This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania. There are other regions called Wallachia, such as the Moravian Wallachia and the Thessaly Wallachia; See: Vlachs. Moravian Wallachia (Valašsko is a mountainous region located in the easternmost part of Moravia, Czech Republic, near the Slovakian border Great Wallachia ( Greek: Megáli Vlachía; Romanian: Vlahia Mare) also Thessaly Wallachia, was a medieval state ( 12th Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe

Wallachia (Ţara Românească) Principality of Wallachia 1317 – 1862 → Flag Coat of arms Map of Romania with Wallachia in red Capital Câmpulung, Curtea de Argeş, Târgovişte, Bucureşti Language(s) Romanian (commonly used, later official), Church Slavonic (in early official use) Government Principality Princes of Wallachia (Voivodes, Hospodars)  - 1310-1352 Basarab I - the first  - 1859-1862 Alexander John Cuza - the last History  - Basarab I unifies the small voivodships in Wallachia 1317  - De Jure Union of the Danubian Principalities 1862

Wallachia (also spelled Walachia; Romanian: Ţara Românească or "The Romanian Land") is a historical and geographical region of Romania. Romanian Principalities is a historical term designating the pre-modern principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, which alongside Transylvania form Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Câmpulung (also spelled Cîmpulung, /kɨɱpu'luŋg/ or Câmpulung Muscel, is a city in the Argeş County, Romania. Curtea de Argeş (Hungarian Argyasudvarhely) is a city in Romania, situated on the right bank of the Argeş River, where it flows through a valley Târgovişte (old spelling Tîrgovişte; tɨrˈgoviʃte is a city in the Dâmboviţa county of Romania. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince This is a List of rulers of Wallachia, from the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube until the union A voivode or waywode is a Slavic title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavonic origin meaning "lord" or "master" Basarab I was an early ruler of the Principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352 Alexander Joan Cuza (a common old English rendition of Alexandru Ioan Cuza; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian Basarab I was an early ruler of the Principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352 Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance At various times during its history Romania extended over the following historical regions Transylvania and Partium Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania It is situated north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Southern Carpathians (Carpaţii Meridionali also called the Transylvanian Alps, are a group of Mountain ranges which divide central and southern Romania Wallachia is sometimes referred to as Muntenia, through identification with the larger of its two traditional sections; the smaller being Oltenia. Muntenia (or Greater Wallachia) is a historical province of Romania, usually considered Wallachia -proper ( Muntenia, Ţara Românească Oltenia ( Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions with the alternate Latin names Wallachia Minor, Wallachia Alutana, Wallachia Caesarea

Wallachia was founded as a principality in the early 14th century by Basarab I, after a rebellion against Charles I of Hungary. A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince Basarab I was an early ruler of the Principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352 Charles I of Hungary (Károly Róbert Karlo Robert Karol Róbert (1288 Naples, Italy &ndash 16 July 1342, Visegrád, In 1415, Wallachia accepted the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire; this lasted until the 19th century, albeit with brief periods of Russian occupation between 1768 and 1854. Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In 1862, Wallachia united with Moldavia (the other Danubian Principality), to form the state of Romania. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the

Contents 1 Name 2 Geography 3 History 3.1 From Roman rule to the state's establishment 3.2 Creation 3.3 1400-1600 3.3.1 Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great 3.3.2 Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel 3.4 1600s 3.5 Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes 3.6 From Wallachia to Romania 3.6.1 Early 1800s 3.6.2 1840s-1850s 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links

Name

The name Wallachia, generally not used by Romanians themselves (but present in some contexts as Valahia or Vlahia), is derived from the Valachs - a word of German origin also present as the Slavic Vlachs - used by foreigners in reference to Romanians (see also: History of the term Vlach). The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Vlach is a Slavic -derived term from the Germanic word Valah/Valach used to designate the Romance speaking peoples of South-Eastern Europe: Romanians

In the early Middle Ages, in Slavonic texts, the name of Zemli Ungro-Vlahiskoi ("Hungaro-Wallachian Land") was also used. Church Slavonic (also Church Slavic, Old Bulgarian) is the Liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox The term, translated in Romanian as Ungrovalahia, remained in use up to the modern era in a religious context, referring to the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan seat of Hungaro-Wallachia. The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church This is a list of List of Metropolitans of Ungro-Wallachia'. Metropolitans of Ungro-Wallachia Maxim (1508-1521 Macarie II (1512-1521 ^[1] Official designations of the state were Muntenia (see also Muntenia) and Ţeara Rumânească. Muntenia (or Greater Wallachia) is a historical province of Romania, usually considered Wallachia -proper ( Muntenia, Ţara Românească

For long periods before the 14th century, Wallachia was referred to as Vlaško by Bulgarian sources (and Vlaška by Serbian sources), Walachei or Walachey by German (Transylvanian Saxon) sources. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th The traditional Hungarian name for Wallachia is Havasalföld, or literally "Snowy Lowlands" (the older form is Havaselve, which means "Land beyond the snowy mountains"). Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. In Ottoman Turkish and Turkish, Eflak, a word derived from "Vlach", is used. Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca or tr ''Osmanlı Türkçesi'' Ottoman Turkish ota-Latn ''lisân-ı Osmânî'' is the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages.

Geography

Wallachia is situated north of the Danube (and of present-day Serbia and Bulgaria) and south of the Southern Carpathians, and is traditionally divided between Muntenia in the east (as the political center, Muntenia is often understood as being synonymous with Wallachia), and Oltenia (a former banat) in the west. List of counties See also List of Romanian Counties by Population The Judeţe (translated in English as "counties" are administrative The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Southern Carpathians (Carpaţii Meridionali also called the Transylvanian Alps, are a group of Mountain ranges which divide central and southern Romania Muntenia (or Greater Wallachia) is a historical province of Romania, usually considered Wallachia -proper ( Muntenia, Ţara Românească Oltenia ( Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions with the alternate Latin names Wallachia Minor, Wallachia Alutana, Wallachia Caesarea Ban (baːn is a Title used in several states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century The division line between the two is the Olt River. The Olt River ( Romanian and Hungarian; German: Alt; Latin: Aluta or Alutus) is a River in

Wallachia's traditional border with Moldavia coincided with the Milcov River for most of its length. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians The Milcov River is a Tributary of the Putna River in eastern Romania. To the east, over the Danube north-south bend, Wallachia neighbours Dobruja (Northern Dobruja). Northern Dobruja (Dobrogea Северна Добруджа Severna Dobrudzha) is the part of Dobruja within the borders of Romania. Over the Carpathians, Wallachia shared a border with Transylvania; Wallachian princes have for long held possession of areas north of the this line (Amlaş, Ciceu, Făgăraş, and Haţeg), which are generally not considered part of Wallachia-proper. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian This is a List of rulers of Wallachia, from the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube until the union Ciceu or Csíkcsicsó (Ciceu Csíkcsicsó is a commune in Romania, located in Harghita County. Făgăraş (Fogarasch Fogaras is a city in central Romania, located in Braşov County. Haţeg (pronunciation in Romanian: /'hɑːtseɪɡ/ German: Wallenthal; Hungarian: Hátszeg) is a town in Hunedoara County

The capital city changed over time, from Câmpulung to Curtea de Argeş, then to Târgovişte and, after the late 1500s, to Bucharest. Câmpulung (also spelled Cîmpulung, /kɨɱpu'luŋg/ or Câmpulung Muscel, is a city in the Argeş County, Romania. Curtea de Argeş (Hungarian Argyasudvarhely) is a city in Romania, situated on the right bank of the Argeş River, where it flows through a valley Târgovişte (old spelling Tîrgovişte; tɨrˈgoviʃte is a city in the Dâmboviţa county of Romania. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania.

History

From Roman rule to the state's establishment

Main articles: Origin of the Romanians and Romania in the Early Middle Ages

In the Second Dacian War (105 AD) western Oltenia became part of the Roman province of Dacia, with parts of Wallachia included in the Moesia Inferior province. The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a people speaking Romanian, a Romance language The Early Middle Ages in Romania (also known the Dark Ages) lasted from about the 5th century to the 10th century, between the Hunnic The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The Roman province of Dacia on the Balkans included the modern Romanian regions of Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia, and temporarily Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the The Roman limes was initially built along the Olt River (119), before being moved slightly to the east in the 2nd century — during which time it stretched from the Danube up to Rucăr in the Carpathians. A limes (or the Limes Romanus) was a Border defense or delimiting system of Ancient Rome. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Rucăr is a commune in the north-eastern part of Argeş County, Romania. The Roman line fell back to the Olt in 245, and, in 271, the Romans pulled out of the region.

The area was subject to Romanization sometime during the Migration Period, when most of present-day Romania was also subject to the presence of Goths and Sarmatian peoples known as the Mureş-Cerneahov culture, followed by waves of other nomadic peoples. Romanization may also refer to linguistics see Romanization. Romanization was a gradual process of Cultural assimilation, in which The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae ( Old Iranian Sarumatah 'archer' Σαρμάτες The Chernyakhiv culture (also known as Cherniakhov culture or Cherniakhovo culture) ( Second century to Fifth century) was found in Ukraine Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that In 328, the Romans built a bridge between Sucidava (Celei) and Oescus (near Gigen) which indicates that there was a significant trade with the peoples north of the Danube (a short period of Roman rule in the area is attested under Emperor Constantine I). This is a list of towns in Scythia Minor that were mentioned in ancient writings Oescus, or Palatiolon Palatiolum (in bulgarian Улпия Ескус was an ancient town in Moesia, northwest of the modern Bulgarian city of Pleven, Gigen (Гиген) is a village in northern Bulgaria, part of Gulyantsi municipality Pleven Province. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine ^[2] The Goths attacked the Roman Empire south of the Danube in 332, settling north of the Danube, then later to the south. The period of Goth rule ended when the Huns arrived in the Pannonian Plain, and, under Attila, attacked and destroyed some 170 settlements on both sides of the Danube. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out

Byzantine influence is evident during the 5th to 6th century, such as the site at Ipoteşti-Cândeşti, but from the second half of the 6th century and in the 7th century Slavic peoples crossed the territory of Wallachia and settled in it, on their way to Byzantium, occupying the southern bank of the Danube. ^[3] In 593, the Byzantine commander-in-chief Priscus defeated Slavs, Avars and Gepids on future Wallachian territory, and, in 602, Slavs suffered a crucial defeat in the area; Flavius Mauricius Tiberius, who ordered his army to be deployed north of the Danube, encountered his troops' strong opposition. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were Flavius Mauricius Tiberius Augustus (Φλάβιος Μαυρίκιος Τιβέριος Αύγουστος Մավրիկ Mavrig; 539 &ndash November 27 ^[4]

Wallachia was under the control of the First Bulgarian Empire from its establishment in 681, until approximately the Magyar conquest of Transylvania at the end of the 10th century. The First Bulgarian Empire (Първo Българско царство Părvo Bălgarsko Tsarstvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian With the decline and subsequent fall of the Bulgarian state to Byzantium (in the second half of the 10th century up to 1018), Wallachia came under the control of the Pechenegs (a Turkic people) who extended their rule west through the 10th and 11th century, until defeated around 1091, when the Cumans of southern Russia took control of the lands of Moldavia and Wallachia. The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Cumans (Кумани Byzantine: Kuman or Cuman, Kunok Turkic: Kumanlar) were a nomadic Turkic people who inhabited a Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending ^[5] Beginning with the 10th century, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Hungarian, and later Western sources mention the existence of small polities, possibly peopled by, among others, Vlachs/Romanians led by knyazes and voivodes - at first in Transylvania, then in the 12th-13th centuries in the territories east and south of the Carpathians. Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Kniaz’ or knyaz is a word found in some Slavic languages, denoting a Nobility rank A voivode or waywode is a Slavic title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force

In 1241, during the Mongol invasion of Europe, Cuman domination was ended - a direct Mongol rule over Wallachia was not attested, but it remains probable. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of East Slavic principalities such as Kiev and Vladimir ^[6] Part of Wallachia was probably briefly disputed by the Hungarian Kingdom and Bulgarians in the following period,^[7] but it appears that the severe weakening of Hungarian authority during the Mongol attacks contributed to the establishment of the new and stronger polities attested in Wallachia for the following decades. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language ^[8]

Creation

Main article: Foundation of Wallachia

One of the first written pieces of evidence of local voivodes is in connection with Litovoi (1272), who ruled over land each side of the Carpathians (including Făgăraş in Transylvania), and refused to pay tribute to the Hungarian King Ladislaus IV. The Foundation of Wallachia (Romanian Descălecatul Ţării Româneşti) occurred sometimes between 1290 and 1330 The Battle of Posada (November 9 1330 &ndash November 12 1330 was fought between Basarab I of Wallachia and Charles I Robert of Hungary. The Illuminated Chronicle ( Vienna Illuminated Chronicle, Chronica Hungarorum, Chronicon (Hungariae Pictum, Chronica Picta or Litovoi was a voivode on the west bank of the river Olt (ruling the territory of the present Romanian county of Gorj) Făgăraş (Fogarasch Fogaras is a city in central Romania, located in Braşov County. A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission This is a list of all rulers of Hungary since Árpád See Heads of state of Hungary for a list of post-1918 presidents Ladislaus IV the Cuman (IV (Kun László Ladislav III Ladislav IV (August 1262 &ndash July 10 1290 Kőrösszeg, Hungary) also known as László IV His successor was his brother Bărbat (1285-1288). Bărbat succeeded his brother Litovoi as Voivode of the principality on the West bank of the river Olt. The continuing weakening of the Hungarian state by further Mongol invasions (1285-1319) and the fall of the Árpád dynasty opened the way for the unification of Wallachian polities, and to independence from Hungarian rule. The Árpáds or Arpads (Árpádok Arpadovići Арпадовићи ArpádovciArpatlar was the ruling Dynasty of the federation of the Magyar tribes

Wallachia's creation, held by local traditions to have been the work of one Radu Negru, is historically connected with Basarab I (1310-1352), who rebelled against Charles I of Hungary and took up rule on either side of the Olt River, establishing his residence in Câmpulung as the first ruler in the House of Basarab. Basarab I was an early ruler of the Principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352 Charles I of Hungary (Károly Róbert Karlo Robert Karol Róbert (1288 Naples, Italy &ndash 16 July 1342, Visegrád, The Olt River ( Romanian and Hungarian; German: Alt; Latin: Aluta or Alutus) is a River in Câmpulung (also spelled Cîmpulung, /kɨɱpu'luŋg/ or Câmpulung Muscel, is a city in the Argeş County, Romania. Basarab redicts here For other uses see Basarab (disambiguation. Basarab refused to grant Hungary the lands of Făgăraş, Amlaş and the Banat of Severin, defeated Charles in the Battle of Posada (1330), and extended his lands to the east, to comprise lands as far as Kilia (in the Bujak, as the origin of Bessarabia);^[9] rule over the latter was not preserved by following princes, as Kilia fell to the Nogais ca. Făgăraş (Fogarasch Fogaras is a city in central Romania, located in Braşov County. Drobeta-Turnu Severin (pronunciation /dro'beta 'turnu seve'rin/ Hungarian: Szörényvár, Северин Serbian: Дробета-Турну The Battle of Posada (November 9 1330 &ndash November 12 1330 was fought between Basarab I of Wallachia and Charles I Robert of Hungary. Budjak or Budzhak is a historical region in the Odessa Oblast (province of Ukraine. Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian The Nogai people (also written as Nogay or Noghai, and sometimes called Caucasian Mongols) are a Turkic ethnic group in northern 1334. ^[10]

Basarab was succeeded by Nicolae Alexandru, followed by Vladislav I. Nicolae Alexandru was a Prince of Wallachia between 1352 and November 1364 after having been associate ruler to his father Basarab I. Vladislav I (Владислав I of the Basarab dynasty, also known as Vlaicu-Vodă was a ruler of the Principality of Wallachia (an area in Vladislav attacked Transylvania after Louis I occupied lands south of the Danube, conceded to recognize him as overlord in 1368, but rebelled again in the same year; his rule also witnessed the first confrontation between Wallachia and the Ottoman Turks (a battle in which Vladislav was allied with Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria). Louis I the Great (I (Nagy Lajos Ludwik Węgierski Serbian: Lajoš I/Лајош I Croatian: Ludovik I Czech: Ludvík I The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Ivan Shishman (Иван Шишман ruled as emperor ( Tsar) of Bulgaria in Tarnovo 1371-1395 ^[11] Under Radu I and his successor Dan I, the realms in Transylvania and Severin continued to be disputed with Hungary. Radu I was a ruler of the Principality of Wallachia, (circa 1377 - circa 1383 Dan I was a Voivode (prince ruler of the Principality of Wallachia (reigned c ^[12]

1400-1600

Main article: Romania in the Middle Ages

Mircea the Elder to Radu the Great

As the entire Balkan Peninsula become an integral part of the emerging Ottoman Empire (a process which concluded with the fall of Constantinople to Sultan Mehmed II in 1453), Wallachia became engaged in frequent confrontations and, in the final years of Mircea the Elder's reign, became an Ottoman subject. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ( Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922 beginning with Mircea the Elder ( cel Bătrân; reigned 1386 – 1418 was one of the most important rulers of Wallachia. Mircea (reigned 1386-1418), initially defeated the Ottomans in several battles (including that of Rovine in 1394), driving them away from Dobruja and briefly extending his rule to the Danube Delta, Dobruja and Silistra (ca. The Battle of Rovine was one of the most important Battles in the early medieval history of Romania. The Danube Delta ( Romanian: Delta Dunării; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest delta Silistra (Силистра, historically Bulgarian: Дръстър Drastar, ( and Romanian: Dârstor) is a Port city of northeastern 1400-1404). ^[14] He oscillated between alliances with Sigismund of Hungary and Jagiellon Poland (taking part in the Battle of Nicopolis),^[15] and accepted Ottoman suzerainty in 1415, after Mehmed I took control of Turnu and Giurgiu — the two ports remained part of the Ottoman state, with brief interruptions, until 1829. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9, The Jagiellon Era 1385&ndash1569 was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty, founded by the Lithuanian grand duke Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a Mehmed I Çelebi ( Ottoman: چلبی محمد IMehmet or Çelebi Mehmet) (1389 May 26 1421 Edirne, Turkey) was a sultan of the Turnu Măgurele is a municipality in Teleorman County, Romania (in the informal region of Wallachia) Giurgiu is the capital city of Giurgiu County, Romania, in the Greater Wallachia. In 1418-1420, Mihail I defeated the Ottomans in Severin, only to be killed in battle by the counter-offensive; in 1422, the danger was averted for a short while when Dan II inflicted a defeat on Murad II with the help of Pippo Spano. Michael I (in Romanian, Mihail; died August 1420 was a Voivode (nobleman of the Principality of Wallachia (1418-1420 Dan II (? – June 1, 1432) was a Voivode (nobleman of the Principality of Wallachia in the 15th Century, ruling Murad II ( June 1404 Amasya February 3, 1451, Edirne) ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثانى Murād-ı sānī Pipo of Ozora (born Filippo Buondelmonti degli Scolari; known as Ozorai Pipó in Hungarian; Filippo Scolari, Lo Scolari or Pippo ^[16]

The peace signed in 1428 inaugurated a period of internal crisis, as Dan had to defend himself against Radu Prasnaglava, who led the first in a series of boyar coalitions against established princes (in time, these became overtly pro-Ottoman in answer to repression). The Nuremberg Chronicle, written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel, with a version in German translation by Georg Alt is one of the best documented early printed books Radu II Prasnaglava (Radu II the Bald One was a ruler of the Principality of Wallachia in the 15th century ruling for 4 terms each time preceded by Dan This article refers to the aristocratic title of boyar. For the Boyar caste of India, see Boyar (caste. ^[17] Victorious in 1431 (the year when the boyar-backed Alexandru I Aldea took the throne), boyars were dealt successive blows by Vlad II Dracul (1436-1442; 1443-1447), who nevertheless attempted to compromise between the Porte and the Holy Roman Empire. Alexandru I ( 1397 – 1436) was Prince of Wallachia, ( 1431 - 1436) Vlad II (c 1390 – December 1447 known as Vlad Dracul ("Vlad the Dragon" was a Voivode (duke of Wallachia. Ottoman Porte (also Sublime Porte, High Porte, or in Ottoman Turkish, Bab-ı Ali) used to refer to the Divan (court The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in ^[18]

The following decade was marked by the conflict between the rival houses of Dăneşti and Drăculeşti, the influence of John Hunyadi, Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary, and, after the neutral reign of Vladislav II,^[19] by the rise of Vlad III Dracula. Dăneşti may refer to several places in Romania: Dăneşti, a commune in Gorj County Dăneşti, a commune in The Drăculeşti were one of two major rival lines of Wallachian Voivodes of the House of Basarab, the other being the John Hunyadi ( Medieval Latin: Ioannes Corvinus, Hungarian: Hunyadi János, (c A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Vladislav II was a ruler of the Principality of Wallachia, from 1447 to 1448, and again from 1448 to 1456. Vlad, during whose rule Bucharest was first mentioned as a princely residence, exercised terror on rebellious boyars, cut off all links with the Ottomans, and, in 1462, defeated Mehmed II's offensive during The Night Attack before being forced to retreat to Târgovişte and accepting to pay an increased tribute. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. The Night Attack (Atacul de noapte was a skirmish fought between forces of Vlad III the Impaler (Ţepeş of Wallachia and Mehmed II of the Ottoman Târgovişte (old spelling Tîrgovişte; tɨrˈgoviʃte is a city in the Dâmboviţa county of Romania. ^[20] His parallel conflicts with the pretenders Radu cel Frumos and Laiotă Basarab brought occupations of Wallachia by the troops of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and the Moldavian prince Stephen III (1473; 1476-1477). Radu cel Frumos (or Radu the Handsome (c 1437/1439 &ndash 1475 was the younger brother of Vlad Ţepeş (Dracula and voivode (prince of the principality of Wallachia Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân was a ruler of the Principality of Wallachia in the 15th century repeating the achievement of Dan II in being elected Matthias Corvinus ( Matthias the Just; February 23 1443 &ndash April 6 1490) was King of Hungary and This is a List of rulers of Moldavia, from the first mention of the medieval polity east of the Carpathians and until its disestablishment in 1862 when it united Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen III (c 1433 - July 2, 1504) also known as Stephen the Great ( Romanian: Ştefan ^[21] Radu the Great (1495-1508) reached several compromises with the boyars, ensuring a period of internal stability that contrasted his clash with Bogdan the Blind of Moldavia. Radu cel Mare ( Radu the Great) was a Voivode ( Prince) of Wallachia from September 1495 to April 1508 ^[22]

Mihnea cel Rău to Petru Cercel

The late 1400s saw the ascension of the powerful Craioveşti family, virtually independent rulers of the Oltenian banat, who sought Ottoman support in their rivalry with Mihnea cel Rău (1508-1510) and replaced him with Vlăduţ; after the latter proved to be hostile to the bans, the House of Basarab formally ended with the rise of Neagoe Basarab, a Craioveşti. The Craioveşti, later Brâncoveneşti, were a Boyar family in Wallachia who gave the country several of its Princes and held the title of Oltenia ( Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions with the alternate Latin names Wallachia Minor, Wallachia Alutana, Wallachia Caesarea Ban (baːn is a Title used in several states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century Mihnea cel Rău ( Mihnea the Wrongdoer/Mean/Evil; d 1510 the son of Vlad III Dracula (Vlad Ţepeş was Voivode ( Prince) of Wallachia Neagoe Basarab was the Voivode ( Prince) of Wallachia between 1512 and 1521 ^[23] Neagoe's peaceful rule (1512-1521), noted for its cultural aspects (the building of the Curtea de Argeş Cathedral and Renaissance influences), also saw an increase in influence for the Saxon merchands in Braşov and Sibiu, and Wallachia's alliance with Louis II of Hungary. The Cathedral of Curtea de Argeş (early 16th century is one of the most famous buildings in Romania, and stands in the grounds of a monastery 1 1/2 m north of Curtea The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in ^[24] Under Teodosie, the country was again under a four-month-long Ottoman occupation, a military administration which seemed to be an attempt to create a Wallachian Pashaluk. The subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire were Administrative divisions of the State organisation of the Ottoman Empire based on military administration but ^[25] This danger rallied all boyars in support of Radu de la Afumaţi (four rules between 1522 and 1529), who lost the battle after an agreement between the Craioveşti and Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent; Prince Radu eventually confirmed Süleyman's position as suzerain, and agreed to pay an even higher tribute. Suleiman I (سليمان Sulaymān, Süleyman almost always Kanuni Sultan Süleyman) ( 6 November 1494 5/ 6 September 1566 ^[26]

Ottoman suzerainty remained virtually unchallenged throughout the following 90 years. Radu Paisie, who was deposed by Süleyman in 1545, ceded the port of Brăila to Ottoman administration in the same year; his successor Mircea Ciobanul (1545-1554; 1558-1559), a prince without any claim to noble heritage, was imposed on the throne and consequently agreed to a decrease in autonomy (increasing taxes and carrying out an armed intervention in Transylvania — supporting the pro-Turkish John Zápolya). Radu Paisie also known as Petru de la Argeş was a ruler of the Principality of Wallachia in the 16th Century. Brăila (pronunciation in Romanian: /brə'ila/ Браила Ibrail is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and Mircea V Ciobanul ( Mircea the Shepherd) (d 25 September 1559) was the Prince ( Voivode) of Wallachia three times January This article is about the János Szapolyai For his son see John Zápolya II. ^[27] Conflicts between boyar families became stringent after the rule of Pătraşcu cel Bun, and boyar ascendancy over rulers was obvious under Petru the Younger (1559-1568; a reign dominated by Doamna Chiajna and marked by huge increases in taxes), Mihnea Turcitul, and Petru Cercel. Mihnea Turcitul ( Mihnea the Turned- Turk; 1564-1601 was Prince ( Voivode) of Walachia between September 1577 and July 1583 and Petru II Cercel ( Peter Earring or Earring Peter; d 1590 was a Voivode ( Prince) of Wallachia from 1583 to 1585 bastard ^[28]

The Ottoman Empire increasingly relied on Wallachia and Moldavia for the supply and maintenance of its military forces; the local army, however, soon disappeared due to the increased costs and the much more obvious efficiency of mercenary troops. The military of the Ottoman Empire was divided in three organizational structures the Army Navy and Air Force A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by ^[29]

1600s

Main article: Early Modern Romania

Initially profiting from Ottoman support, Michael the Brave ascended to the throne in 1593, and attacked the troops of Murad III north and south of the Danube in an alliance with Transylvania's Sigismund Báthory and Moldavia's Aron Vodă (see Battle of Călugăreni). Early Modern Romania is the portion of Romanian history that falls in the Early modern period, roughly from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century Giurgiu is the capital city of Giurgiu County, Romania, in the Greater Wallachia. Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul Vitéz Mihály 1558 - 9 August 1601) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593-1601 of Transylvania Murad III ( Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثالث Murād-i sālis, Turkish: III For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund Báthory ( 1572 - March 27, 1613) ( The Battle of Călugăreni was one of the most important battles in the history of mediaeval Romania. He soon placed himself under the suzerainty of Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor, and, in 1599-1600, intervened in Transylvania against Poland's king Sigismund III Vasa, placing the region under his authority; his brief rule also extended to Moldavia later in the following year. Rudolf II ( July 18, 1552, Vienna, Austria - January 20, 1612, Prague, Bohemia, now part of The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Poland, or at least its nucleus was ruled at various times either by książęta (Dukes(ca Sigismund III Vasa (Zygmunt III Waza ( 20 June 1566 ^[30] Following Michael's downfall, Wallachia was occupied by the Polish-Moldavian army of Simion Movilă (see Moldavian Magnate Wars), who held the region until 1602, and was subject to Nogai attacks in the same year. Simion Movilă, a Boyar of the Movileşti family was twice Prince of Wallachia (October 1600 - 3 July 1601; The Moldavian Magnate Wars refer to the period at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century when the Magnates of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth The Nogai people (also written as Nogay or Noghai, and sometimes called Caucasian Mongols) are a Turkic ethnic group in northern ^[31]

The last stage in the Growth of the Ottoman Empire brought increased pressures on Wallachia: political control was accompanied by Ottoman economical hegemony, the discarding of the capital in Târgovişte in favour of Bucharest (closer to the Ottoman border, and a rapidly-growing trade center), the establishment of serfdom under Michael the Brave as a measure to increase manorial revenues, and the decrease in importance of low-ranking boyars (threatened with extinction, they took part in the seimeni rebellion of 1655). During the growth of the Ottoman Empire (also known as the " Pax Ottomana " the Ottoman Empire expanded southwestwards into North Africa Târgovişte (old spelling Tîrgovişte; tɨrˈgoviʃte is a city in the Dâmboviţa county of Romania. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. This article is about the medieval system "Manors" redirects here Seimeni is also a commune in Constanţa County, see Seimeni Constanţa. ^[32] Furthermore, the growing importance of appointment to high office in front of land ownership brought about an influx of Greek and Levantine families, a process already resented by locals during the rules of Radu Mihnea in the early 1600s. There has been a Greek presence in Romania for at least 27 centuries See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the Radu Mihnea (1586–1626 was Voivode ( Prince) of Wallachia between September 1601 and March 1602 and again between March and May 1611 September 1611 ^[33] Matei Basarab, a boyar appointee, brought a long period of relative peace (1632-1654), with the noted exception of the 1653 Battle of Finta, fought between Wallachians and the troops of Moldavian prince Vasile Lupu — ending in disaster for the latter, who was replaced with Prince Matei's favourite, Gheorghe Ştefan, on the throne in Iaşi. Matei Basarab (1588 Brâncoveni, Olt — April 9 1654, Bucharest) was a Wallachian Voivode ( Prince) The Battle of Finta (May 1653) was a confrontation between Matei Basarab 's Wallachian army and a combined Moldo - Cossack force under Vasile Lupu (1595&mdash1661 was a Moldavian Voivode ( Prince) between 1634 and 1653 For the Romanian politician see Gheorghe Ştefan (politician Gheorghe Ştefan (seldom referred to as Burduja; d Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania. A close alliance between Gheorghe Ştefan and Matei's successor Constantin Şerban was maintained by Transylvania's George II Rákóczi, but their designs for independence from Ottoman rule were crushed by the troops of Mehmed IV in 1658-1659. Constantin Şerban was Prince of Wallachian between 1654 and 1658, bastard son to Radu Şerban (according to custom György Rákóczi II ( January 30, 1621 &ndash June 7, 1660) a Transylvanian Hungarian ruler was the eldest son of George I Mehmed IV ( Ottoman Turkish: محمد رابع Meḥmed-i rābi‘; also known as Avcı, "hunter" ( January 2, 1642 &ndash ^[34] The reigns of Gheorghe Ghica and Grigore I Ghica, the sultan's favourites, signified attempts to prevent such incidents; however, they were also the onset of a violent clash between the Băleanu and Cantacuzino boyar families, which was to mark Wallachia's history until the 1680s. George Ghica ( Greek: Georgios Gikas; Romanian: Gheorghe Ghika or Ghica, Albanian: Gjergj Gjika) March 3 Grigore I Ghica, a member of the Ghica family, was Prince of Wallachia between September 1660 and December 1664 and again between March The Cantacuzino ( Cantacuzène) family has its origins in the Byzantine Empire ^[35] The Cantacuzinos, threatened by the alliance between the Băleanus and the Ghicas, backed their own choice of princes (Antonie Vodă din Popeşti and George Ducas)^[36] before promoting themselves — with the ascension of Şerban Cantacuzino (1678-1688). The Ghicas were a Noble family, ruling Wallachia and Moldavia for much of the period from the 17th century through the 19th century Antonie din Popeşti was Ruler of Wallachia from March 1669 to 1672 Voivode George Ducas ( Greek: Γεώργιος Δούκας, Romanian: Gheorghe Duca) (d Şerban Cantacuzino (1640-1688 was a Prince of Wallachia between 1678 and 1688

Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes

Main articles: History of the Russo-Turkish Wars and Phanariotes

Wallachia became a target for Habsburg incursions during the last stages of the Great Turkish War ca. The Russo-Turkish wars were a series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire during the 16th 17th 18th 19th and 20th centuries Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks ( Greek:Φαναριώτες Romanian: Fanarioţi, Bulgarian:Фанариоти Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor The Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers then joined into a Holy League 1690, when the ruler Constantin Brâncoveanu secretly and unsuccessfully negotatied an anti-Ottoman coalition. See also Brâncovenesc architecture Constantin Brâncoveanu (1654 &ndash August 15 1714) was Prince of Wallachia Brâncoveanu's reign (1688-1714), noted for its late Renaissance cultural achievements (see Brâncovenesc style), also coincided with the rise of Imperial Russia under Emperor Peter the Great — he was approached by the latter during the Russo-Turkish War of 1710-1711, and lost his throne and life sometime after sultan Ahmed III caught news of the negotiations. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere See also Architecture of Romania Is a type of architecture developed in Wallachia ( Romania) during the reign of Constantin Brâncoveanu in the The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya At different times a ruler of the territory of modern Russia bore the title of Kniaz (translated as Duke or Prince) Velikiy Kniaz (translated The Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1711 was the southernmost theatre of the Great Northern War between Sweden and many of its neighbors Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i sālis) ( December 30, 1673 &mdash July ^[37] Despite his denounciation of Brâncoveanu's policies, Ştefan Cantacuzino attached himself to Habsburg projects and opened the country to the armies of Prince Eugene of Savoy; he was himself deposed and executed in 1716. Ştefan Cantacuzino ( Greek: Στέφανος Καντακουζινός, Stephanos Cantacuzinos) was a Prince of Wallachia between This article refers to the Austrian Habsburg military leader for the stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte see Eugène de Beauharnais. ^[38]

Immediately following the deposition of Prince Ştefan, the Ottomans renounced the purely nominal elective system (which had by then already witnessed the decrease in importance of the Boyar Divan over the sultan's decision), and princes of the two Danubian Principalities were appointed from the Phanariotes of Istanbul. An elective monarchy is a Monarchy ruled by someone generally from a Royal house, who is elected by a group The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks ( Greek:Φαναριώτες Romanian: Fanarioţi, Bulgarian:Фанариоти Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Inaugurated by Nicholas Mavrocordatos in Moldavia after Dimitrie Cantemir, Phanariote rule was brought to Wallachia in 1715 by the very same ruler. Nicholas Mavrocordatos ( Greek: Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: Nicolae Mavrocordat; May 3, 1670 &mdash Dimitrie Cantemir ( October 26 1673 &ndash August 21 1723) was twice Prince of Moldavia (in March-April 1693 and in 1710–1711 ^[39] The tense relations between boyars and princes brought a decrease in the number of taxed people (as a privilege gained by the former), a subsequent increase in total taxes,^[40] and the enlarged powers of a boyar circle in the Divan. A privilege &mdashetymologically "private law" or law relating to a specific individual&mdashis a special Entitlement or immunity granted by a government ^[41]

In parallel, Wallachia became the battleground in a succession of wars between the Ottomans on one side and Russia or the Habsburg Monarchy on the other. Mavrocordatos himself was deposed by a boyar rebellion, and arrested by Habsburg troops during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18, as the Ottomans had to concede Oltenia to Charles VI of Austria (the Treaty of Passarowitz). Oltenia ( Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions with the alternate Latin names Wallachia Minor, Wallachia Alutana, Wallachia Caesarea Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Požarevac was the Peace treaty signed in Požarevac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Пожаревац ^[42] The region, subject to an enlightened absolutist rule that soon disenchanted local boyars, was returned to Wallachia in 1739 (the Treaty of Belgrade, upon the close of the Austro-Turkish War of 1737-39). The Treaty of Belgrade (Белградский мир was the peace treaty signed on September 18, 1739 in Belgrade, Serbia, by the Ottoman Russo–Turkish War of 1735–1739, a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, caused by intensified contradictions over the results of the War of the Polish Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos, who oversaw the new change in borders, was also responsible for the effective abolition of serfdom in 1746 (which put a stop to the exodus of peasants into Transylvania);^[43] during this period, the ban of Oltenia moved his residence from Craiova to Bucharest, signalling, alongside Mavrocordatos' order to merge his personal treasury with that of the country, a move towards centralism. Constantine Mavrocordatos ( Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: Constantin Mavrocordat; February 27 Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Ban (baːn is a Title used in several states in central and south-eastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century Craiova (kraˈjova the fifth largest Romanian city and capital of Dolj County, is situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. For the US government securities see Treasury security. Also see Treasury management. A centralized government is the Form of government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which Local governments are subject ^[44]

In 1768, during the Fifth Russo-Turkish War, Wallachia was placed under its first Russian occupation (helped along by the rebellion of Pârvu Cantacuzino). Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ( December 26, 1737 - February 26, 1815) was a famous general of the Habsburg Emperors Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was a decisive conflict that brought Southern Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, and Crimea within the orbit of the Russian Pârvu or Pîrvu Cantacuzino (died 1769 was a high-ranking Wallachian Boyar, ban of Oltenia, and anti- Ottoman ^[45] The Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca (1774) allowed Russia to intervene in favour of Eastern Orthodox Ottoman subjects, curtailing Ottoman pressures — including the decrease in sums owed as tribute^[46] — and, in time, relatively increasing internal stability while opening Wallachia to more Russian interventions. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (also spelled Kuchuk Kainarji) was signed on July 21, 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca Dobruja (today Kaynardzha The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or as was often case in historical contexts of submission ^[47]

Habsburg troops, under Prince Josias of Coburg, again entered the country during the Russo-Turkish-Austrian War, deposing Nicholas Mavrogenis in 1789. Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ( December 26, 1737 - February 26, 1815) was a famous general of the Habsburg Emperors The Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved a futile attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to Russia in the course of the previous Russo–Turkish Nicholas Mavrogenes (or Mavrogenous; Greek: Νικόλαος Μαυρογένης / Nikolaos Mavrogenis, Romanian: Nicolae ^[48] A period of crisis followed the Ottoman recovery: Oltenia was devastated by the expeditions of Osman Pazvantoğlu, a powerful rebellious pasha whose raids even caused prince Constantine Hangerli to lose his life on suspicion of treason (1799), and Alexander Mourousis to renounce his throne (1801). Osman Pazvantoğlu (also spelled Osman Passvan-Oglou or Pasvanoglu, Pazvan Oglu / Oğlu; 1758 &mdash January 27, 1807 Pasha or pacha, formerly bashaw, (paşa پاشا ( Persian: پاشا ( Armenian: Փաշա was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire Constantine or Constantin Hangerli (also known as Constantin Hangerliu; died February 18, 1799) was a Prince of Wallachia Alexander Mourousis ( Greek: Αλέξανδρος Μουρούζης Alexandros Mourouzis; Alexandru Moruzi died 1816 was a Great Dragoman ^[49] In 1806, the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812 was partly instigated by the Porte's deposition of Constantine Ypsilantis in Bucharest — in tune with the Napoleonic Wars, it was instigated by the French Empire, and also showed the impact of the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca (with its permissive attitude towards Russian political influence in the Danubian Principalities); the war brought the invasion of Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich. The Russo-Turkish War 1806 – 1812 was one of many wars fought between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Porte (also Sublime Porte, High Porte, or in Ottoman Turkish, Bab-ı Ali) used to refer to the Divan (court Constantine Ypsilanti ( Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Υψηλάντης - Constantinos Ypsilantis; Constantin Ipsilanti died 1816 was the son of Alexander The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the Count Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich (Михаи́л Андре́евич Милора́дович ( &ndash) was a Russian general prominent during the Napoleonic wars ^[50]

After the Peace of Bucharest, the rule of Jean Georges Caradja, although remembered for a major plague epidemic, was notable for its cultural and industrial ventures. The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on May 28, 1812 in Bucharest at the end John Caradja or John George Caradja ( Greek: Ἰωάννης Γεώργιος Καρατζάς Ioannis Georgios Karatzas; Romanian: Ioan Caragea's plague or Caradja's plague ( Romanian: Ciuma lui Caragea) was a Bubonic plague Epidemic that occurred in Wallachia ^[51] During the period, Wallachia increased its strategic importance for most European states interested in supervising Russian expansion; consulates were opened in Bucharest, having an indirect but major impact on Wallachian economy through the protection they extended to sudiţi traders (who soon competed successfully against local guilds). Sudiţi is also a commune in Ialomiţa County. The Sudiţi (plural of Sudit - Romanian language, from A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers ^[52]

From Wallachia to Romania

Main article: National awakening of Romania

Early 1800s

The death of prince Alexander Soutzos in 1821, coinciding with the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, established a boyar regency which attempted to block the arrival of Scarlat Callimachi to his throne in Bucharest. During the period of Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania and Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians were Alexandros Soutzos (Αλέξανδρος Σούτζος Alexandru Suţu 1758 - January 18/19 1821 Bucharest was a Phanariote Greek who ruled as Prince The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor Scarlat Callimachi or Calimachi (nicknamed Prinţul Roşu, "the Red Prince" September 20, 1896 &mdash June 2, The parallel uprising in Oltenia, carried out by the Pandur leader Tudor Vladimirescu, although aimed at overthrowing the ascendancy of Greeks,^[53] compromised with the Greek revolutionaries in the Filiki Eteria and allied itself with the regents,^[54] while seeking Russian support^[55] (see also: Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). The Wallachian uprising of 1821 was an uprising in Wallachia (a region of Romania) which took place during 1821 Pandurs were a non-linear ( irregular) army made out of mainly Croats from the town of Pandur that was deployed primarily to raid behind enemy lines Tudor Vladimirescu (c 1780&ndash was a Wallachian Romanian revolutionary hero the leader of the Wallachian uprising of 1821 and of the Pandur There has been a Greek presence in Romania for at least 27 centuries The Filiki Eteria (spelled also Philikí Etaireía, Greek alphabet: Φιλική Εταιρεία or Εταιρεία των Φιλικών) The rise of the Western notion of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the break-down of the Ottoman millet

On March 21, 1821, Vladimirescu entered Bucharest. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. For the following weeks, relations between him and his allies worsened, especially after he sought an agreement with the Ottomans;^[56] Eteria's leader Alexander Ypsilantis, who had established himself in Moldavia and, after May, in northern Wallachia, viewed the alliance as broken — he had Vladimirescu executed, and faced the Ottoman intervention without Pandur or Russian backing, suffering major defeats in Bucharest and Drăgăşani (before retreating to Austrian custody in Transylvania). Drăgăşani (drəgə'ʃanʲ English archaic: Dragashan) is a city in Vâlcea County, Romania, near the right bank of the Olt For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian ^[57] These violent events, which had seen the majority of Phanariotes siding with Ypsilantis, made Sultan Mahmud II place the Principalities under its occupation (evicted by a request of several European powers),^[58] and sanction the end of Phanariote rules: in Wallachia, the first prince to be considered a local one after 1715 was Grigore IV Ghica. The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ( Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922 beginning with Mahmud II ( Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) ( July 20, 1785 July 1, 1839 Grigore IV Ghica or Grigore Dimitrie Ghica ( June 30 1755 &ndash April 29 1834) was Prince of Wallachia between Although the new system was confirmed for the rest of Wallachia's existence as a state, Ghica's rule was abruptly ended by the devastating Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. The Russo–Turkish War of 1828–1829 was sparked by the Greek War of Independence. ^[59]

The 1829 Treaty of Adrianople, without overturning Ottoman suzerainty, placed Wallachia and Moldavia under Russian military rule, awarding them the first common institutions and the semblance of a constitution (see Regulamentul Organic). The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries The Peace Treaty of Adrianople (also called the Treaty of Edirne) concluded the Russo-Turkish War 1828-1829 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Regulamentul Organic ( Romanian name translated as Organic Statute or Organic Regulation; French: Règlement Organique, Wallachia was returned ownership of Brăila, Giurgiu (both of which soon developed into major trading cities on the Danube), and Turnu Măgurele. Brăila (pronunciation in Romanian: /brə'ila/ Браила Ibrail is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and Giurgiu is the capital city of Giurgiu County, Romania, in the Greater Wallachia. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Turnu Măgurele is a municipality in Teleorman County, Romania (in the informal region of Wallachia) ^[60] The treaty also allowed Moldavia and Wallachia to freely trade with countries other than the Ottoman Empire, which signalled substantial economic and urban growth, as well as improving the peasant situation. ^[61] Many of the provisions had been specified by the 1826 Akkerman Convention between Russia and the Ottomans (it had never been fully implemented in the three-year interval). "Akkerman" redirects here For other uses see Akkerman (disambiguation. ^[62] The duty of overseeing of the Principalities was left to Russian general Pavel Kiselyov; this interval was marked by a series of major changes, including the reestablishment of a Wallachian Army (1831), a tax reform (which nonetheless confirmed tax exemptions for the privileged), as well as major urban works in Bucharest and other cities. Count Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselyov (Павел Дмитриевич Киселёв also spelled Kiseleff ( 8 January, 1788, Moscow — 14 Tax reform is the process of changing the way Taxes are collected or managed by the Government. A tax exemption is an exemption from all or certain Taxes of a state or nation in which part of the taxes that would normally be collected from an individual or an organization A privilege &mdashetymologically "private law" or law relating to a specific individual&mdashis a special Entitlement or immunity granted by a government ^[63] In 1834, Wallachia's throne was occupied by Alexandru II Ghica — a move in contradiction with the Adrianople treaty, as he had not been elected by the new Legislative Assembly; removed by the suzerains in 1842, he was replaced with an elected prince, Gheorghe Bibescu. Alexandru II or Alexandru D Ghica (1796-1862 a member of the Ghica family, was Prince of Wallachia from April 1834 to 7 October The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries Gheorghe Bibescu (1804&ndash1873 was a Hospodar ( Prince) of Wallachia between 1843 and 1848 ^[64]

1840s-1850s

Main article: 1848 Wallachian revolution

Opposition to Ghica's arbitrary and highly conservative rule, together with the rise of liberal and radical currents, was first felt with the protests voiced by Ion Câmpineanu (quickly repressed);^[65] subsequently, it became increasingly conspiratorial, and centered on those secret societies created by young officers such as Nicolae Bălcescu and Mitică Filipescu. The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and Romantic nationalist uprising in the principality of Wallachia. The national flag of Romania is a tricolour with vertical stripes beginning from the flagpole blue yellow and red Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined This article gives an overview of Liberalism and Radicalism in Romania. For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. In a political sense conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power Secret society is a term used to describe a variety of organizations Nicolae Bălcescu ( June 29, 1819 &mdash November 29, 1852) was a Romanian Wallachian soldier historian journalist ^[66]

Frăţia, a clandestine movement created in 1843, began planning a revolution to overthrow Bibescu and repeal Regulamentul Organic in 1848 (inspired by the European rebellions of the same year). The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European Their pan-Wallachian coup d'état was initially successful only near Turnu Măgurele, where crowds cheered the Islaz Proclamation (June 21); among others, the document called for political freedoms, independence, land reform, and the creation of a national guard. Turnu Măgurele is a municipality in Teleorman County, Romania (in the informal region of Wallachia) The Proclamation of Islaz (Proclamaţia de la Islaz was the program adopted on June 9, 1848 by Romanian revolutionaries Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government ^[67] On June 11-12, the movement was successful in deposing Bibescu and establishing a Provisional Government. Although sympathetic to the anti-Russian goals of the revolution, the Ottomans were pressured by Russia into repressing it: Ottoman troops entered Bucharest on September 13. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September ^[68] Russian and Turkish troops, present until 1851, brought Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei to the throne, during which interval most participants in the revolution were sent into exile. Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei (1796 or 1801&mdash1869 also written as Stirbey) a member of the Bibescu Boyar family was a Prince of Wallachia

Briefly under renewed Russian occupation during the Crimean War, Wallachia and Moldavia were given a new status with a neutral Austrian administration (1854-1856) and the Treaty of Paris: a tutelage shared by Ottomans and a Congress of Great Powers (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the Austrian Empire, Prussia, and, albeit never again fully, Russia), with a kaymakam-led internal administration. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, France A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state A kaymakam (also spelled kaimakam and caimacam) is the title used for the Governor of a provincial District in the Republic of The emerging movement for a union of the Danubian Principalities (a demand first voiced in 1848, and a cause cemented by the return of revolutionary exiles) was advocated by the French and their Sardinian allies, supported by Russia and Prussia, but was rejected or suspicioned by all other overseers. Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the ^[69]

After an intense campaign, a formal union was ultimately granted: nevertheless, elections for the ad-hoc divans of 1859 profited from a legal ambiguity (the text of the final agreement specified two thrones, but did not prevent any single person from simultaneously taking part in and winning elections in both Bucharest and Iaşi). Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania. Alexander John Cuza, who ran for the unionist Partida Naţională, won the elections in Moldavia on January 5; Wallachia, which was expected by the unionists to carry the same vote, returned a majority of anti-unionists to its divan. Alexander Joan Cuza (a common old English rendition of Alexandru Ioan Cuza; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian The Partida Naţională ( English: National Party was a liberal Romanian Political party active between 1856 and 1859. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. ^[70]

Those elected changed their allegiance after a mass protest of Bucharest crowds,^[71] and Cuza was voted prince of Wallachia on February 5 (January 24 Old Style), consequently confirmed as Domnitor of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia (of Romania from 1861). Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Domnitor (pl domnitori) was the official title of the ruler of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and Internationally recognized only for the duration of his reign, the union was irreversible after the ascension of Carol I in 1866 (coinciding with the Austro-Prussian War, it came at a time when Austria, the main opponent of the decision, was not in a position to intervene). Carol I of Romania, original name Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later simply of Hohenzollern (April 20th 1839 - The Austro-Prussian

See also

• Flag and coat of arms of Wallachia
• History of Bucharest
• List of Wallachian rulers

Notes

References

• Mihai Berza, "Haraciul Moldovei şi al Ţării Româneşti în sec. XV–XIX", in Studii şi Materiale de Istorie Medie, II, 1957, p. 7–47
• Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient şi Occident. Neagu Djuvara (b August 18, 1916) is a Romanian historian essayist philosopher journalist novelist and diplomat Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995
• Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Bucureştilor. Constantin C. Giurescu (1901-1977 was a Historian of Romania. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre, Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966
• Ştefan Ştefănescu, Istoria medie a României, Vol. I, Bucharest, 1991

External links

• The Romanian Group for an Alternative History Website - provides monument information, original documents, books, studies and other info concerning the Romanian Middle Ages

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