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Württemberg [ˈvʏɐtɛmˌbeɐk], formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in southwestern Germany. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia in southwest Germany The Free People's State of Württemberg (Freier Volksstaat Württemberg was the official name of the state of Württemberg during the Weimar Republic. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Swabian ( Schwäbisch) is one of the Alemannic dialects of High German, spoken in the region of Swabia. A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or A king is a male Monarch, or a Head of state, who may or may not depending on the style of government of a nation exercise monarchal powers over a territory usually Conrad I of Württemberg ("Konrad von Wirtinisberc C(u onradus de Wirdeberch" was the first ruler of the castle of Wirtemberg 1083-1110 and is first mentioned in 1081 Eberhard I ( 11 December 1445, Urach &ndash 24 February 1496, Tübingen) Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Frederick I (Friedrich I Wilhelm Karl November 6, 1754 &ndash October 30, 1816) was the first King of Württemberg. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar William II King of Württemberg (born 25 February 1848 in Stuttgart; died 2 October 1921 in Bebenhausen) was the A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin Conrad I of Württemberg ("Konrad von Wirtinisberc C(u onradus de Wirdeberch" was the first ruler of the castle of Wirtemberg 1083-1110 and is first mentioned in 1081 The Treaty of Münsingen was signed on December 14, 1482. This accord officially re-united the divided county of Württemberg after it was divided A duchy is a territory fief, or domain ruled by a Duke or Duchess. The German Mediatisation was the series of mediatisations and secularisations that occurred in Germany in 1795 &ndash 1814, during The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
Its traditional capital was Stuttgart. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. For short periods of time, the seat of the government was located in Ludwigsburg and Urach. Ludwigsburg is a city in Germany, about 12 km (7 miles north of Stuttgart 's city center near the river Neckar. Bad Urach is a town in the district of Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany The name of the dynasty and the state originates from a steep Stuttgart hill, close to Stuttgart-Untertürkheim. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
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History
Württemberg, once a Duchy, became a Kingdom after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, during the reign of Frederick I of Württemberg, and finally a republic called the Free People's State of Württemberg in 1918. History of Württemberg Origins The origin of the name Württemberg remains obscure scholars having universally rejected the once popular derivation from "Wirth History of Württemberg Origins The origin of the name Württemberg remains obscure scholars having universally rejected the once popular derivation from "Wirth The Kingdom of Württemberg (Königreich Württemberg was a state that existed from 1806 to 1918 and is currently located in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Frederick I (Friedrich I Wilhelm Karl November 6, 1754 &ndash October 30, 1816) was the first King of Württemberg. The Free People's State of Württemberg (Freier Volksstaat Württemberg was the official name of the state of Württemberg during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, Württemberg was divided between the US and French occupation zones and became part of two new states: Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Württemberg-Baden is a former state of Federal Republic of Germany. Württemberg-Hohenzollern is a historical state of West Germany. After the Federal Republic of Germany was formed in 1949, these two states merged with Baden in 1952 to become the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. South Baden (Südbaden formed in December 1945 from the southern half of the former Republic of Baden, was a subdivision of the French occupation zone of post- Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states ( Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Important people
Geography
Grand Duchy of Baden Kingdom of Bavaria (inc County Palatine of the Rhine) Grand Duchy of Hesse Hohenzollern (part of Kgdm of Prussia from 1850) Kingdom of Württemberg
French Empire (Kingdom from 1814–48, etc) Swiss Confederation
It lies between 47° 34' 48" and 49° 35' 17" N, and between 8° 15' and 10° 30' E. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Grand Duchy of Baden (Großherzogtum Baden was a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. The Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern was a German state that existed from 1806&ndash1918 The Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein later the Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire The Grand Duchy of Hesse (Großherzogtum Hessen was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany. Hohenzollern ( Hohenzollernsche Lande in full was a de facto province of the Kingdom of Prussia. The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link The Kingdom of Württemberg (Königreich Württemberg was a state that existed from 1806 to 1918 and is currently located in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Württemberg, a hilly rather than a mountainous region forms part of the South German tableland Its greatest length from north to south comprised 225 km (140 miles); its greatest breadth comprised 160 km (100 miles); its boundaries had a circumference of 1800 km (1116 miles). Its total area comprised 7534 square miles (20,000 km²). It shared a boundary on the East with Bavaria, and on the other three sides with Baden, with the exception of a short distance on the South, where it bordered Hohenzollern and Lake Constance. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. Under the designation Lake Constance or Lake of Constance ( German Bodensee) one summarizes the three independent bodies of water Obersee
Climate
The temperate climate turns colder among the mountains in the south. The Kingdom of Württemberg (Königreich Württemberg was a state that existed from 1806 to 1918 and is currently located in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Hohenzollern ( Hohenzollernsche Lande in full was a de facto province of the Kingdom of Prussia. The mean temperature varies at different points from 6 to 10°C (11–18°F). The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 Abundant forests induce much rain, most of which falls in the summer. Given on the whole fertile and well-cultivated soil, agriculture formed the main occupation of the inhabitants.
Demography
Agriculture
The Kingdom of Württemberg essentially formed an agricultural state, and of its 4,821,760 acres (20,000 km²), 44. Based on http//www1911encyclopediaorg Statistics for the former Kingdom of Württemberg 's four departments (Kreise appear below Kreis Neckar Area 9% comprised agricultural land and gardens, 1. 1% vineyards, 17. 9% meadows and pastures, and 30. 8% forest.
It possessed rich meadowlands, cornfields, orchards, gardens, and hills covered with vines. The chief agricultural products were oats, spelt, rye, wheat, barley, and hops. Spelt ( Triticum spelta) is a Hexaploid species of Wheat. Spelt was an important staple in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times To these add wine (mostly of excellent quality) of an annual value of about one million pounds sterling, peas and beans, maize, fruit, (chiefly cherries and apples), beets and tobacco, and garden and dairy produce. German wine is primarily produced in the southwest of Germany, along River Rhine and its tributaries with the oldest plantations going back to the Roman
Württembergers reared considerable numbers of cattle, sheep and pigs; and paid great attention to the breeding of horses.
Württemberg has a long history of producing red wines, although from somewhat different varieties than other German wine regions. Württemberg is a region ( Anbaugebiet) for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Württemberg in southwestern Germany Today the region of Württemberg is a designation (Anbaugebiet) for quality wine in Germany,[1], separate from the wine region of Baden. German wine is primarily produced in the southwest of Germany, along River Rhine and its tributaries with the oldest plantations going back to the Roman Baden is a region ( Anbaugebiet) for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Baden in southwestern Germany, which With 11,522 hectares (28,471 acres) under viticulture in 2006, Württemberg is Germany's fourth largest wine region. Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U [2] Winemaking cooperatives are responsible for almost 75% of the region's production. [3]
The Württemberg wine region is centered on the valley of the Neckar and several of its tributaries, Rems, Enz, Kocher and Jagst. The Neckar is a 367-km long River, mainly flowing through the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg, but also a short section through Hesse Rems-Murr is a district ( Kreis) in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Enz is a left tributary of the Neckar in Baden-Württemberg. The Kocher is a 182 km long right Tributary of the Neckar in the north-eastern part of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Jagst (ˈjakst is a right tributary of the Neckar in northern Baden-Württemberg.
Mining
The Kingdom of Württemberg lacked minerals of great industrial importance apart from salt and iron. The salt industry came to prominence only at the beginning of the 19th century. The iron industry, on the other hand, had great antiquity, but completely lacked coal mines within the Kingdom. Other minerals produced included granite, limestone, ironstone and fireclay.
Manufacturers
The old-established manufacturers embraced linen, woollen and cotton fabrics, particularly at Esslingen and Göppingen, and paper-making, especially at Ravensburg, Heilbronn and other places in Lower Swabia. Esslingen am Neckar is a city in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, capital of the District of Esslingen as well as the largest Göppingen is a city in southern Germany, part of the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg. Ravensburg is a town in Upper Swabia in Southern Germany, capital of the district of Ravensburg, Baden-Württemberg. Heilbronn (haɪlˈbʁɔn is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany
The manufacturing industries, assisted by the government, developed rapidly during the later years of the 19th century, notably metal-working, especially such branches of it as require exact and delicate workmanship. Particular importance attached to iron and steel goods, locomotives (for which Esslingen enjoyed a good reputation), machinery, cars, bicycles, small arms (in the Mauser factory at Oberndorf), all kinds of scientific and artistic appliances, pianos (at Stuttgart), organs and other musical instruments, photographic apparatus, clocks (in the Black Forest), electrical apparatus, and gold- and silver-goods. Esslingen am Neckar is a city in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, capital of the District of Esslingen as well as the largest Mauser is the common name of a German arms manufacturer maker of a line of Bolt-action Rifles from the 1870s to present Oberndorf (upper village may refer to the following places in Germany Oberndorf am Neckar, in the district of Rottweil Baden-Württemberg For the suburb of Adelaide, please see Black Forest South Australia; for the CDP in Colorado, please see Black Forest Colorado.
Extensive chemical works, potteries, cabinet-making workshops, sugar factories, breweries and distilleries operated. Water-power and petrol largely compensated for the lack of coal. Among other interesting developments note the manufacture of liquid carbonic acid gas extracted from natural gas springs beside the Eyach, a tributary of the Neckar. The Neckar is a 367-km long River, mainly flowing through the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg, but also a short section through Hesse
Commerce
The Kingdom of Württemberg's principal exports included cattle, cereals, wood, pianos, salt, oil, leather, cotton and linen fabrics, beer, wine and spirits. Commerce centred on the cities of Stuttgart, Ulm, Heilbronn and Friedrichshafen. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Ulm (ˈʊlm is a City in the German Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube. Heilbronn (haɪlˈbʁɔn is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany Friedrichshafen is a town on the northern side of Lake Constance ( Bodensee) in southern Germany, near the borders with Switzerland and Austria Stuttgart, once called the Leipzig of South Germany, boasted an extensive book trade. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong
Communications
In 1907 the Kingdom of Württemberg had 2,000 km (1219 miles) of railways, of which all except 256 km (159 miles) belonged to the state. Navigable waters included the Neckar, the Schussen, Lake Constance, and the Danube downstream from Ulm. The Neckar is a 367-km long River, mainly flowing through the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg, but also a short section through Hesse Under the designation Lake Constance or Lake of Constance ( German Bodensee) one summarizes the three independent bodies of water Obersee The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Kingdom had fairly good quality roads; the oldest of them of Roman construction. Württemberg, like Bavaria, retained the control of its own postal and telegraph service on the foundation of the new German Empire in 1871. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Constitution
As a constitutional monarchy, the Kingdom of Württemberg functioned as a member of the German Empire, with four votes in the then Federal Council (Bundesrat), and seventeen in the Reichstag (parliament). The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, The constitution rested on a law of 1819, amended in 1868, in 1874, and again in 1906. Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The hereditary crown conveyed the simple title of "King of Württemberg". The king received a civil list of 103,227 pounds sterling.
The Kingdom possessed a bi-cameral legislature. The upper chamber (Standesherren) comprised:
- adult princes of the blood
- heads of noble families from the rank of count (Graf) upwards
- representatives of territories (Standesherrschafien) which possessed votes in the old German Imperial Diet or in the local diet
- members (not more than 6) nominated by the King
- 8 members of knightly rank
- 6 ecclesiastical dignitaries
- a representative of the university of Tübingen
- a representative of the Stuttgart University of Technology
- 2 representatives of commerce and industry
- 2 representatives of agriculture
- 1 representative of handicrafts. Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen ( German: Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, sometimes called the "Eberhardina Carolina" is a public university
The lower house (Abgeordnetenhaus) had 92 members:
- 63 representatives from the administrative divisions (Oberamtsbezirke)
- 6 representatives from Stuttgart, elected by proportional representation
- 6 representatives, one from each of the six chief provincial towns
- 17 members elected by the two electoral divisions (Landeswahlkreise), elected by proportional representation
The King appointed the President of the upper chamber; after 1874 the lower chamber elected its own chairman. Members of both houses had to have reached twenty-five years of age.
Württemberg parliaments had terms of six years; all male citizens over twenty-five years of age possessed suffrage rights, voting by ballot.
The highest executive power rested in the hands of the Ministry of State (Staatsministerium), consisting of six ministers for:
- justice
- foreign affairs (with the royal household, railways, posts and telegraphs)
- the interior
- public worship and education
- war
- finance
The Kingdom also had a Privy Council, consisting of the ministers and some nominated councillors (wirkliche Staatsräte), who advised the sovereign at his command. The judges of a special supreme court of justice, called the Staatsgerichtshof (which functioned as the guardian of the constitution), gained office partly through election by the chambers and partly through appointment by the King. Each of the chambers had the right to impeach the ministers.
The Kingdom comprised four governmental departments (Kreise), subdivided into sixty-four divisions (Oberamtsbezirke), each under a headman (Oberamtmann) assisted by a local council (Amtsversammlung). A Government (Regierung) heads each of the four departments.
See also: Württemberg Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic
Ecclesiastical administration
The right of direction over the churches resided in the King, who had also, so long as he belonged to the Protestant Church, the guardianship of the spiritual rights of that Church. This table shows the historical election results for the Landtag in the Free People's State of Württemberg. The Protestant Church is controlled (under the minister of religion and education) by a consistory and a synod. The consistory comprised a president, 9 councillors and 6 general superintendents or prelates from six principal towns. The synod consisted of a representative council, including both lay and clerical members.
The Roman Catholic Church in the Kingdom answered to the bishop of Rottenburg, in the archdiocese of Freiburg. Politically it obeyed a Roman Catholic council, appointed by government.
A state-appointed council (Oberkirchenbehörde) regulated Württemberg's Judaism after 1828.
Education
The Kingdom claimed universal literacy (reading and writing) over the age of ten years. Higher learning occurred at the university of Tübingen, in the Stuttgart University of Technology, the veterinary college at Stuttgart, the commercial college at Stuttgart, and the agricultural college of Hohenheim. Tübingen, a traditional University town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, is situated 30 km (19 miles southwest of Stuttgart, on a ridge between Gymnasia and other schools existed in all the larger towns, while every commune had a primary school. Numerous schools and colleges existed for women. Württemberg also had a school of viticulture.
Army
Under the terms of a military convention of November 25, 1870 the troops of Württemberg formed the XIII (Royal Württemberg) Corps of the Imperial German Army. The German Army ( Deutsches Heer) was the name given the combined armed forces of the German Empire, also known as the Imperial Army ( Reichsheer) or
Finances
The state revenue for 1909–1910 comprised an estimated 4,840,520 pounds sterling, nearly balanced by expenditure. About one-third of the revenue derived from railways, forests and mines; about 1,400,000 pounds sterling from direct taxation; and the remainder from indirect taxes, the post-office and sundry items.
In 1909 the public debt amounted to 29,285,335 pounds sterling, of which more than 27,000,000 pounds sterling resulted from the costs of railway construction.
Of the expenditure, over 900,000 pounds sterling went towards public worship and education, and over 1,200,000 pounds sterling went in interest and repayment of the national debt. To the treasury of the German Empire the Kingdom contributed 660,000 pounds sterling.
Namesake
Two naval ships of the German Imperial Navy were named after the state of Württemberg. A naval ship is a Ship (or sometimes Boat, depending on classification used for combat purposes commonly by a Navy. The Kaiserliche Marine or Imperial Navy was the German Navy created by the formation of the German Empire. The first SMS Württemberg was a Sachsen class armored ship launched in 1878. Design specifications The ship was 978 Meters long and had a draught of 18 Design specifications The ship was 978 Meters long and had a draught of 18 The second SMS Württemberg was a Bayern class battleship that was cancelled before completion before the end of World War I. History Württemberg was ordered as one of two ships of the Bayern class to include an additional diesel engine to allow operations in the North Atlantic Design The class had a displacement of 32000 tons and mounted eight guns in four twin turrets World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
References
- ^ Wein.de (German Agricultural Society): Wuerttemberg, read on January 1, 2008
- ^ German Wine Institute: German Wine Statistics 2007-2008
- ^ Wein-Plus Glossar: Württemberg, read on January 1, 2008
Bibliography
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Württembergische Jahrbücher für Statistik und Landeskunde
- Das Königreich Württemberg, eine Beschreibung nach Kreisen, Oberämtern und Gemeinden (Stuttgart, 1904)
- Statistisches Handbuch für das Königreich Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1885 fol. )
- Das Königreich Württemberg, eine Beschreibung von Land, Volk und Staat (1893)
- Jahresberichte der Handels- und Gewerbekammern in Württemberg
- Lang, Die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung Württembergs im Laufe des 19ten Jahrhunderts (Tübingen, 1903)
- Engel and Schulze, Geognostischer Wegweiser durch Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1908)
- Staatsrecht des Königreichs Württemberg (Tübingen, 1908)
- F. Bitzer, Regierung und Stände in Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1882).
See also
Alemannic German ( Alemannisch) is a group of Dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. This is a list of the rulers of the German state of Württemberg, originally a county and eventually a kingdom until the ruling dynasty was overthrown Württemberg is a region ( Anbaugebiet) for quality wine in Germany, and is located in the historical region of Württemberg in southwestern GermanyDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic