades, during the 12th and 13th centuries. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The trust was introduced by Crusaders who may have been influenced by the waqf institutions they came across in the Middle East. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. ^[7][8]

See also

• Islamic economic jurisprudence
• Islamic economics in the world

Notes

References

• Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988), "The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College", University of Pennsylvania Law Review 136 (4): 1231-1261
• Hudson, A. The University of Pennsylvania Law Review is a scholarly journal focusing on legal issues published by an organization of second and third year J (2003), Equity and Trusts (3rd ed. ), Cavendish Publishing, ISBN 1-85941-729-9
• Morelon, Régis & Roshdi Rashed (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. The Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science is a three-volume Encyclopedia covering the history of Arabic contributions to science, mathematics 3, Routledge, ISBN 0415124107

External links

• Islamic Law of waqf according to Five Islamic schools of jurisprudence
• Islamic Law According to Five schools of jurisprudence
• Islamic law concerning waqf (Public Trust). Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals [1]
• Encyclopaedia of the Orient article on waqf
• The Hoda Center in Gainesville, FL is also known (lovingly) as "The Waqf"
• Es Seyyid Osman Hulûsi Efendi Waqf in Darende, in Turkiye.

• Kuwait Awqaf Public Foundation[2]
• Waqfuna موقع " وقفنا "[3]