In Roman religion, Vulcan is the god of beneficial and hindering fire,[1] whether helpful or harmful, including the fire of volcanoes. Ancient Roman religion encompasses the collection of Beliefs and Rituals practised in Ancient Rome in the form of Cult practices Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the He is also called Mulciber ("smelter") in Roman mythology and Sethlans in Etruscan mythology. Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its The Etruscans were a people of unknown origin living in Northern Italy, who were eventually integrated into Roman culture and politically became part of the Roman Republic He was worshipped at an annual festival on August 23 known as the Volcanalia. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire
Vulcan was identified with the Greek god of fire Hephaestus. Hephaestus (hɨˈfiːstəs or /hɨˈfɛstəs/ Greek Hēphaistos) was a Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan.
Contents |
Worship
| Vulcanalia | |
| Observed by | Ancient Romans |
|---|---|
| Type | Pagan, Historical |
| Date | August 23 |
| Celebrations | Bonfires in honour of Vulcan |
| Observances | Sacrifice of fish |
Vulcan's oldest shrine in Rome, called the "Volcanal", was situated at the foot of the Capitoline in the Forum Romanum, and was reputed to date to the archaic period of the kings of Rome,[2][3] and to have been established on the site by Titus Tatius,[4] the Sabine co-king, with a traditional date in the eighth century BC. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire See also Campfire. bonfire is a large controlled outdoor Fire. The Capitoline Hill, between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. This page refers to the main forum in the center of Rome See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below for other forums in Rome and The King of Rome ( Latin: rex regis) was the Chief magistrate of the Roman Kingdom. The traditions of Ancient Rome held that Titus Tatius (d 748 BC) was the Sabine king of Cures, who after the rape of the Sabine women The Sabines ( Latin Sabini, Singular Sabinus) were an Italic tribe that lived in ancient Italy, inhabiting It was the view of the Etruscan haruspices that a temple of Vulcan should be located outside the city,[5] and the Volcanal may originally have been on or outside the city limits before they expanded to include the Capitoline Hill. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy In Roman practice inherited from the Etruscans, a haruspex (plural haruspices) was a man trained to practice a form of Divination called haruspicy The pomerium (or pomoerium) from post + moerium>murum (wall was the sacred boundary of the city of Rome. The Capitoline Hill, between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. [1] The Volcanalia sacrifice was offered here to Vulcan, on August 23. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire [2] Vulcan also had a temple on the Campus Martius, which was in existence by 214 BC. For the pioneer fortification at Marietta Ohio see Campus Martius Marietta For the park in Detroit Michigan, see Campus Martius Park [1][6]
The Romans identified Vulcan with the Greek smith-god Hephaestus, and he became associated like his Greek counterpart with the constructive use of fire in metalworking. A smith, or metalsmith, is a person involved in the shaping of Metal objects Hephaestus (hɨˈfiːstəs or /hɨˈfɛstəs/ Greek Hēphaistos) was a Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan. Metalworking is craft and practice of working with Metals to create individual parts assemblies or large scale structures A fragment of a Greek pot showing Hephaestus found at the Volcanal has been dated to the 6th century BC, suggesting that the two gods were already associated at this date. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. [3] However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructive capacity, and a major concern of his worshippers was to encourage the god to avert harmful fires. His festival, the Vulcanalia, was celebrated on August 23 each year, when the summer heat placed crops and granaries most at risk of burning. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire [1][7] During the festival bonfires were created in honour of the god, into which live fish or small animals were thrown as a sacrifice, to be consumed in the place of humans. See also Campfire. bonfire is a large controlled outdoor Fire. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two [8] Vulcan was among the gods placated after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. According to the historian Tacitus, the Great Fire of Rome started on the night of 18 July in the year AD 64, among the shops clustered around the [9] In response to the same fire, Domitian (emperor 81–96) established a new altar to Vulcan on the Quirinal Hill. Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death The Quirinal Hill (Latin Collis Quirinalis) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome, at the north-east of the city center At the same time a red bull-calf and red boar were added to the sacrifices made on the Vulcanalia, at least in that region of the city. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The boar or wild boar ( Sus scrofa) is an Omnivorous, gregarious Mammal of the biological family Suidae. [10]
In addition to the Volcanalia on August 23, the date May 23, which was the second of the two annual Tubilustria or ceremonies for the purification of trumpets, was sacred to Vulcan. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne In Ancient Rome the month of March was the traditional start of the campaign season and the Tubilustrium was a ceremony to make the army fit for war [7][11]
Mythology
Vulcan was the father of Caeculus. In Roman mythology, Caeculus was a son of Vulcan. He founded Praeneste (cur Palestrina) [12]
Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, he came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, and armor for gods and heroes, including the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Hephaestus (hɨˈfiːstəs or /hɨˈfɛstəs/ Greek Hēphaistos) was a Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and husband of Maia and Venus. In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. Juno was the protector and special counselor of the Roman state Maia (/ˈmeɪə/ in Greek mythology, was the eldest of the Pleiades, the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. Venus was a major Roman Goddess principally associated with Love, Beauty and fertility, the equivalent of the Greek goddess His smithy was believed to be situated underneath Mount Etna in Sicily. A forge is the workplace of a smith or a Blacksmith. A forge is sometimes referred to as a smithy. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy.
To punish mankind for stealing the secrets of fire, Jupiter ordered the other gods to make a poisoned gift for man. Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould her from clay and to give her form. In Greek mythology, Pandora (from Greek:, "giver of all all-endowed" was the first woman He also made the thrones for the other gods on Mount Olympus. Mount Olympus (Όλυμπος also transliterated as Ólympos, and on Greek maps Óros Ólimbos) is the highest Mountain in Greece
Reception
A statue of Vulcan located in Birmingham, Alabama is the largest cast iron statue in the world. The Vulcan statue is the largest Cast iron statue in the world and it the symbol of city of Birmingham Alabama, reflecting its roots in the iron Birmingham (ˈbɝmɪŋhæm is the largest City in the US state of Alabama and is the County seat of Jefferson County. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 [13]
References
- ^ a b c d Georges Dumézil [1966] (1996). Georges Dumézil ( March 4, 1898 – October 11, 1986) was a French comparative Philologist best known for his analysis of Sovereignty Archaic Roman Religion: Volume One, trans. Philip Krapp, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 320–321. ISBN 0-8018-5482-2 (hbk. ); ISBN 0-8018-5480-6 (pbk. ).
- ^ a b Samuel Ball Platner; and Thomas Ashby (1929). He is not to be confused with the somewhat earlier Roman topographer Ernst Platner. "Volcanal". A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 583–584. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
- ^ a b Beard, Mary; John North and Simon Price (1998). Winifred Mary Beard (born 1 January 1955) is Professor of Classics at the University of Cambridge and is a fellow of Newnham College. Religions of Rome Volume 2: A Sourcebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, no. 1. 7c. ISBN 0-521-45015-2 (hbk. ); ISBN 0-521-45646-0 (pbk. ).
- ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, II. 50. 3; Varro V. 74.
- ^ Vitruvius 1.7; see also Plutarch, Roman Questions 47. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c The Moralia (gr Greek &mdash loosely translatable
- ^ Livy, Ab Urbe condita 24.10.9. Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome Ab Urbe condita (literally "from
- ^ a b W. Warde Fowler (1899). William Warde Fowler ( May 16 1847&ndash June 15 1921 was an English Historian and Ornithologist, and tutor at Lincoln College The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans. London: Macmillan and Co. , pp. 123–124, 209–211. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
- ^ Sextus Pompeius Festus, On the Meaning of Words, s. Sextus Pompeius Festus was a Roman Grammarian who probably flourished in the later 2nd century AD, perhaps at Narbo ( Narbonne) in Gaul v. "piscatorii ludi"; Varro, On the Latin Language 6.3. Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC &ndash 27 BC also known as Varro Reatinus to distinguish him from his younger contemporary Varro Atacinus, was a Roman
- ^ Tacitus, Annals 15.44.1. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. The Annals, or in Latin, Annales, is a history book by Tacitus covering the reign of the four Roman Emperors succeeding
- ^ Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 4914, translated by Robert K. Sherk (1988). The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian, Translated Documents of Greece and Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, no. 99. ISBN 0-521-33887-5.
- ^ Ovid, Fasti 5.725–726. Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including Ovid's Fasti is a long unfinished Latin poem by the Roman poet Ovid.
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 7.678–681; Servius on Aeneid 7.678. Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in "Servius" redirects here For the Roman king see Servius Tullius.
- ^ History of Vulcan Park. Vulcan Park. Retrieved on 2008-02-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the
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