W. Mark Felt

Born:	August 17, 1913 (1913-08-17) (age 94) Twin Falls, Idaho, U.S.A.
Occupation:	Associate Director of the FBI FBI Special agent
Retirement Date:	June 22, 1973
Field Office(s):	Houston San Antonio

William Mark Felt, Sr. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common For the motion picture see Twin Falls Idaho (film Twin Falls is the County seat and largest The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Within the United States, the title of Special Agent is used to describe any federal criminal or non-criminal investigator or Detective in the 1811 1801 2501 or Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI operates 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States and in San Juan Puerto Rico (born August 17, 1913) is a former agent of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation, who retired in 1973 as the Bureau's Associate Director. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Deputy Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (or Associate Director) is a senior United States Government position in the Federal Bureau of Investigation After thirty years of denying his involvement with reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, Felt revealed himself on May 31, 2005 to be the Watergate scandal whistleblower called "Deep Throat". Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. Carl Bernstein (pronounced BERN-steen ˈbɜrnstiːn (born February 14, 1944) is an American journalist who as a reporter for The Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's This is an article about a term For the 2008 RTÉ drama see Whistleblower (TV series. Deep Throat is the Pseudonym given to the secret source who provided information to the Washington Post about the involvement of U

Felt worked in several FBI field offices prior to his promotion to the Bureau's Washington headquarters. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D During the early investigation of the Watergate scandal (1972–74), Felt was the Bureau's Associate Director, the second-ranking post in the FBI. While Associate Director, Felt provided Washington Post reporter Woodward with critical leads on the story that eventually saw the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon in 1974. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by In 1980, Felt was convicted of the felony of violating the civil rights of people thought to be associated with members of the Weather Underground by ordering FBI agents to search their homes as part of an attempt to prevent bombings. In Common law legal systems a felony is a serious Crime, often contrasted with a Misdemeanor. Weatherman, known colloquially as the Weathermen and later the Weather Underground Organization, was an American Radical left organization He was ordered to pay a $7,000 fine but was pardoned by President Ronald Reagan during his appeal. FINE was created in 1998 and is an informal association of the four main Fair Trade networks F Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Felt lives in Santa Rosa, California. Santa Rosa is the County seat of Sonoma County California, United States In 2006, he published an update of his 1979 autobiography, The FBI Pyramid. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" The FBI Pyramid From the Inside is a 1979 non-fiction book by W His new book, written with John O'Connor, is titled "A G-Man's Life. "

Early career

Felt was born in Twin Falls, Idaho^[1], the son of carpenter and building contractor Mark Earl Felt and his wife, the former Rose Dygert. For the motion picture see Twin Falls Idaho (film Twin Falls is the County seat and largest ^[2] After graduating from Twin Falls High School in 1931, he received a BA from the University of Idaho in 1935, and was a member and president of the Gamma Gamma chapter of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. Twin Falls High School is a High school in Twin Falls Idaho, United States. The University of Idaho is Idaho 's oldest public university located in the rural city of Moscow in Latah County. Fraternities and sororities (from the Latin words la frater and la soror, meaning "brother" and "sister" respectively are fraternal He went to Washington, D.C. to work in the office of U. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D S. Senator James P. Pope (D-Idaho). The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives James Pinckney Pope (born March 31, 1884 in Jonesboro, Louisiana &ndash died January 23 1966 in Alexandria, The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. In 1938, Felt married Audrey Robinson of Gooding, Idaho, whom he had known when they were both students at the University of Idaho. Gooding is the County seat and largest city of Gooding County, Idaho, United States. She had come to Washington to work at the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and they were wed by the chaplain of the United States House of Representatives, the Rev. The The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Sheara Montgomery. ^[3] Felt stayed on with Pope's successor in the Senate, David Worth Clark (D-Idaho). David Worth Clark aka D Worth Clark ( April 2, 1902 in Idaho Falls, Idaho – June 19, 1955 in Los Angeles ^[4] Felt attended The George Washington University Law School at night, earning his law degree in 1940, and was admitted to the District of Columbia bar in 1941. The George Washington University Law School, commonly referred to as GW Law, is the Law school of The George Washington University. Juris Doctor (abbreviated JD or JD, from the Latin, Teacher of Law) is a first professional graduate degree and Professional Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D ^[5]

Upon graduation, Felt took a position at the Federal Trade Commission but did not enjoy the work. The Federal Trade Commission ( FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act His workload was very light. He was assigned a case to investigate whether a toilet paper brand called "Red Cross" was misleading consumers into thinking it was endorsed by the American Red Cross. The American Red Cross (also known as the American National Red Cross) is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance disaster relief and education inside Felt wrote in his memoir:

My research, which required days of travel and hundreds of interviews, produced two definite conclusions:

1. Most people did use toilet tissue.

2. Most people did not appreciate being asked about it.

That was when I started looking for other employment. ^[6]

He applied for a job with the FBI in November 1941 and was accepted. His first day at the Bureau was January 26, 1942. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Early FBI years

Federal Bureau of Investigation
Abbreviation	FBI
Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover often moved Bureau agents around so they would have wide experience. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Postnominal initials Hoover, Felt observed, "wanted every agent to get into any Field office at anytime. Since he had never been transferred and did not have a family, he had no idea of the financial and personal hardship involved. "^[7]

After completing sixteen weeks of training at the FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia and FBI Headquarters in Washington, Felt was first assigned to Texas, working in the field offices in Houston and San Antonio, spending three months in each. The FBI Academy, located in Quantico Virginia, is the training grounds for new Special Agents of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation Quantico Virginia lies in Prince William County, north-northeast of Fredericksburg Virginia, United States, near Dumfries and Stafford Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. He then returned to the "Seat of Government", as Hoover called FBI headquarters, and was assigned to the Espionage Section of the Domestic Intelligence Division, tracking down spies and saboteurs during World War II, where he worked on the Major Case Desk. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including His most notable work there was on the "Peasant" case. Helmut Goldschmidt, operating under the codename "Peasant", was a German agent in custody in England. Under Felt's direction, his German masters were informed "Peasant" had made his way to the United States, and were fed disinformation on Allied plans. ^[8]

The Espionage Section was abolished in May 1945 after V-E Day. Victory in Europe Day ( V-E Day or VE Day) was May 7 and May 8, 1945, the dates when the World War II Allies After the war, he was again in the field, sent first to Seattle, Washington. After two years of general work, he spent two years as a firearms instructor and was promoted from agent to supervisor. Upon passage of the Atomic Energy Act and the creation of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, the Seattle office became responsible for completing background checks of workers at the Hanford plutonium plant near Richland, Washington. The United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC was an agency of the United States government established after World War II by Congress to foster and control The Hanford Site is a decommissioned nuclear production complex on the Columbia River in south-central Washington operated by the United States government Richland is a city in Benton County in the southeastern part of the U Felt oversaw these checks. ^[9]

In 1954, Felt returned briefly to Washington as an inspector's aide. Two months later, Felt was sent to New Orleans, Louisiana, as assistant special agent in charge of the field office. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana When he was transferred to Los Angeles, California fifteen months later, he held the same rank there. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West ^[10] In 1956, Felt was transferred to Salt Lake City, Utah, and promoted to special agent in charge. Salt Lake City is the Capital and the most populous city of the U The Salt Lake office included Nevada within its purview, and while there, Felt oversaw some of the Bureau's earliest investigations into organized crime with the Mob's operations in the casinos of Reno and Las Vegas. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally ^[11] (It was Hoover's, and therefore the Bureau's official position at the time, that there was no such thing as the Mob). In February 1958, he went to Kansas City, Missouri, in his memoir dubbed "the Siberia of Field Offices",^[12] where he oversaw additional investigations of organized crime. Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages ^[13]

J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI, photographed in 1961. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Postnominal initials Hoover appointed Felt the third ranking official in the Bureau in 1971.

He returned to Washington in September 1962. As assistant to the Bureau's assistant director in charge of the Training Division, Felt helped oversee the FBI Academy. The FBI Academy, located in Quantico Virginia, is the training grounds for new Special Agents of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation ^[14] In November 1964, he became assistant director of the Bureau, as chief inspector of the Bureau and head of the Inspection Division ^[15]. This division oversaw compliance with Bureau regulations and conducted internal investigations.

On July 1, 1971, Felt was promoted by Hoover to Deputy Associate Director, assisting Associate Director Clyde A. Tolson. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Clyde Anderson Tolson (22 May 1900 – 14 April 1975 was Associate Director of the FBI primarily responsible for personnel and discipline not front-line crime-fighting ^[16] Hoover's right-hand man for decades, Tolson was in failing health and no longer able to attend to his duties. Richard Gid Powers wrote that Hoover installed Felt to rein in William C. Sullivan's domestic spying operations, as Sullivan had been engaged in secret unofficial work for the White House. William Cornelius Sullivan ( 1912 - 9 November 1977) was former head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation intelligence operations See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence In his memoir, Felt quoted Hoover as having said, "I need someone who can control Sullivan. I think you know he has been getting out of hand. "^[17] In his book, The Bureau, Ronald Kessler said, "Felt managed to please Hoover by being tactful with him and tough on agents. "^[18] Curt Gentry called Felt "the director's latest fair-haired boy", but who had "no inherent power" in his new post, the real number three being John P. Mohr. John P Mohr ( 20 April 1910 – 25 January 1997) was an administrator with the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. ^[19]

After Hoover's death

L. Patrick Gray, acting director of the FBI from May 1972 to April 1973. Louis Patrick Gray III (July 18 1916 – July 6 2005 was acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI from May 2 1972 to April 27 1973

Hoover died in his sleep and was found on the morning of May 2, 1972. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tolson was nominally in charge until the next day when Nixon appointed L. Patrick Gray III as acting FBI director. Louis Patrick Gray III (July 18 1916 – July 6 2005 was acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI from May 2 1972 to April 27 1973 Tolson submitted his resignation, which Gray accepted. Felt took Tolson's post as Associate Director, the number-two job in the bureau. ^[20] Felt served as an honorary pallbearer at Hoover's funeral. ^[21]

On the day of his death, Hoover's secretary for five decades, Helen Gandy, began destroying his files. Helen W Gandy (April 8 1897 – July 7 1988 was an American civil servant. She turned over twelve boxes of the "Official/Confidential" files to Felt on May 4, 1972. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This consisted of 167 files and 17,750 pages, many of them containing derogatory information. Felt stored them in his office, and Gray told the press that afternoon that "there are no dossiers or secret files. There are just general files and I took steps to preserve their integrity. " Felt earlier that day had told Gray, "Mr. Gray, the Bureau doesn't have any secret files", and later accompanied Gray to Hoover's office. They found Gandy boxing up papers. Felt said Gray "looked casually at an open file drawer and approved her work", though Gray would later deny he looked at anything. Gandy retained Hoover's "Personal File" and destroyed it. ^[22] When Felt was called to testify in 1975 by the U.S. House about the destruction of Hoover's papers, he said, "There's no serious problems if we lose some papers. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. I don't see anything wrong and I still don't. " At the same hearing Gandy claimed that she had destroyed Hoover's personal files only after receiving Gray's approval. In a letter submitted to the committee in rebuttal of Gandy's testimony, Gray vehemently denied ever giving such permission. Both Gandy's testimony and Gray's letter were included in the committee's final report. ^[23]

In his memoir, Felt expressed mixed feelings about Gray. While noting Gray did work hard, he was critical at how often he was away from FBI Headquarters. Gray lived in Stonington, Connecticut, and commuted to Washington. The Town of Stonington is in New London County, Connecticut in the southeastern corner of that U He also visited all of the Bureau's field offices except Honolulu. His frequent absences led to the nickname "Three-Day Gray". ^[24] These absences, combined with Gray's hospitalization and recuperation from November 20, 1972 to January 2, 1973,^[25] meant that Felt was effectively in charge for much of his final year at the Bureau. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Bob Woodward wrote "Gray got to be director of the F. B. I. and Felt did the work. "^[26] Felt wrote in his memoir:

The record amply demonstrates that President Nixon made Pat Gray the Acting Director of the FBI because he wanted a politician in J. Edgar Hoover's position who would convert the Bureau into an adjunct of the White House machine. ^[27]

Gray's defenders would later argue that Gray simply practiced a different management style than that of Hoover. Gray's visits to all the field offices (except Honolulu), was something that Hoover had never done, and some felt this did much to raise the morale of the agents working in those field offices. Furthermore, Gray's leadership style of the FBI seemed to mirror the leadership style he learned in the US Navy, in which the executive officer concentrates on the basic operation of the ship, while the captain concentrates on the position and heading of the ship. The FBI, however, was not a Navy ship, and Felt was not the only member of the FBI's leadership (particularly amongst those that had served under Hoover) that disapproved of Gray's methods.

Watergate

The Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. Felt saw all the FBI's files on its investigation of the break-in there in 1972. The Watergate complex is an office-apartment-hotel complex built in 1967 in northwest Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D

As associate director, Felt saw everything compiled on Watergate before it went to Gray. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's The agent in charge, Charles Nuzum, sent his findings to Investigative Division head Robert Gebhardt, who then passed the information on to Felt. From the day of the break-in, June 17, 1972, until the FBI investigation was mostly completed in June 1973, Felt was the key control point for FBI information. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He had been among the first to learn of the investigation, being informed at 7:00 on the morning of June 17. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat ^[28] Ronald Kessler, who had spoken to former Bureau agents, reported that throughout the investigation they "were amazed to see material in Woodward and Bernstein's stories lifted almost verbatim from their reports of interviews a few days or weeks earlier. Ronald Borek Kessler (born December 31, 1943) is an American journalist and author "^[29]

Contact with Woodward

Bob Woodward first describes Deep Throat in All the President's Men as "a source in the Executive Branch who had access to information at CRP (the Committee to Re-elect the President, Nixon's 1972 campaign organization), as well as at the White House. Robert "Bob" Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post. All the President's Men is a 1974 Non-fiction book by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, two of the journalists investigating the first Watergate The Committee to Re-elect the President, often abbreviated to CRP or CREEP (an acronym used derisively by critics of the Nixon administration was a Nixon " ^[30] The book also calls him "an incurable gossip" who was "in a unique position to observe the Executive Branch", a man "whose fight had been worn out in too many battles. "^[31] Woodward had known the source before Watergate and had discussed politics and government with him.

Woodward in 2005 wrote that he met Felt at the White House in 1969 or 1970 when Woodward was an aide to Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, delivering papers to the White House Situation Room. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Thomas Hinman Moorer ( February 9, 1912 &ndash February 5, 2004) was a U The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS) is by law the highest ranking military officer overall in the United States Armed In his book The Secret Man, Woodward described Felt as "a tall man with perfectly combed gray hair . . . distinguished looking" with "a studied air of confidence, even what might be called a command presence". ^[32] They stayed in touch and spoke on the telephone several times. When Woodward started working at the Washington Post, he phoned Felt on several occasions to ask for information for articles in the Post. Felt's information, taken on a promise that Woodward would never reveal their origin, was a source for a few stories, notably for an article on May 18, 1972, about Arthur H. Bremer, who shot George C. Wallace. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Arthur Herman Bremer (born August 21 1950) gained notoriety after he shot U George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for When the Watergate story broke, Woodward called on his friend. Felt advised Woodward on June 19 that E. Howard Hunt was involved; the telephone number of his White House office had been listed in the address book of one of the burglars. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Everette Howard Hunt Jr ( October 9 1918 – January 23 2007) was an American Author and spy. Initially, Woodward's source was known at the Post as "My Friend", but was tagged "Deep Throat" by Post editor Howard Simons, after the pornographic movie. Howard Simons ( June 3, 1929 - June 13, 1989) was the managing editor of the Washington Post at the time of the Watergate scandal Deep Throat is an American Pornographic film released in the summer of 1972, written and directed by Gerard Damiano (listed in the Woodward has written that idea for the nickname first came to Simons because Felt had been providing the information on a deep background basis. In Journalism, a source is a person publication or other record or document that gives information

When Felt's name was revealed, it was noted that "My Friend" has the same initial letters as "Mark Felt". Woodward has said this was a coincidence, but in looking back at some of his notes, interviews with Felt during the earliest days of the story were marked with "M. F. "

Code for contacting Woodward

Woodward claimed that when he wanted to meet Deep Throat, he would move a flowerpot with a red flag on the balcony of his apartment, number 617, at the Webster House at 1718 P Street, Northwest, and when Deep Throat wanted a meeting, he would circle the page number on page twenty of Woodward's copy of The New York Times and draw clock hands to signal the hour. ^[33] Adrian Havill questioned these claims in his 1993 biography of Woodward and Bernstein, stating Woodward's balcony faced an interior courtyard and was not visible from the street, but Woodward responded that it has been bricked in since he lived there. Havill also claimed that copies of The Times were not delivered marked by apartment, but Woodward and a former neighbor disputed this claim. ^[34] Woodward has stated:

How [Felt] could have made a daily observation of my balcony is still a mystery to me. At the time, the back of my building was not enclosed so anyone could have driven in the back alley to observe my balcony. In addition, my balcony and the back of the apartment complex faced onto a courtyard or back area that was shared with a number of other apartment or office buildings in the area. My balcony could have been seen from dozens of apartments or offices.

There were several embassies in the area. The Iraqi embassy was down the street, and I thought it possible that the FBI had surveillance or listening posts nearby. Could Felt have had the counterintelligence agents regularly report on the status of my flag and flowerpot? That seems unlikely, but not impossible. ^[35]

Days after the break-in, Nixon and White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman talked about putting pressure on the FBI to slow down the investigation. The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President Harry Robbins Haldeman (publicly known as H R Haldeman, and informally as Bob Haldeman) ( October 27, 1926 &ndash November 12, The FBI had been called in by the District of Columbia police because the burglars had been found with wiretapping equipment, and wiretapping is a crime investigated by the FBI. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Wiretap redirects here For the radio program see WireTap (radio program Telephone tapping (or wire tapping / wiretapping in Haldeman told President Nixon on June 23, 1972, "Mark Felt wants to cooperate because he's ambitious. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "^[36]

Haldeman informed Nixon that Felt was leaking information

Despite initial suspicions that other agents, including Angelo Lano, had been speaking to the Post,^[1] in a taped conversation on October 19, 1972, Haldeman told the president that he had sources, which he declined to name, confirming Felt was speaking to the press. Angelo J Lano was an American field agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington DC, notable for his work heading the investigation of Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "You can't say anything about this because it will screw up our source and there's a real concern. Mitchell is the only one who knows about this and he feels strongly that we better not do anything because . John Newton Mitchell (September 1913 &ndash November 9, 1988) was the first United States Attorney General ever to be convicted of illegal activities and . . If we move on him, he'll go out and unload everything. He knows everything that's to be known in the FBI. He has access to absolutely everything. " ^[37] Haldeman also reported that he had spoken to White House counsel John W. Dean about punishing Felt, but Dean said Felt had committed no crime and could not be prosecuted. John Wesley Dean III (born October 14, 1938) was White House Counsel to U

When Gray returned from his sick leave in January 1973, he confronted Felt about being the source for Woodward and Bernstein. Gray said he had defended Felt to Attorney General Richard G. Kleindienst: "You know, Mark, Dick Kleindienst told me I ought to get rid of you. The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Richard Gordon Kleindienst ( August 05, 1923 – February 03, 2000) was an American lawyer and politician He says White House staff members are concerned that you are the FBI source of leaks to Woodward and Bernstein"^[38], to which Felt replied, "Pat, I haven't leaked anything to anybody. "^[39] Gray told Felt, "I told Kleindienst that you've worked with me in a very competent manner and I'm convinced that you are completely loyal. I told him I was not going to move you out. Kleindienst told me, 'Pat, I love you for that. '"

Felt denies he was source

Felt called "obvious" the reasons why he was suspected by the White House as the reporters' source:

I was supposed to be jealous of Gray for having received the appointment as Acting Director instead of myself. They felt that my high position in the FBI gave me access to all the Watergate information and that I was releasing it to Woodward and Bernstein in an effort to discredit Gray so that he would be removed and I would have another chance at the job. Then there were those frequent instances when I had been much less than cooperative in responding to requests from the White House which I felt were improper. I suppose the White House staff had me tagged as an insubordinate. ^[40]

Felt wrote, "it is true I would like to have been appointed FBI director," but "I never leaked information to Woodward and Bernstein or anyone else!"

Nixon passes over Felt again

President Richard Nixon departing the White House on August 9, 1974, shortly before his resignation took effect. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Felt's leaks to Woodward spurred the investigations that led to his resignation.

On February 17, 1973, Nixon nominated Gray as Hoover's permanent replacement as director. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. ^[41] Until then, Gray had been in limbo as acting director. In another taped conversation on February 28, Nixon spoke to Dean about Felt acting as an informant, and mentioned that he had never met him. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Gray was forced to resign on April 27, after it was revealed Gray had destroyed a file that had been in the White House safe of E. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Howard Hunt. ^[42] Gray told his superiors that Felt should be named as his successor.

The day Gray resigned, Kleindienst spoke to Nixon, urging him to appoint Felt as Gray's replacement, but Nixon instead appointed William Ruckelshaus. William Doyle Ruckelshaus (born July 24, 1932 in Indianapolis Indiana) is an American attorney and civil servant Stanley Kutler reported that Nixon said, "I don't want him. I can't have him. I just talked to Bill Ruckelshaus and Bill is a Mr. Clean and I want a fellow in there that is not part of the old guard and that is not part of that infighting in there. "^[43] On another White House tape, from May 11, 1973, Nixon and White House Chief of Staff Alexander M. Haig spoke of Felt leaking material to the New York Times. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Alexander Meigs Haig Jr (born December 2 1924 is a retired four-star General in the United States Army who served as the U Nixon said, "he's a bad guy, you see," and that William Sullivan had told him Felt's ambition was to be director of the Bureau. ^[44]

Felt called his relationship with Ruckelshaus "stormy. " ^[45] He said in his memoir Ruckelshaus was a "security guard sent to see that the FBI did nothing which would displease Mr. Nixon. "^[46] Felt retired from the Bureau on June 22, 1973, ending a thirty-one-year career. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar.

Tried for illegal break-ins

In the early 1970s, Felt oversaw a turbulent period in the FBI's history. The FBI was pursuing radicals in the Weather Underground who had planted bombs at the Capitol, the Pentagon, and the State Department. Weatherman, known colloquially as the Weathermen and later the Weather Underground Organization, was an American Radical left organization The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. Felt, along with Edward S. Miller, authorized FBI agents to break into homes secretly in 1972 and 1973, without a search warrant, on nine separate occasions. Edward S Miller was a Special Agent with the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. A search warrant is a Court order issued by a Judge or Magistrate that authorizes law enforcement to conduct a Search These kinds of FBI burglaries were known as "black bag jobs". Black bag operations (or "black bag jobs" are Covert or clandestine surreptitious entries into structures to obtain information for human intelligence The break-ins occurred at five addresses in New York and New Jersey, at the homes of relatives and acquaintances of Weather Underground members, and did not lead to the capture of any fugitives. The use of "black bag jobs" by the FBI was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in the Plamondon case, 407 U. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Lawrence (Pun Plamondon was a 1960s Left-wing activist who was one of the founders of the White Panther Party. S. 297 (1972).

After revelation by the Church Committee of the FBI's illegal activities, many agents were investigated. The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a Felt in 1976 publicly stated he had ordered break-ins and that individual agents were merely obeying orders and should not be punished for it. Felt also stated Gray also authorized the break-ins, but Gray denied this. Felt said on the CBS television program Face the Nation he would probably be a "scapegoat" for the Bureau's work. ^[47] "I think this is justified and I'd do it again tomorrow", he said on the program. While admitting the break-ins were "extralegal", he justified it as protecting the "greater good". Felt said:

To not take action against these people and know of a bombing in advance would simply be to stick your fingers in your ears and protect your eardrums when the explosion went off and then start the investigation.

The Attorney General in the new Carter administration, Griffin B. Bell, investigated, and on April 10, 1978, a federal grand jury charged Felt, Miller and Gray with conspiracy to violate the constitutional rights of American citizens by searching their homes without warrants, though Gray's case did not go to trial and was dropped by the government for lack of evidence on December 11, 1980. Griffin Boyette Bell (born October 31, 1918) is an American lawyer and former United States Attorney General. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Felt told Ronald Kessler:

I was shocked that I was indicted. You would be too, if you did what you thought was in the best interests of the country and someone on technical grounds indicted you. ^[48]

The indictment charged violations of Title 18, Section 241 of the United States Code. The United States Code ( USC) is a compilation and Codification of the general and permanent federal Law of the United States. The indictment charged Felt and the others

did unlawfully, willfully, and knowingly combine, conspire, confederate, and agree together and with each other to injure and oppress citizens of the United States who were relatives and acquaintances of the Weatherman fugitives, in the free exercise and enjoyments of certain rights and privileges secured to them by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America. ^[49]

Felt, Gray, and Miller were arraigned in Washington on April 20. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Seven hundred current and former FBI agents were outside the courthouse applauding the "Washington Three", as Felt referred to himself and his colleagues in his memoir. ^[50]

Felt and Miller attempted to plea bargain with the government, willing to agree to a misdemeanor guilty plea to conducting searches without warrants—a violation of 18 U. S. C. sec. 2236—but the government rejected the offer in 1979. After eight postponements, the case against Felt and Miller went to trial in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia on September 18, 1980. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) ^[51] On October 29, former President Richard M. Nixon appeared as a rebuttal witness for the defense, and testified that presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had authorized the bureau to engage in break-ins while conducting foreign intelligence and counterespionage investigations. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II ^[52] It was Nixon's first courtroom appearance since his resignation in 1974. Nixon also contributed money to Felt's legal defense fund, Felt's expenses running over $600,000. Also testifying were former Attorneys General Herbert Brownell, Jr., Nicholas deB. Katzenbach, Ramsey Clark, John N. Mitchell, and Richard G. Kleindienst, all of whom said warrantless searches in national security matters were commonplace and not understood to be illegal, but Mitchell and Kleindienst denied they had authorized any of the break-ins at issue in the trial. Herbert Brownell Jr ( February 20, 1904 — May 1, 1996) was the Attorney General Nicholas deBelleville Katzenbach (born January 17, 1922) is an American lawyer who served as United States Attorney General during the Lyndon William Ramsey Clark (born December 18 1927 is a lawyer and former United States Attorney General. John Newton Mitchell (September 1913 &ndash November 9, 1988) was the first United States Attorney General ever to be convicted of illegal activities and Richard Gordon Kleindienst ( August 05, 1923 – February 03, 2000) was an American lawyer and politician (The Bureau used a national security justification for the searches because it alleged the Weather Underground was in the employ of Cuba. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la ^[53])

The jury returned guilty verdicts on November 6, 1980. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Although the charge carried a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison, Felt was fined $5,000. (Miller was fined $3,500). ^[54] Writing in The New York Times a week after the conviction, Roy Cohn claimed that Felt and Miller were being used as scapegoats by the Carter administration and it was an unfair prosecution. Roy Marcus Cohn ( February 20, 1927 &ndash August 2, 1986) was an American conservative Lawyer of Jewish James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Cohn wrote it was the "final dirty trick" and that there had been no "personal motive" to their actions ^[55]. The Times saluted the convictions saying it showed "the case has established that zeal is no excuse for violating the Constitution". ^[56]

Felt and Miller appealed the verdict.

Pardoned by Reagan

President Ronald Reagan pardoned Felt and Miller.

In a phone call on January 30, 1981, Edwin Meese encouraged President Ronald Reagan to issue a pardon, and after further encouragement from law enforcement officials and former bureau agents, he did so. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Edwin "Ed" Meese III (born December 2, 1931 in Oakland California) served as the seventy-fifth Attorney General of the United The pardon was given on March 26, but was not announced to the public until April 15. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English (The delay was partly because Reagan was shot on March 30. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. ) Reagan wrote:

Pursuant to the grant of authority in article II, section 2 of the Constitution of the United States, I have granted full and unconditional pardons to W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller.

During their long careers, Mark Felt and Edward Miller served the Federal Bureau of Investigation and our nation with great distinction. To punish them further — after 3 years of criminal prosecution proceedings — would not serve the ends of justice.

Their convictions in the U. S. District Court, on appeal at the time I signed the pardons, grew out of their good-faith belief that their actions were necessary to preserve the security interests of our country. The record demonstrates that they acted not with criminal intent, but in the belief that they had grants of authority reaching to the highest levels of government.

America was at war in 1972, and Messrs. Felt and Miller followed procedures they believed essential to keep the Director of the FBI, the Attorney General, and the President of the United States advised of the activities of hostile foreign powers and their collaborators in this country. They have never denied their actions, but, in fact, came forward to acknowledge them publicly in order to relieve their subordinate agents from criminal actions.

Four years ago, thousands of draft evaders and others who violated the Selective Service laws were unconditionally pardoned by my predecessor. America was generous to those who refused to serve their country in the Vietnam war. We can be no less generous to two men who acted on high principle to bring an end to the terrorism that was threatening our nation. ^[57]

Nixon sent Felt and Miller bottles of champagne with the note "Justice ultimately prevails". ^[58] The New York Times disapproved, saying that America "deserved better than a gratuitous revision of the record by the President". ^[59] Felt and Miller said they would seek repayment of their legal fees from the government.

The chief prosecutor at the trial, John W. Nields, Jr. , said "I would warrant that whoever is responsible for the pardons did not read the record of the trial and did not know the facts of the case. " Nields also complained that the White House did not consult with the prosecutors in the case, which was usual practice when a pardon was under consideration. ^[60]

Felt reacted by saying, "I feel very excited and just so pleased that I can hardly contain myself. I am most grateful to the President. I don't know how I'm ever going to be able to thank him. It's just like having a heavy burden lifted off your back. This case has been dragging on for five years. " Miller told a press conference the day of the announcement "I certainly owe the Gipper one. " Their attorney, Thomas Kennelly, said "We thank God and we thank President Reagan that these two good men have been vindicated at last. " Carter Attorney General Griffin Bell said he did not object to the pardons, as the initial convictions showed that behavior such as Felt and Miller's was no longer tolerated. Griffin Boyette Bell (born October 31, 1918) is an American lawyer and former United States Attorney General.

Despite their pardons, Felt and Miller won permission from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to appeal the conviction so as to remove it from their record and to prevent it being used in civil suits by the victims of the break-ins they ordered. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, known informally as the D ^[61] Ultimately, Felt's law license was returned by the court in 1982, which cited Reagan's pardon. In June 1982, Felt and Miller testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee's security and terrorism subcommittee that the restrictions placed on the FBI by Attorney General Edward H. Levi were threatening the country's safety. Edward Hirsch Levi ( June 26, 1911 – March 7, 2000) was an American academic leader scholar and statesman who served as ^[62]

Later years

Felt published his memoir The FBI Pyramid: From the Inside in 1979. It was co-written with Hoover biographer Ralph de Toledano, though the latter's name appears only in the copyright notice. Ralph de Toledano ( August 14, 1916 &ndash February 3, 2007) was a major figure in the conservative movement in the United States Toledano in 2005 wrote that the volume was "largely written by me since his original manuscript read like The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table. The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (1858 is a collection of essays written by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr " Toledano said:

Felt swore to me that he was not Deep Throat, that he had never leaked information to the Woodward-Bernstein team or anyone else. The book was published and bombed. ^[63]

Library Journal wrote in their review that "at one time Felt was assumed to be Watergate's 'Deep Throat'; in this interesting but hardly sensational memoir, he makes it clear that that honor, if honor it be, lies elsewhere. "^[64] The memoir was a strong defense of Hoover and his tenure as Director and condemned the reaction to criticisms of the Bureau made in the 1970s by the Church Committee and civil libertarians. The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a He also denounced the treatment of Bureau agents as criminals and said the Freedom of Information Act and Privacy Act of 1974 only served to interfere with government work and helped criminals. The Privacy Act of 1974, Public Law No 93-579 88 Stat 1897 (Dec (The flavor of his criticisms is apparent with the very first words of the book: "The Bill of Rights is not a suicide pact", Justice Robert H. Jackson's comment in his dissent to Terminello v. Robert Houghwout Jackson ( February 13, 1892 &ndash October 9, 1954) was United States Attorney General (1940&ndash1941 and an City of Chicago, 337 U. S. 1 (1949). ^[65]) The New York Times Book Review was highly critical of the book saying Felt "seeks to perpetuate a view of Hoover and the F. B. I. that is no longer seriously peddled even on the backs of cereal boxes" and contains "a disturbing number of factual errors"^[66], sentiments echoed by Curt Gentry who said Felt was "the keeper of the Hoover flame". ^[67]

In 1990, Felt moved to Santa Rosa, California, from Alexandria, Virginia, his home since the 1970s. Santa Rosa is the County seat of Sonoma County California, United States Alexandria is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. In 1992, he bought his present home in Santa Rosa and since then lived with his daughter Joan Felt. He suffered a stroke before 1999, reported Ronald Kessler in his book The Bureau. Ronald Borek Kessler (born December 31, 1943) is an American journalist and author According to Kessler's book, in the summer of 1999, Woodward showed up unexpectedly at the home of Felt’s daughter Joan and took him to lunch. Joan Felt, who was taking care of him at her home, told Kessler her father greeted Woodward like an old friend, and their mysterious meeting appeared to be more of a celebration than an interview. “Woodward just showed up at the door and said he was in the area,” Joan Felt was quoted as saying in Kessler’s book, which was published in 2002. "He came in a white limousine, which parked at a schoolyard about ten blocks away. He walked to the house. He asked if it was okay to have a martini with my father at lunch, and I said it would be fine. ” After Woodward left the house to get the limousine, which was parked almost three-quarters of a mile east at Comstock Junior High School, Joan Felt caught up with him to give him further instructions about what her father could eat for lunch. They walked together to the limo, and Joan Felt rode back with Woodward to pick up her father. Kessler said in his book that the measures Woodward took to conceal his meeting with Felt lent "credence" to the notion that Felt was Deep Throat. After Woodward confirmed that Felt was Deep Throat, the New York Post said on June 3, 2005, "There are plenty of people claiming they knew Deep Throat was actually former FBI man Mark Felt. . . . On May 3, 2002, PAGE SIX reported that Ronald Kessler, author of The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI, says that all the evidence points to former top FBI official W. Mark Felt. "

Family

Felt and his wife, Audrey, who died in 1984, had two children, Joan and Mark.

Deep Throat speculation

For a detailed overview of speculation prior to May 31, 2005, see Deep Throat. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Deep Throat is the Pseudonym given to the secret source who provided information to the Washington Post about the involvement of U

The identity of Deep Throat was debated for over three decades. Jack Limpert had published evidence as early as 1974 that Felt was the informant. ^[68] On June 25 of that year, a few weeks after All the President's Men was published, The Wall Street Journal ran an editorial, "If You Drink Scotch, Smoke, Read, Maybe You're Deep Throat". Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians It began "W. Mark Felt says he isn't now, nor has he ever been Deep Throat. " The Journal quoted Felt saying the character was a "composite" and "I'm just not that kind of person. " ^[69] During a grand jury investigation in 1976, Felt was called to testify and the prosecutor, Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights Stanley Pottinger, stumbled upon the fact Felt was "Deep Throat", but the secrecy of the proceedings preserved the secrecy of Felt's alter ego from the public. In the Common law, a grand jury is a type of Jury which determines whether there is enough evidence for a trial. ^[70]

In 1992, James Mann, who had been a reporter at The Washington Post in 1972 and worked with Woodward, wrote a piece for The Atlantic Monthly saying the source had to have been within the FBI. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D The Atlantic (formerly known as The Atlantic Monthly) is an American Magazine founded in Boston in 1857 While he mentioned Felt as a possibility, he said he could not be certain it was him. ^[71]

Alexander P. Butterfield, the White House aide best known for revealing the existence of Nixon's taping system, told The Hartford Courant in 1995, "I think it was a guy named Mark Felt. Alexander Porter Butterfield (born April 6, 1926) was the deputy assistant to Richard Nixon from 1969 until 1973 The Hartford Courant is the largest daily Newspaper in the US " ^[72] In July 1999, Felt was identified as Deep Throat by The Hartford Courant, citing Chase Culeman-Beckman, a nineteen-year-old from Port Chester, New York. The Hartford Courant is the largest daily Newspaper in the US Port Chester is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States. Culeman-Beckman said Jacob Bernstein, the son of Carl Bernstein and Nora Ephron, had told him the name at summer camp in 1988, and that Jacob claimed he had been told by his father. Carl Bernstein (pronounced BERN-steen ˈbɜrnstiːn (born February 14, 1944) is an American journalist who as a reporter for The Nora Ephron (born May 19 1941) is an American Film director, producer, Screenwriter, Novelist, and Felt denied the identification to the Courant saying "No, it's not me. I would have done better. I would have been more effective. Deep Throat didn't exactly bring the White House crashing down, did he?" Bernstein said his son didn't know. "Bob and I have been wise enough never to tell our wives, and we've certainly never told our children. "^[73] (Bernstein reiterated on June 2, 2005, on the Today Show that his wife had never known. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. )

Leonard Garment, President Nixon's former law partner who became White House counsel after John W. Dean's resignation, ruled Felt out as Deep Throat in his 2000 book In Search of Deep Throat. Leonard Garment (born May 11 1924, Brooklyn, USA was acting Special Counsel to U John Wesley Dean III (born October 14, 1938) was White House Counsel to U Garment wrote:

The Felt theory was a strong one . . . Felt had a personal motive for acting. After the death of J. Edgar Hoover . WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Postnominal initials . . Felt thought he was a leading candidate to succeed Hoover . . . The characteristics were a good fit. The trouble with Felt's candidacy was that Deep Throat in All the President's Men simply did not sound to me like a career FBI man. ^[74]

Garment said the information leaked to Woodward was inside White House information Felt would not have had access to. "Felt did not fit. "^[75] (Once the secret was revealed, it was noted Felt did have access to such information because the Bureau's agents were interviewing high White House officials. )

In 2002, the San Francisco Chronicle profiled Felt. The San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H Noting his denial in The FBI Pyramid, the paper wrote

Curiously, his son — American Airlines pilot Mark Felt — now says that shouldn't be read as a definitive denial, and that he plans to answer the question once-and-for-all in a second memoir. American Airlines Inc (AA is a US -based airline and the world's Largest airline in total passenger miles transported and passenger fleet size The excerpt of the working draft obtained by the Chronicle has Felt still denying he's Throat but providing a rationale for why Throat did the right thing. ^[76]

In February 2005, reports surfaced that Woodward had prepared Deep Throat's obituary, because he was near death. An obituary is an attempt to give an account of the texture and significance of the life of someone who has recently died This led to some speculation that Deep Throat might have been William H. Rehnquist, who was a Justice Department official early in the Nixon administration, but was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court when he putatively revealed the incident. William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1 1924 – September 3 2005 was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure who served as an Associate Justice

Deep Throat revealed

Vanity Fair magazine revealed Felt was Deep Throat on May 31, 2005 when it published an article (eventually appearing in the July issue of the magazine) on its website by John D. Vanity Fair is an American magazine of Culture, Fashion, and Politics published by Condé Nast Publications. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. O'Connor, an attorney acting on Felt's behalf, in which Felt said, "I'm the guy they used to call Deep Throat. " After the Vanity Fair story broke, Benjamin C. Bradlee, the key editor of the Washington Post during Watergate, confirmed that Felt was Deep Throat. Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee (born August 26, 1921) is the vice president of The Washington Post. According to the Vanity Fair article, Felt was persuaded to come out by his family, who wanted to capitalize on the book deals and other lucrative opportunities that Felt would inevitably be offered in order, at least in part, to pay off his grandchildren's education. They also did not want Bob Woodward to receive all the attention by revealing Deep Throat's identity after Felt's death. ^[77]

Public response varied widely. Felt's family called him an "American hero", suggesting that he leaked information for moral or patriotic reasons. G. Gordon Liddy, who was convicted of burglary in the Watergate scandal, said Felt should have gone to the grand jury rather than leak. George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930) was the chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of In the Common law, a grand jury is a type of Jury which determines whether there is enough evidence for a trial. ^[78] Some have contrasted Felt's media treatment with that of other whistleblowers. This is an article about a term For the 2008 RTÉ drama see Whistleblower (TV series.

Nixon chief counsel Charles Colson, who served prison time for his actions in the Nixon White House, said Felt had violated "his oath to keep this nation's secrets"^[79], but a Los Angeles Times editorial argued that this argument was specious, "as if there's no difference between nuclear strategy and rounding up hush money to silence your hired burglars. Kingdoms in Conflict (1988 but I don't know where--> Charles (Chuck Wendell Colson (born October 16 A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of Hush Money is a 1931 film featuring Joan Bennett, Hardie Albright, Owen Moore, Myrna Loy, and George Raft "^[80] Ralph de Toledano, who co-wrote Felt's 1979 memoir, said Mark Felt Jr. had approached him in 2004 to buy Toledano's half of the copyright. Toledano agreed to sell but was never paid and attempted to rescind the deal, threatening legal action. A few days before the Vanity Fair article was released, Toledano finally received a check.

I had been gloriously and illegally deceived, and Deep Throat was, in characteristic style, back in business — which given his history of betrayal, was par for the course. ^[81]

Speculation about Felt's motives at the time of the scandal has varied widely as well. Some suggested it was revenge for Nixon choosing Gray over Felt to replace Hoover as FBI Director. Others suggest Felt acted out of institutional loyalty to the FBI. Publishers were interested in signing Felt to a book deal after the revelation. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view Weeks after the Vanity Fair article was released, PublicAffairs Books, whose CEO was a Washington Post reporter and editor during the Watergate era, announced that it signed a deal with Felt. Vanity Fair is an American magazine of Culture, Fashion, and Politics published by Condé Nast Publications. A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator The new book was to include material from his 1979 memoir with an update. for other uses see Memoir (disambiguation As a literary Genre, a memoir (from the French: mémoire The new volume was scheduled for publication in the spring of 2006. Felt sold the movie rights to his story to Universal Pictures for development by Tom Hanks's production company, Playtone. Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Thomas Jeffrey "Tom" Hanks (born July 9 1956 is an two-time Academy award and Emmy winning American Film actor, director The book and movie deals were valued at US $1 million. ^[82]

In the summer of 2005, Woodward's longtime publisher, Simon and Schuster, swiftly issued Woodward's account of his contacts with Felt, The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat (ISBN 0-7432-8715-0). Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L The book received favorable to mixed reviews.

Notes

References

External links

• Dohrn, Jennifer. I Was The Target Of Illegal FBI Break-Ins Ordered by Mark Felt aka "Deep Throat" (2 June 2005). Democracy Now!
• Dean, John W. Why The Revelation of the Identity Of Deep Throat Has Only Created Another Mystery (3 June 2005. Findlaw. See also his extensive appendix collecting all of Woodward's references to "Deep Throat" in All The President's Men.
• University of Idaho Alumni Hall of Fame - 1972 W. Mark Felt