Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Part of a series on
Hindu scriptures
Aum

Rigveda · Yajurveda · Samaveda · Atharvaveda
Divisions
Samhita · Brahmana · Aranyaka · Upanishad

Aitareya · Brihadaranyaka · Isha · Taittiriya · Chandogya · Kena · Mundaka · Mandukya · Katha · Prashna · Shvetashvatara

Shiksha · Chandas · Vyakarana · Nirukta · Jyotisha · Kalpa

Mahabharata · Ramayana

Smriti · Śruti · Bhagavad Gita · Purana · Agama · Darshana · Pancharatra · Tantra · Sutra · Stotra · Dharmashastra · Divya Prabandha · Tevaram · Ramacharitamanas · Shikshapatri · Vachanamrut · Ananda Sutram
This box: view • talk • edit

The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of vyākaraṇa is one of the six Vedanga disciplines. Literature regarded as central to the Hindu literary tradition was predominantly composed in Sanskrit, Indeed much of the morphology and linguistic "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" The Yajurveda ( Sanskrit यजुर्वेदः, a Tatpurusha compound of yajus "sacrificial formula' + veda The Samaveda ( Sanskrit: सामवेद sāmaveda, from sāman "melody" + veda "knowledge") is third (in the usual The Atharvaveda ( Sanskrit: अथर्ववेद atharvaveda, a Tatpurusha compound of {{IAST|atharvan}}, an ancient Rishi The oral tradition of the Vedas ( Śrauta) consists of several pathas, "recitations" or ways of chanting the Vedic Mantras Such traditions The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature The Aranyakas (Sanskrit आरण्यक āraṇyaka) are part of the Hindu śruti, the four Vedas these religious texts were composed in The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings The Aitareya Upanishad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishad ( Sanskrit: बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya The Isha Upanishad ( īśa upaniṣad, otherwise Ishopanishad īśopaniṣad or īśāvāsya upaniṣad) is one of the shortest of the Upanishads The Taittiriya Upanishad is one of the older " primary " Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the "primary" ( Mukhya) Upanishads Together with the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana and the Brihadaranyaka The Kena Upanishad (kenopaniṣad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Muṇḍaka Upanishad is one of the older "primary" ( Mukhya) Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. Māndūkya Upanishad is the shortest Upanishads - the scriptures of Hindu Vedanta. The Kaṭha Upanishad is one of the older Mukhya "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. Prashna Upanishad ( IAST praṣnopaniṣad is one of the older "primary" Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. The Shvetashvatara Upanishad (Sanskrit Śvetāśvatara) (400 - 200 BCE is one of the older "primary" Upanishads It is associated with the Black The Vedanga ( vedāṅga, "member of the Veda" are six auxiliary disciplines for the understanding and tradition of the Vedas. See Shiksha (NGO for the Indian non-governmental organization The main principle of Vedic meter is measurement by the number of syllables Nirukta ("explanation etymological interpretation" is one of the six {{IAST|Vedānga}} disciplines of Hinduism, treating Etymology, particularly Jyotiṣa ( Sanskrit jyotiṣa, from jyótis- "light heavenly body" also spelled Jyotish and Jyotisha in English Kalpa is one of the six disciplines of Vedanga, treating Ritual. Indian epic poetry is the Epic poetry written in the Indian subcontinent. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki The following is a bibliography of Hindu scriptures and texts. Smriti (Sanskrit स्मृति " that which is remembered " refers to a specific body of Hindu religious Scripture If you are looking for the singer see Shruti Haasan. For other meanings see Śruti (disambiguation. For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" Darśana ( Darshan, दर्शन is a Sanskrit term meaning "sight" (in the sense of an instance of seeing or beholding from a root Pāñcarātra are Vaishnavite devotional texts dedicated to a single deity Sriman Narayana who manifests in different forms Tantras (" Looms " or " Weavings " refers to numerous and varied scriptures pertaining to any of several esoteric traditions In Hinduism a Stotra is a hymn of praise These hymns praise aspects of the divine such as Devi, Siva, or Vishnu. Dharmaśāstra is a genre of Sanskrit texts and refers to the śāstra, or Indic branch of learning pertaining to Hindu Dharma, religious The Nalayira Divya Prabandha (or Nalayira Divya Prabhandham) is a collection of 4000 verses (Naalayira in Tamil means 'four thousand' composed before 8th century The Tevaram ( Tamil: தேவாரம் Teva means "God" aram means "garland") denotes the first seven volumes of the Śrī Rāmacaritamānas ( Devanāgarī: hi श्री राम चरित मानस ( Hindi / Avadhi) is an Epic poem composed by the The Shikshapatri ( Devanagari: शिक्षापत्री is a text of two hundred and twelve verses written in Sanskrit by Bhagwan Swaminarayan The Vachanamrut of Bhagwan Swaminarayan is the most sacred and foundational scripture of the Swaminarayan faith. Ananda Sutram is the basic scripture of modern Yoga composed in Sanskrit by Shrii Shrii Anandamurti (1921-1990 in the year 1961 Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Vedanga ( vedāṅga, "member of the Veda" are six auxiliary disciplines for the understanding and tradition of the Vedas. It has its roots in late Vedic India, and includes the famous work, Aṣṭādhyāyī, of Pāṇini (ca. The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient 4th century BCE). The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC.

The impetus for linguistic analysis and grammar in India originates in the need to be able to obtain a strict interpretation for the Vedic texts. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The work of the very early Indian grammarians have been lost; for example, the work of Sakatayana (roughly 8th c. Śākaṭāyana is a Sanskrit grammarian of Iron Age India (fl BCE) is known only from cryptic references by Yaska (ca. Yāska (यास्कः(6th-5th centuries BC according to Shukla Georgetown University was a Sanskrit grammarian who preceded Pānini. 6th-5th c. BCE) and Panini. Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient One of the views of Sakatayana that was to prove controversial in coming centuries was that most nouns are etymologically derivable from verbs.

In his monumental work on etymology, Nirukta, Yaska supported this claim based on the large number of nouns that were derived from verbs through a derivation process that became known as krit-pratyaya; this relates to the nature of the root morphemes. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning.

Yaska also provided the seeds for another debate, whether textual meaning inheres in the word (Yaska's view) or in the sentence (see Panini, and later grammarians such as Prabhakara or Bhartrihari). Prabhākara (ca 7th c AD was an Indian philosopher grammarian in the Mimamsa tradition Bhartṛhari is the name of a 6th or 7th century Sanskrit grammarian, and of a Sanskrit poet of roughly the same period This debate continued into the 14th and 15th c. CE, and is relevant even today perhaps, with the debate on the Dynamic Turn in Semantics, which says that meaning in language is dynamically created and it may not be possible to compose the meaning from those of the words[1]. Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from In Mathematics, Semantics, and Philosophy of language, the Principle of Compositionality is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined

Contents

Pāṇini's school

A few centuries after Yaska, Pāṇini's extensive analysis of the processes of phonology, morphology and syntax, the Aṣṭadhyāyī, laid down the basis for centuries of commentaries and expositions by following Sanskrit grammarians. Yāska (यास्कः(6th-5th centuries BC according to Shukla Georgetown University was a Sanskrit grammarian who preceded Pānini. Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the Pāṇini's approach was amazingly formal; his production rules for deriving complex structures and sentences represent modern finite state machines. Indeed many of the developments in Indian Mathematics, especially the place value notational system may have originated from Pāṇinian analysis. Indian mathematics &mdashwhich here is the mathematics that emerged in South Asia zero, Negative numbers, Arithmetic, and Algebra. A positional notation or place-value notation system is a Numeral system in which each position is related to the next by a Constant multiplier a

Panini's grammar consists of four parts:

Commentators on Panini and some of their views:

Predecessors referred to in Ashtadhyayi include Sakatayana, and Gargya. Śākaṭāyana is a Sanskrit grammarian of Iron Age India (fl

Early Modern Indian linguists who revived Panini's school include Bhattoji Dikshita and Varadaraja. Bhattoji Dikshita was a 17th century Mahratta Sanskrit grammarian, author of the Siddhānta Kaumudī, literally "firmly established illumination (explanation" Varadaraja is the name of the deity in the great Vishnu temple at Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India.

Medieval Accounts

The earliest external historical accounts of Indian grammatical tradition is from Chinese Buddhist pilgrims to India from the 7th century [2]. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.

The Indica of Al-Biruni (973-1048), dating to ca. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler Journey to Srivijaya and Nalanda Zhang Wen Ming became a monk at age 14 and was an admirer of Fa Xian and Xuanzang, both famous monks of his childhood Fazang ( 643–712 was the third of the five patriarchs of the Huayan school. 1030 contains detailed descriptions of all branches of Hindu science.

Similar to the Chinese Buddhists, Tibetan Buddhism aroused interest in India among its followers. Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas, including Taranatha (born 1573) in his treatise of the history of Buddhism in India (completed around 1608) speaks about Panini and provides some information about grammars, but not in the manner of a person familiar with their content. Tāranātha (1575-1634 was a Lama of the Jonang school of Tibetan Buddhism.

Gaudiya Vaishnava Sanskrit grammar is outlined by Jiva Goswami in his Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇam. Gaudiya Vaishnavism (also known as Chaitanya Vaishnavism) is a Vaishnava religious movement founded by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1534 in India Jiva Goswami (15??-1618 CEis one of the most prolific and important writers from the Gaudiya Vaishnava school of Hinduism, producing a great number of philosophical Hari-namamrta-vyakarana - fundamental Gaudia Vaishnava grammar by Jiva Goswami. [3]

Modern Sanskrit grammarians

Beginning of Western scholarship

19th century

20th century to present

References

  1. ^ Bimal Krishna Matilal (1990). Jean François Pons (1688-1752 was a French Jesuit who pioneered the study of Sanskrit in the West Henry Thomas Colebrooke ( June 15, 1765 - March 18, 1837) was an English Orientalist. August Wilhelm (later von) Schlegel ( September 8, 1767 &ndash May 12, 1845) was a German Poet, Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand Freiherr von Humboldt ( June 22, 1767 April 8, 1835) government functionary Dimitrios Galanos (Greek Δημήτριος Γαλανός, 1760-1833 was the earliest Greek Indologist. Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, also spelt Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar, and known as R William Dwight Whitney (1827-1894 was an American linguist, Philologist, and Lexicographer who edited The Century Dictionary. Otto von Böhtlingk ( May 30 1815 - April 1 1904) was a German Indologist and Sanskrit scholar, born in Professor Johann Georg Bühler (July 19 1837—April 8 1898 was a scholar of ancient Indian languages and law Franz Bopp ( September 14, 1791 – October 23, 1867) was a German linguist known for extensive comparative work on Jacob Wackernagel (also Jakob, 1853&ndash1938 was an Indo-Europeanist and scholar of Sanskrit. The Altindische Grammatik is the monumental Sanskrit grammar by Jacob Wackernagel (1853-1938 after his death continued by Albert Debrunner, Leonard Bloomfield ( April 1, 1887 – April 18, 1949) was an American linguist, whose influence dominated the development Paul Thieme (1905-2001 was a scholar of Vedic Sanskrit. He received his doctorate in Indology in 1928 in Göttingen, and habilitated there in 1932 Karl Hoffmann ( 26 February 1915 &ndash 21 May 1996) was a German Linguist who specialized in Indo-European Louis Renou (1896-1966 was the pre-eminent French Indologist of the 20th century Bimal Krishna Matilal (1935-1991 was an Indian Philosopher whose influential writings present the Indian philosophical tradition as being concerned with George Cardona is an American linguist and Indologist He is professor emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. René Paul Viktor Kiparsky (born January 28, 1941, Helsinki, Finland) is a professor of Linguistics at Stanford University Frits Staal (born 1930 in the Netherlands) is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and South & Southeast Asian Studies at the University of California Berkeley. Michael Witzel (born July 18, 1943 at Schwiebus, Germany now Poland is Wales Professor of Sanskrit at Harvard University, United Kshetresa Chandra Chattopadhyaya (1896–1974 क्षेत्रेश चंद्र चट्टोपाध्याय) was a distinguished scholar of Sanskrit from Vagish Shastri (also known as B P T Vagish Shastri is an international Sanskrit grammarian, eminent linguist, Tantric and Yogi. Bimal Krishna Matilal (1935-1991 was an Indian Philosopher whose influential writings present the Indian philosophical tradition as being concerned with The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language. Oxford.  Chapter 8 deals with the compositionality vs holistic debate in linguistics.
  2. ^ Frits Staal, A Reader on the Sanskrit Grammarians, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1972), reprint by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi (1985), ISBN 81-208-0029-X. Frits Staal (born 1930 in the Netherlands) is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and South & Southeast Asian Studies at the University of California Berkeley. Motilal Banarsidass (MLBD is a leading Indian publishing house on Sanskrit and Indology since 1903 located in Delhi, India.
  3. ^ Sri Jiva - Hari-nāmāmṛta-vyākaraṇam

See also

The Aindra (of Indra school of Sanskrit grammar is one of the eleven schools of grammar mentioned in Panini's Ashtadhyayi. At the end of the introduction to the World as Will and Representation, Arthur Schopenhauer claimed that the rediscovery of the ancient Indian tradition would be one of the great Hari-namamrta-vyakarana - fundamental Gaudia Vaishnava grammar by Jiva Goswami.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic