Symptom/Sign: Vomiting
Classifications and external resources

ICD-10	R11.
ICD-9	787

Vomiting (also called throwing up, puking and emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. A symptom' (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident misfortune that which befalls" from συμπίπτω, "I befall" from A Sign is an indication of some fact or quality and a medical sign is an objective indication of some medical fact or quality that is detected by a Physician The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings R00-R69 - Symptoms and Signs (R00-R09 Circulatory and Respiratory systems ( Abnormalities of Heart beat The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the Alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up Anatomically a nose is a protuberance in Vertebrates that houses the Nostrils or nares which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the Vomiting may result from many causes, ranging from gastritis or poisoning to brain tumors, or elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach There are many possible causes In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by A brain tumor is any intracranial Tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the Brain itself ( Neurons Intracranial pressure, ( ICP) is the pressure exerted by the Cranium on the Brain tissue Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF and the brain's circulating The feeling that one is about to vomit is called nausea. Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort It usually precedes, but does not always lead to vomiting. Antiemetics are sometimes necessary to suppress nausea and vomiting, and, in severe cases where dehydration develops, intravenous fluid may need to be administered to replace fluid volume. An anti-emetic is a drug that is effective against Vomiting and Nausea. Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein.

The medical branch investigating vomiting, emetics and antiemetics is called emetology. The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook on wellness based on the Taqwin al‑sihha ar تقوين الصحة ("Tables

Vomiting is different from regurgitation, although the two terms are often used interchangeably. Regurgitation is the return of undigested food (that has not yet reached the stomach) back up the esophagus to the mouth. The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the Alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up The causes of vomiting and regurgitation are generally different.

Contents 1 Mechanism 1.1 Vomiting center 1.2 Vomiting act 2 Content 3 Complications 3.1 Aspiration of vomit 3.2 Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance 3.3 Mallory-Weiss tear 3.4 Dental 4 Causes 4.1 Digestive tract 4.2 Sensory system and brain 4.3 Other 5 Unusual Types of Vomiting 6 Related medication 6.1 Emetics 6.2 Antiemetics 7 Social implications 7.1 Nausea inducement in groups 7.2 Context 7.3 Sound 7.4 Vomit phobia 8 References 9 External links

Mechanism

Vomiting center

Vomiting is coordinated in the vomiting center in the lateral medullary reticular formation in the pons. The reticular formation is a part of the Brain that is involved in actions such as awaking/ sleeping cycle, and lying down The pons (sometimes pons Varolii after Costanzo Varolio) is a structure located on the Brain stem. Receptors on the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain represent a chemoreceptor trigger zone, stimulation of which can lead to vomiting. The fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human Brain. The chemoreceptor zone lies outside the blood-brain barrier, and can therefore be stimulated by blood-borne drugs that can stimulate vomiting, or inhibit it. The blood-brain barrier (BBB is a metabolic or cellular structure in the Central nervous system (CNS that restricts the passage of various chemical substances and microscopic Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the

There are various sources of input to the vomiting center:

• The chemoreceptor trigger zone at the base of the fourth ventricle has numerous dopamine D₂ receptors, serotonin 5-HT₃ receptors, opioid receptors, Acetylcholine receptors, and receptors for substance P. Dopamine receptors are a class of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the Vertebrate Central nervous system (CNS In the field of Neurochemistry, 5-HT receptors are receptors for the Neurotransmitter and peripheral signal mediator Serotonin, also Opioid receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors with Opioids as Ligands The Endogenous Opioids are Dynorphins An acetylcholine receptor (abbreviated AChR) is an Integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of the Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine In Neuroscience, Substance P is a Neuropeptide: a short-chain Polypeptide that functions as a Neurotransmitter and as a Neuromodulator Stimulation of different receptors are involved in different pathways leading to emesis, in the final common pathway substance P appears to be involved. ^[1]
• The vestibular system which sends information to the brain via cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve). The vestibulocochlear nerve (also known as the auditory or acoustic nerve) is the eighth of twelve Cranial nerves, and is responsible for transmitting sound It plays a major role in motion sickness and is rich in muscarinic receptors and histamine H₁ receptors. Motion sickness or kinetosis is a condition in which a disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the Vestibular system 's sense of movement Muscarinic receptors, or mAChRs, are Acetylcholine receptors that form Metabotropic Ion channels in the Plasma membranes of certain The histamine receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors with Histamine as their Endogenous Ligand.
• Cranial nerve X (vagus nerve), which is activated when the pharynx is irritated, leading to a gag reflex. The vagus nerve (ˈveɪˌgəs (VĀ-gəs (also called pneumogastric nerve or cranial nerve X) is the tenth of twelve paired Cranial nerves, and is the The pharynx (plural pharynges) is the part of the Neck and Throat situated immediately Posterior to (behind the Mouth and Nasal
• Vagal and enteric nervous system inputs that transmit information regarding the state of the gastrointestinal system. The enteric nervous system ( ENS) is a subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System, that directly controls the Gastrointestinal system. Irritation of the GI mucosa by chemotherapy, radiation, distention, or acute infectious gastroenteritis activates the 5-HT₃ receptors of these inputs. Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the
• The CNS mediates vomiting arising from psychiatric disorders and stress.

Vomiting act

The vomiting act encompasses three types of outputs initiated by the chemoreceptor trigger zone: Motor, parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The parasympathetic Nervous system ( PSNS) is a division of the Autonomic nervous system (ANS along with the Sympathetic nervous system The Sympathetic Nervous System ( SNS) is a branch of the Autonomic nervous system along with the Enteric nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous They are as follows:

• Increased salivation to protect the enamel of teeth from stomach acids (excessive vomiting leads to dental erosion). For the band see Saliva (band; for the village in Azerbaijan see Səliva. Tooth enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance of the body and with Dentin, Cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major Erosion, otherwise known as acid erosion, is the loss of tooth structure due to chemical dissolution by acids not of bacterial origin This is part of the PNS output.
• Retroperistalsis, starting from the middle of the small intestine, sweeping up the contents of the digestive tract into the stomach, through the relaxed pyloric sphincter. Retroperistalsis is the reverse of the involuntary Smooth muscle contractions of Peristalsis. In Biology the small Intestine is the part of the Gastrointestinal tract (gut between the Stomach and the Large intestine, and comprises
• A lowering of intrathoracic pressure (by inspiration against a closed glottis), coupled with an increase in abdominal pressure as the abdominal muscles contract, propels stomach contents into the esophagus as the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. The glottis is defined as the combination of the Vocal folds and the space in between the folds (the Rima glottidis) In Vertebrates such as Mammals the abdomen (belly constitutes the part of the body between the Thorax (chest and Pelvis. The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in The cardia (also known as Z-line or esophagogastric junction or gastroesophageal junction) is the anatomical term for the junction orifice of The stomach itself does not contract in the process of vomiting, nor is there any retroperistalsis in the esophagus.
• Vomiting is ordinarily preceded by retching. Retching is a process in the human body where gastric (and sometimes duodenal) contents are forced into the Esophagus, but do not enter the Pharynx
• Vomiting also initiates an SNS response causing both sweating and increased heart rate.

The neurotransmitters that regulate vomiting are poorly understood, but inhibitors of dopamine, histamine, and serotonin are all used to suppress vomiting, suggesting that these play a role in the initiation or maintenance of a vomiting cycle. See Chemical synapse for an introduction to concepts and terminology used in this article Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates Histamine is a Biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a Neurotransmitter Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons Vasopressin and neurokinin may also participate. Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in Tachykinin peptides are one of the largest family of Neuropeptides found from Amphibians to Mammals They were so named due to their ability to rapidly

Content

Gastric secretions and likewise vomit are highly acidic. Gastric acid is one of the main Secretions of the Stomach, together with several Enzymes and Intrinsic factor. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Recent food intake will be reflected in the gastric vomit. Irrespective of the content, vomit tends to be malodorous.

The content of the vomitus (vomit) may be of medical interest. Fresh blood in the vomit is termed hematemesis ("blood vomiting"). Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Hematemesis or haematemesis (see American and British spelling differences) is the Vomiting of Blood. Altered blood bears resemblance to coffee grounds (as the iron in the blood is oxidized), and, when this matter is identified, the term "coffee ground vomiting" is used. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Coffee ground vomiting refers to a particular appearance of vomit. Bile can enter the vomit during subsequent heaves due to duodenal contraction if the vomiting is severe. Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum Fecal vomiting is often a consequence of intestinal obstruction or a gastro-colic fistula, and is treated as a warning sign of this potentially serious problem ("signum mali ominis"); such vomiting is sometimes called "miserere. Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus Bowel obstruction (or intestinal obstruction) is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion "

If the vomiting reflex continues for an extended period of time with no appreciable vomitus, the condition is known as non-productive emesis or dry heaves, which can be painful and debilitating.

Complications

Aspiration of vomit

Vomiting can be very dangerous if the gastric content gets into the respiratory tract. Under normal circumstances the gag reflex and coughing will prevent this from occurring, however these protective reflexes are compromised in persons under narcotic influences such as alcohol or anesthesia. The pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex is a Reflex contraction of the back of the throat evoked by touching the Soft palate, that prevents something from In Medicine, a cough ( Latin: tussis) is a sudden and often repetitively occurring defence Reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις The individual may choke and asphyxiate or suffer an aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia is Bronchopneumonia that develops due to the entrance of foreign materials that enter the bronchial tree usually oral or gastric contents (including food

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Prolonged and excessive vomiting will deplete the body of water (dehydration) and may alter the electrolyte status. The loss of acids leads to metabolic alkalosis (increased blood pH), and the electrolyte imbalance shows hypokalemia (potassium depletion) and hypochloremia (chlorine depletion). Metabolic alkalosis is a Metabolic condition in which the PH of the blood is elevated beyond the normal range pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Hypokalemia refers to the condition in which the concentration of Potassium in the blood is low Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Hypochloremia (or Hypochloraemia) is an Electrolyte disturbance whereby there is an abnormally depleted level of the Chloride ion in the Blood Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and The hypokalemia is an indirect result of the kidney compensating for the loss of acid. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles With the loss of intake of food the individual will become cachectic. Cachexia (kəˈkɛksiə is loss of weight, Muscle atrophy, fatigue weakness and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to

Mallory-Weiss tear

Repeated or profuse vomiting may cause erosions to the esophagus or small tears in the esophageal mucosa (Mallory-Weiss tear). The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in Mallory-Weiss syndrome refers to bleeding from tears (a Mallory-Weiss tear) in the Mucosa at the junction of the Stomach and Esophagus, usually This may become apparent if fresh blood is admixed with vomit after several episodes.

Dental

Recurrent vomiting, such as observed in bulimia nervosa, may lead to destruction of the tooth enamel due to the acidity of the vomit. Bulimia nervosa is an Eating disorder characterized by recurrent Binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors referred to as "purging" Tooth enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance of the body and with Dentin, Cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major

Causes

Vomiting may be due to a large number of causes, and protracted vomiting has a long differential diagnosis. A differential diagnosis (sometimes abbreviated DDx, ddx

Digestive tract

Causes in the digestive tract:

• Gastritis (inflammation of the gastric wall, usually by viruses)
• Pyloric stenosis (in babies - this typically causes a very forceful "projectile vomiting" and is an indication for urgent surgery)
• Bowel obstruction
• Acute abdomen and/or peritonitis
• Ileus
• Cholecystitis, pancreatitis, appendicitis, hepatitis
• Food allergies
• In children, it can be caused by an allergic reaction to cow's milk proteins (milk allergy)

Sensory system and brain

Causes in the sensory system:

• Movement: motion sickness (which is caused by overstimulation of the labyrinthine canals of the ear)
• Ménière's disease

Causes in the brain:

• Concussion
• Cerebral hemorrhage
• Migraine
• Brain tumors, which can cause the chemoreceptors to malfunction
• Benign intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus

Metabolic disturbances (these may irritate both the stomach and the parts of the brain that coordinate vomiting):

• Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels)
• Uremia (urea accumulation, usually due to renal failure)
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Hypoglycemia

Pregnancy:

• Hyperemesis, Morning sickness

Drug reaction (vomiting may occur as an acute somatic response to):

• alcohol (being sick while being drunk or being sick the next morning, suffering from the after-effects, i. Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach There are many possible causes A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Pyloric stenosis (or infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis) is a condition that causes severe vomiting in the first few months of life Bowel obstruction (or intestinal obstruction) is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion The term acute abdomen refers to a sudden severe Abdominal pain that is less than 24 hours in duration Peritonitis is defined as Inflammation of the Peritoneum (the Serous membrane which lines part of the abdominal cavity and some of the Viscera Ileus is a disruption of the normal propulsive gastrointestinal motor activity from non-mechanical mechanisms Cholecystitis is Inflammation of the Gall bladder. Causes and pathology Cholecystitis is often caused by Cholelithiasis (the presence of Pancreatitis is the Inflammation of the Pancreas. See also Acute pancreatitis and Chronic pancreatitis for more details Appendicitis (or epityphlitis) is a condition characterized by Inflammation of the appendix. Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to the Liver characterized by the presence of Inflammatory cells in the tissue of Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. See also Sense A sensory system is a part of the Nervous system responsible for processing sensory information Motion sickness or kinetosis is a condition in which a disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the Vestibular system 's sense of movement Ménière's disease (meɪnˈyɛərz is a disorder of the Inner ear that can affect hearing and Balance. A cerebral hemorrhage (or intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH) is a subtype of Intracranial hemorrhage that occurs within the Brain tissue itself Migraine is a neurological Syndrome characterized by altered bodily experiences painful headaches and nausea A brain tumor is any intracranial Tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the Brain itself ( Neurons Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH sometimes called benign intracranial hypertension (BIH or pseudotumor cerebri (PTC is a Neurological disorder Hydrocephalus (pronunciation ˌhaɪˌdɹoʊˈsɛfələs is a term derived from the Greek words "hydro" meaning water and "cephalus" meaning head and this condition Hypercalcaemia (in American English '''Hypercalcemia''' is an elevated calcium level in the Blood. Calcium (Ca2+ plays a vital role in the Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry of Organisms and of the cell, particularly Uremia is a term used to loosely describe the illness accompanying kidney failure (also called renal failure Urea is an Organic compound with the Chemical formula ( N[[hydrogen H]]22 C[[oxygen O]] Renal failure or kidney Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the Adrenal glands located above the Kidneys do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones (chemicals produced by the Hypoglycemia or hypoglycaemia is the medical term for a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of Glucose ( sugar) in the blood Hyperemesis gravidarum (from Greek hyper and emesis and Latin gravida; meaning "excessive vomiting of pregnant women" is Morning sickness, also called Nausea, Vomiting of Pregnancy ( emesis gravidarum or NVP) or pregnancy sickness "Somatic" redirects here for the musician known as Somatic see Hahn Rowe. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Drunkenness or inebriation is the state of being intoxicated by consumption of Alcoholic beverages to a degree that mental and physical faculties are noticeably e. , the hangover). A hangover ( veisalgia) describes the sum of unpleasant physiological effects following heavy consumption of drugs particularly Alcoholic beverages The most commonly
• opioids
• selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• many chemotherapy drugs
• some entheogens (such as peyote or ayahuasca)

Other

• Self-induced
  • Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa)
  • Sexual fetish (emetophilia)
  • To remove a poison in case such has been ingested (some poisons should not be vomited as they may be more toxic when inhaled or aspirated; it is, in general, considered better to ask for help before inducing vomiting)
  • Some people who are engaged in binge drinking will induce vomiting in order to make room in their stomachs for further alcohol consumption. An opioid is a chemical Substance that has a Morphine -like action in the body Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) are a class of Antidepressants used in the treatment of depression, Anxiety disorders Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. An entheogen, in the strictest sense is a Psychoactive substance used in a religious or shamanic (or entheogenic) context Lophophora williamsii (loʊˈfɒfərə wɪlˈjæmsiaɪ lō-fof′ŏ-ră will-yăm′sē-ī better known by its common name Peyote, (from the This entry focuses on the Ayahuasca brew for information on the vine of the same name see Banisteriopsis caapi Ayahuasca An eating disorder is a compulsion to eat or avoid eating that negatively affects both one's physical and mental health Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric Diagnosis that describes an Eating disorder characterized by low Body weight and Body image distortion Bulimia nervosa is an Eating disorder characterized by recurrent Binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors referred to as "purging" Sexual fetishism, or erotic fetishism, is the Sexual attraction to materials and objects not conventionally viewed as being sexual in nature Emetophilia is a sexual fetish in which an individual is aroused by Vomiting or observing others vomit Binge drinking is drinking certain beverages with the intention of becoming intoxicated In the United Kingdom, this practice is known as tactical chundering, or hitting the reset button. In the United States, it is known as boot and rally or pulling the trigger.
• After surgery (postoperative nausea and vomiting)
• Disagreeable sights, smells or thoughts (such as decayed matter, others' vomit, thinking of vomiting), etc. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV is an unpleasant complication affecting about a third of the 10% of the population undergoing General anaesthesia each year
• Extreme pain, such as intense headache or myocardial infarction (heart attack)
• Violent emotions (including laughing)
• Cyclic vomiting syndrome (a poorly-understood condition with attacks of vomiting)
• High doses of ionizing radiation will sometimes trigger a vomit reflex in the victim
• Violent fits of coughing or hiccups
• Nervousness

Unusual Types of Vomiting

Fecal vomiting or antiperistalsis is a kind of emesis in which fecal matter is expelled from the intestines into the stomach, by spasmodic contractions of the gastric muscles, and then subsequently forcefully expelled from the stomach up into the esophagus and out through the mouth and sometimes nasal passages. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Cyclic vomiting syndrome (US English or cyclical vomiting syndrome (UK English ( CVS) is a condition whose Symptoms are recurring attacks of intense Image talkNew_radiation_symbol_ISO_21482svg for details --> Ionizing radiation In Medicine, a cough ( Latin: tussis) is a sudden and often repetitively occurring defence Reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages A hiccup or hiccough (normally pronounced "HICK-up" ˈhɪkʌp also known as a condition of singulitis is the Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components Retroperistalsis is the reverse of the involuntary Smooth muscle contractions of Peristalsis. Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the Feces, faeces, or fæces (see spelling differences) is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the Anus In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces communicating with the nasal cavity within the bones of the Skull and face Alternative medical terms for fecal vomiting are copremesis and stercoraceous vomiting^[2]. It was also referred to as miserere in medieval times.

Related medication

Emetics

An emetic, such as Syrup of Ipecac, is a substance that induces vomiting when administered orally or by injection. Syrup of ipecac commonly referred to as simply Ipecac is derived from the dried Rhizome and Roots of the Ipecacuanha plant and is a well-known An emetic is used medically where a substance has been ingested and must be expelled from the body immediately. Inducing vomiting can remove the substance before it is absorbed into the body. Ipecac abuse can lead to detrimental health effects.

Antiemetics

An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. An anti-emetic is a drug that is effective against Vomiting and Nausea. Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Antiemetics are typically used to treat motion sickness and the side-effects of some opioid analgesics and chemotherapy directed against cancer. Motion sickness or kinetosis is a condition in which a disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the Vestibular system 's sense of movement In Medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as Chemotherapy or Surgery. An opioid is a chemical Substance that has a Morphine -like action in the body Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled

Antiemetics act by inhibiting the receptor sites associated with emesis. Hence, anticholinergics, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists, and cannabinoids are used as anti-emetics.

Social implications

Nausea inducement in groups

It is quite common that, when one person vomits, others nearby will become nauseated, particularly when smelling the vomit of others, often to the point of vomiting themselves. It is believed that this is an evolved trait among primates. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye Many primates in the wild will tend to browse for food in small groups. Should one member of the party react adversely to some ingested food, it may be advantageous (in a survival sense) for other members of the party also to vomit. This tendency in human populations has been observed at drinking parties, where excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages may result in a number of party members vomiting nearly simultaneously, this being triggered by the initial vomiting of a single member of the party. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon This phenomenon has been touched on in popular culture: Notorious instances appear in the films Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) and Stand By Me (1986), while, in the computer game Theme Hospital, it is referred to as a 'vomit wave' and can spread through the hospital quickly. Monty Python's The Meaning of Life is a 1983 musical Comedy film by the Monty Python comedy team Stand by Me is a 1986 adventure - Drama film directed by Rob Reiner. Theme Hospital is a Simulation computer game developed by Bullfrog Productions and published by Electronic Arts in 1997

Intense vomiting in ayahuasca ceremonies is a common phenomenon. This entry focuses on the Ayahuasca brew for information on the vine of the same name see Banisteriopsis caapi Ayahuasca A ceremony is an activity infused with Ritual significance performed on a special occasion However, people who experience "la purga" after drinking ayahuasca, in general, regard the practice as both a physical and spiritual cleanse and often come to welcome it. ^[3] It has been suggested that the consistent emetic effects of ayahuasca — in addition to its many other therapeutic properties — was of medicinal benefit to indigenous peoples of the Amazon, in helping to clear parasites from the gastrointestinal system. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. ^[4]

There have also been documented cases of a single ill and vomiting individual inadvertently causing others to vomit, when they are especially fearful of also becoming ill, through a form of mass hysteria. Mass hysteria, also called collective hysteria, mass psychogenic illness, or collective obsessional behavior, is the sociopsychological

Context

Most people try to contain their vomit by vomiting into a sink, toilet, or trash can, as both the act and the vomit itself are widely considered embarrassing; vomit is also difficult to clean. On airplanes and boats, special bags are supplied for sick passengers to vomit into. A special disposable bag containing absorbent material that solidifies the vomit quickly is available, also, making it convenient and safe to keep (leakproof, puncture-resistant, odorless) until there is an opportunity to dispose of it conveniently.

People who vomit chronically (e. g. , as part of an eating disorder such as bulimia nervosa) may devise various ways to hide this disorder. An eating disorder is a compulsion to eat or avoid eating that negatively affects both one's physical and mental health Bulimia nervosa is an Eating disorder characterized by recurrent Binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors referred to as "purging"

Sound

According to an online study of 30 traditionally bad sounds, the sound of vomiting is the worst sound in the world. ^[5] Professor Cox of the University of Salford's Acoustic Research Centre said that "We are pre-programmed to be repulsed by horrible things such as vomiting, as it is fundamental to staying alive to avoid nasty stuff". The University of Salford is a Plate glass university based in Salford Greater Manchester, England, with approximately 20000 registered students It is thought that the thought of disgust is triggered by the sound of vomiting to protect food from those possibly diseased nearby^[6].

Vomit phobia

Vomit phobia, or emetophobia, as it is also known, is the sixth-most-common phobia in the world, according to the International Emetophobia Society. Emetophobia is the Irrational fear of Vomiting, being around others who are vomiting and/or the vomit itself In addition to the actual phobia, there are many other disorders and phobias that sufferers may be afflicted with, such as irritable bowel syndrome and agoraphobia. In Gastroenterology, irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) is a Functional bowel disorder characterized by mild to severe Abdominal pain, discomfort Agoraphobia is an Anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a Panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape People with emetophobia tend to avoid eating in public, socialising, and going to parties. They may hardly eat at all, and for this reason may be diagnosed as anorexic. Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric Diagnosis that describes an Eating disorder characterized by low Body weight and Body image distortion Emetophobes will go to extraordinary lengths to avoid vomiting or seeing someone vomit. Some emetophobics have the distinct ability to actually prevent themselves from vomiting, called "vomit continence. " They are able to fight the feeling of nausea before the feeling eventually subsides.

References

1. ^ Hornby PJ. Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis. Am J Med 2001;111:106S-12S. PMID 11749934.
2. ^ fecal vomiting - definition of fecal vomiting in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia
3. ^ Shanon, B. (2002). The antipodes of the mind: Charting the phenomenology of the ayahuasca experience. (2002). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. ^ Andritzky, W. (1989). Sociopsychotherapeutic functions of ayahuasca healing in Amazonia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 21(1), 77-89.
5. ^ Acoustics audio video, University of Salford
6. ^ Sound101.org.

External links

• Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic