Canada has examples of almost every type of volcano found on earth, including stratovolcanoes, calderas, cinder cones, shield volcanoes, maars, submarine volcanoes and tuyas. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 A stratovolcano, also called a composite volcano is a tall conical Volcano composed of many layers of hardened Lava, Tephra, and Volcanic A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical Hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a Volcanic vent. A shield volcano is a large Volcano with shallow-sloping sides A maar is a broad low- Relief Volcanic crater that is caused by a Phreatomagmatic eruption, an Explosion caused by Groundwater Submarine volcanoes are underwater fissures in the earth's surface from which magma can erupt A tuya is a type of distinctive flat-topped steep-sided Volcano formed when Lava erupts through a thick Glacier or Ice sheet. Most of Canada's volcanoes are located in British Columbia. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Several mountains that many British Columbians look at every day are dormant volcanoes. Most of them have erupted during the Pleistocene or Holocene epochs, and others have the potential to erupt in the near future. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC

Volcanism in Canada has been responsible for many of Canada's geographical features and mineralization. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena For other uses see Mineralization In geology mineralization is the Hydrothermal deposition of economically important Metals While the land's volcanic activity dates back to the Precambrian era, activity continues today with eruptions occurring in Western Canada approximately every few hundred years. The Precambrian ( Pre-Cambrian) is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eons of the Geologic timescale that came before the current Western Canada, commonly referred to as the West, is a region of Canada normally including all parts of Canada west of the province Because many of Canada's volcanoes are in remote, rugged areas and the level of activity is low, Canada is commonly thought to occupy a gap in the Pacific Ring of Fire between the Cascade Volcanic Arc of the western United States and the Aleutian volcanoes of Alaska, yet British Columbia and Yukon include more than 100 separate volcanic centers that have been active during the Quaternary. The Cascade Volcanoes (also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc) are a number of Volcanoes in a Volcanic arc in western The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Aleutian Islands (possibly from Chukchi aliat, " Island " are a chain of more than 300 small volcanic islands forming a Volcanic Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. Overview The term Quaternary ("fourth" was proposed by Giovanni Arduino in 1759 for alluvial deposits in the Po river valley in northern

Volcanism in Western Canada

The Mount Meager volcanic complex as seen from the east near Pemberton, BC. Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain, Mount Meager, and Plinth Peak.

Western Canada lies in an area of active tectonics and volcanism, but the scattered population has witnessed few eruptions owing to the remoteness of the volcanoes and their low level of activity. Western Canada, commonly referred to as the West, is a region of Canada normally including all parts of Canada west of the province There are over 200 potentially active volcanic centers that stretch northward from the Cascade Range, 49 of which have erupted in the past 10,000 years^[1] and many of which have been active in the past two million years.

Ten to fifteen million years ago, floods of basaltic lava erupted on a gently undulating topography with relief of about 7 000 m (2,000 ft) and built up flat-lying plateaus in central British Columbia and Yukon Territory covering more than 39 000 km² (1500 sq mi). A flood basalt or trap basalt is the result of a giant Volcanic eruption or series of Eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the Ocean floor In Geology and Earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting

Numerous shield volcanoes developed during the Tertiary period in north-central British Columbia and some were active intermittently to recent times. A shield volcano is a large Volcano with shallow-sloping sides The chuprichondira geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non- avian Dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately Mount Edziza and Level Mountain are most spectacular examples. Mount Edziza is a Stratovolcano in the Stikine Country of northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Level Mountain (officially gazetted as Meszah Peak) is a Volcanic cone located 66 kilometers north of Telegraph Creek and 136 kilometers southwest Mount Edziza is a stratovolcano consisting of a basal shield of basaltic flows surmounted by a central vent and flanked by numerous satellite cones, ash beds and blocky lavas. A stratovolcano, also called a composite volcano is a tall conical Volcano composed of many layers of hardened Lava, Tephra, and Volcanic Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. The complex has a long history of volcanic eruption that began about 10 million years ago and ended about 1300 years ago. The volcanoes are grouped into several volcanic fields and volcanic belts:

Map of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt centers

The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a north-south range of volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia. A volcanic field is a spot of the Earth 's crust that is prone to localized Volcanic activity A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity such as volcanic fields Volcanic belts are found above zones The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a north-south range of Volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a north-south range of Volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the northwestern United States (including Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens), and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada. The Cascade Volcanoes (also known as the Cascade Volcanic Arc or the Cascade Arc) are a number of Volcanoes in a Volcanic arc in western The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Mount Rainier is an active Stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano in Pierce County Washington, located southeast of Seattle, Washington Mount St Helens is an active Stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States It was formed by subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone. In Geology, a subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates meet and move towards one another with one sliding underneath the other The Juan de Fuca Plate, named after the explorer, is a Tectonic plate arising from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and subducting under the northerly The Cascadia Subduction zone is a Subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to Eruption styles within the belt range from effusive to explosive, with compositions from basalt to rhyolite. Effusive eruptions are a Volcanic phenomenon in some ways the opposite of Explosive eruptions An effusive eruption is characterized by an outpouring of low Viscosity An explosive eruption is a Volcanic term to describe a violent explosive type of Eruption. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. This page is about a volcanic rock For the ghost town see Rhyolite Nevada, and for the satellite system see Rhyolite/Aquacade. A major catastrophic eruption occurred in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt about 2,350 years ago at a volcanic complex called Mount Meager. Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly The eruption sent an ash column at least 20 km high into the stratosphere and dammed the Lillooet River with breccia. An eruption column consists of hot Volcanic ash emitted during an explosive Volcanic eruption. The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the Troposphere, and below the Mesosphere. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees The Lillooet River is a major river of the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia. Breccia (ˈbrɛtʃiə ˈbrɛʃiə breach is a rock composed of angular fragments of several Minerals or rocks in a matrix, that is a cementing material The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt contains two further volcanic fields, the Franklin Glacier Volcano and Mount Silverthrone, which lie 140 and 190 kilometres northwest of the main volcanic belt. Franklin Glacier Volcano is an eroded Caldera complex in the Franklin Glacier area on the southwest flank of the Waddington Massif of the Pacific Mount Silverthrone, officially gazetted as Silverthrone Mountain, is a Mountain in Regional District of Mount Waddington British Columbia, located These volcanoes are originally part of the eroded Miocene Pemberton Volcanic Belt. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The Pemberton Volcanic Belt is an eroded Miocene Volcanic belt at a low angle near Mount Meager, British Columbia, Canada.

The Anahim Volcanic Belt is an east-west line of volcanoes stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel, British Columbia. The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a 600- Kilometre -long Volcanic belt, stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel, British Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British Quesnel (kwəˈnɛl is a small city that is part of the Cariboo District of British Columbia, Canada. These volcanoes probably formed when the North American Plate moved over a hotspot, similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands called the Anahim hotspot. The North American Plate is a Tectonic plate covering most of North America, Greenland and part of Siberia. In Geology, a hotspot is a location on the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism for a long period of time The Hawaiian Islands, once known as the Sandwich Islands, form an Archipelago of 19 Islands and Atolls numerous smaller The Anahim hotspot is a volcanic hotspot in central British Columbia, Canada. It contains three major shield volcanoes called the Rainbow Range, Ilgachuz Range and Itcha Range. A shield volcano is a large Volcano with shallow-sloping sides The Rainbow Range is a Mountain range in British Columbia, Canada, located northwest of Anahim Lake. The Ilgachuz Range is a name given to an extinct Shield volcano in British Columbia, Canada. The Itcha Range is a Mountain range on the Chilcotin Plateau of the West-Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The last volcanic eruption within the belt was about 7000 years ago at a small tree-covered cinder cone called Nazko Cone. A cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical Hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a Volcanic vent. Nazko Cone is a small potentially active Basaltic Cinder cone in central British Columbia, Canada, located 75 km west of Quesnel The volcano's oldest eruption is approximately 340,000 years old.

The Anahim Volcanic Belt centers

The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province (also called the Stikine Volcanic Belt) is the most active volcanic region in Canada, containing more than 100 potentially active volcanoes. The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a 600- Kilometre -long Volcanic belt, stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel, British The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province (NCVP sometimes called the Stikine Volcanic Belt, is a group of Volcanoes and Volcanic fields located in the Several eruptions are known to have occurred within this region in the past 400 years and it contains Canada's largest volcanoes. It formed as a result of faulting, cracking, rifting and the interaction between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. In Geology a fault, or fault line, is a planar rock fracture which shows evidence of relative movement In Geology, a rift is a place where the Earth 's crust and Lithosphere are being pulled apart and is an example of Extensional tectonics The Pacific Plate is an oceanic Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean. The North American Plate is a Tectonic plate covering most of North America, Greenland and part of Siberia. The Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field is Canada's northernmost Holocene volcanic field. The Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field is a Monogenetic volcanic field in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, Yukon Territory, Canada. The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC A volcanic field is a spot of the Earth 's crust that is prone to localized Volcanic activity The youngest cone, Volcano Mountain, produced young nephelinitic lava flows that remain unvegetated and appear to be only a few hundred years old. Volcano Mountain is an active Cinder cone in central Yukon Territory, Canada, located a short distance north of Fort Selkirk, However, dating of sediments in a lake impounded by the lava flows indicated that the youngest flows could not be younger than mid-Holocene and could be early Holocene or older. The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC

The Chilcotin Plateau Basalts in southern British Columbia is an area of small lava flows about 150 kilometers ofrom the Pacific Ocean. The Chilcotin Plateau Basalts, also called the Chilcotin Group, is a medium-sized Large igneous province that forms a Volcanic plateau running parallel The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions It is thought to have formed as a result of back-arc extension behind the Cascadia subduction zone. Back-arc basins (or retro-arc basins are geologic features submarine basins associated with Island arcs and Subduction zones. The Cascadia Subduction zone is a Subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to Most of the volcanoes erupted while the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was just forming. However, there have been smaller eruptions, during the Pleistocene period. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period

Mount Garibaldi as seen from Squamish

The Wells Gray-Clearwater Volcanic Field in southeastern British Columbia consists of numerous small, basaltic volcanoes and extensive lava flows. Mount Garibaldi is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of British Columbia, north of Vancouver, Squamish ( 2006 census population 14949 is a community in the Canadian province of British Columbia, located at the north end of The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, also called the Clearwater Cone Group, Monogenetic volcanic field in east-central British Columbia, Canada Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The origin of the volcanism is yet unknown but is probably related to crust thinning. In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon Many individual volcanoes have been active for the last 3 million years. Some of the lava flows are similar to those that erupted at Volcano Mountain in the Yukon, which is called olivine nephelinite. Volcano Mountain is an active Cinder cone in central Yukon Territory, Canada, located a short distance north of Fort Selkirk, Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. Canada's only maar-like volcano is found in the Wells Gray-Clearwater Volcanic Field. A maar is a broad low- Relief Volcanic crater that is caused by a Phreatomagmatic eruption, an Explosion caused by Groundwater ^[2]

The Wrangell Volcanic Field lies mostly in Alaska, but extends into southeastern Yukon. The Wrangell Volcanic Field is a Volcanic field stretching from eastern Alaska in the United States to the southwestern Yukon Territory in Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. It was formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North American Plate at the easternmost end of the Aleutian Trench. In Geology, a subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates meet and move towards one another with one sliding underneath the other The Pacific Plate is an oceanic Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean. The North American Plate is a Tectonic plate covering most of North America, Greenland and part of Siberia. The Aleutian Trench (or Aleutian Trough) is a Subduction zone and Oceanic trench which runs along the southern coastline of Alaska and the The Canadian portion is dominated by Tertiary lavas with minor alkaline and calc-alkaline lavas that overlie a leaky transform fault. The chuprichondira geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non- avian Dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures A transform fault is a fault which runs along the boundary of a Tectonic plate.

Eruptions of basaltic to rhyolitic volcanoes and hypabyssal rocks of the Alert Bay Volcanic Belt in northern Vancouver Island are probably linked with the subducted margin flanked by the Explorer and Juan de Fuca plates at the Cascadia subduction zone. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. This page is about a volcanic rock For the ghost town see Rhyolite Nevada, and for the satellite system see Rhyolite/Aquacade. The Alert Bay Volcanic Belt is a heavily eroded Neogene Volcanic belt in northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British The Explorer Plate is an oceanic Tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada. The Juan de Fuca Plate, named after the explorer, is a Tectonic plate arising from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, and subducting under the northerly The Cascadia Subduction zone is a Subduction zone, a type of convergent plate boundary that stretches from northern Vancouver Island to It appears to have been active during the Pliocene and Pleistocene time. The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period However, no Holocene eruptions are known, and volcanic activity in the belt has likely ceased. The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC

Monitoring Canadian volcanoes

Volcano monitoring in Canada is a lower priority than other hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer A tsunami ((tsuːˈnɑːmi is a series of waves created when A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement such as rock falls deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows which can occur Most of Canada's volcanoes are in remote locations, although some volcanoes pose a significant threat to local population. However, as for earthquake monitoring, future eruptions in Canada are expected and could have a large effect on people that live in the region. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer Over the past 50 years, the Geological Survey of Canada has known past activity at Canada's volcanoes. The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC (Commission Géologique du Canada (CGC is part of the Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada. However, there is still not enough knowledge about the occurrence of their eruptions to expect which volcanoes will possibly erupt next and what their effects will be. Volcano monitoring in Canada is continuing, but none of the volcanoes is being satisfactorily monitored to let scientists verify how active their magma chambers and systems are. A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices A magma chamber is a large underground pool of molten rock lying under the surface of the earth's crust If a Canadian volcano turns highly tense, the seismic monitoring system will possibly sense the growing of movement at the volcanoes. The term network monitoring describes the use of a system that constantly monitors a Computer network for slow or failing components and that notifies the Network administrator

Recent volcanic activity

Many Canadian volcanoes continue to be geologically active. The most geologically recent volcanic eruptions include:

• Level Mountain Range, Canada's most voluminous and most persistent eruptive center, might have erupted sometime during the Holocene. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The Level Mountain Range is a plateau range in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, located about 50 km north of Mount Edziza. The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC
• Nazko Cone, the youngest volcano in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, erupted 7200 BP. Nazko Cone is a small potentially active Basaltic Cinder cone in central British Columbia, Canada, located 75 km west of Quesnel The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a 600- Kilometre -long Volcanic belt, stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel, British Before Present (BP years are a time scale used in Archaeology, Geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred
• Hoodoo Mountain erupted 7050 BP. Hoodoo Mountain is a massive but gently-sloped Volcano in the Boundary Ranges associated with the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. Before Present (BP years are a time scale used in Archaeology, Geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred
• Mount Meager erupted about 2350 BP, sending an ash column approximately 20 km (12 mi) high into the stratosphere. Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly Before Present (BP years are a time scale used in Archaeology, Geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred An eruption column consists of hot Volcanic ash emitted during an explosive Volcanic eruption. The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the Troposphere, and below the Mesosphere.
• Mount Edziza, Canada's second largest eruptive center, erupted about 1340 BP. Mount Edziza is a Stratovolcano in the Stikine Country of northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Before Present (BP years are a time scale used in Archaeology, Geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred
• Mount Silverthrone, might have eruptions younger than 1000. Mount Silverthrone, officially gazetted as Silverthrone Mountain, is a Mountain in Regional District of Mount Waddington British Columbia, located
• Possible eruptions in the Wells Gray-Clearwater Volcanic Field in 1500. The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, also called the Clearwater Cone Group, Monogenetic volcanic field in east-central British Columbia, Canada
• The Tseax River Cone erupted in 1775. The Tseax Cone, also called the Tseax River Cone or the Aiyansh Volcano (pron Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
• Ruby Mountain might have erupted in 1898. Ruby Mountain is a small Stratovolcano in Stikine Region British Columbia, Canada, located 23 km northeast of Atlin and 6 km south of Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
• Lava Fork Valley might have erupted in 1904. Lava Fork is a Creek in northern British Columbia, Canada, west of the Unuk River and northwest of Stewart. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on

Western Canada is also seismically active. Western Canada, commonly referred to as the West, is a region of Canada normally including all parts of Canada west of the province 11 volcanoes in Canada appear related to seismic activity since 1975, including: Mount Silverthrone, Mount Meager, Wells Gray-Clearwater Volcanic Field, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, Castle Rock, Lava Fork Valley, Mount Edziza, Hoodoo Mountain and Crow Lagoon. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mount Silverthrone, officially gazetted as Silverthrone Mountain, is a Mountain in Regional District of Mount Waddington British Columbia, located Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, also called the Clearwater Cone Group, Monogenetic volcanic field in east-central British Columbia, Canada Mount Garibaldi is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of British Columbia, north of Vancouver, Mount Cayley is a potentially active Stratovolcano in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Castle Rock is a volcanic neck located 13 km west of Iskut and 8 km northwest of Tuktsayda Mountain in British Columbia, Canada Lava Fork is a Creek in northern British Columbia, Canada, west of the Unuk River and northwest of Stewart. Mount Edziza is a Stratovolcano in the Stikine Country of northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Hoodoo Mountain is a massive but gently-sloped Volcano in the Boundary Ranges associated with the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. Crow Lagoon is a little-known volcanic center located north of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada. ^[3] This suggests that these volcanoes still contain living magma plumbing systems. Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet Although the existing data do not allow a clear conclusion, these observations are further indications that some of Canada's volcanoes are potentially active, and that their associated hazards may be significant. It is noteworthy that the seismic activity correlates with some of Canada's most youthful volcanoes, and with long-lived volcanic centers with a history of significant explosive behavior, such as Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, Mount Meager and Mount Edziza. Mount Garibaldi is a potentially active Stratovolcano in the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of British Columbia, north of Vancouver, Mount Cayley is a potentially active Stratovolcano in Squamish-Lillooet Regional District of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Mount Meager, also called the Meager Group, Meager Mountain, Mount Meager Volcanic Complex or Meager Creek Volcanic Field (sometimes mistakenly Mount Edziza is a Stratovolcano in the Stikine Country of northwestern British Columbia, Canada.

The 1775 eruption of the Tseax River Cone is Canada's worst known geophysical disaster. Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Tseax Cone, also called the Tseax River Cone or the Aiyansh Volcano (pron The eruption produced a 22. 5 km long lava flow, destroying two Nisga'a villages and resulted in the death of approximately 2000 Nisga'a people by poisonous smoke and gases. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The Nisga'a (nisqaʔa often formerly spelled Nishga and spelled in the Nisga'a language as Nisg̱a'a, are an Indigenous nation or A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller than a Town or City. Volcanic gases include a variety of substances given off by active (or at times by dormant Volcanoes These include gases trapped in cavities ( Vesicles) in The lava flows traveled south 5 km where they crossed the border into Alaska and dammed the Blue River. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees The Nass River valley was inundated by the lava flows and contain abundant tree molds and lava tubes. The Nass River is a river in northern British Columbia, Canada. Lava tubes are natural conduits through which Lava travels beneath the surface of a lava flow expelled by a Volcano during an eruption The event happened at the same time with the arrival of the first European explorers to penetrate the uncharted coastal waters of northern British Columbia. Today, the basaltic lava deposits are a draw to tourists and are part of the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park. Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park ( Nisga'a: Anhluut'ukwsim Laxmihl Angwinga'asankswhl Nisga'a) is a Provincial park in the Nass River

A series of <3. 0 Magnitude earthquakes began October 9th, 2007 in the vicinity of Nazko Cone which could signal the resumption of intense subterraenean volcanic activity in the area. Nazko Cone is a small potentially active Basaltic Cinder cone in central British Columbia, Canada, located 75 km west of Quesnel 34 such <3. 0 Magnitude earthquakes were observed on October 10th, 2007 alone. Since then more than 1000 small earthquakes have been recorded. ^[4] These earthquakes are thought to have originated 25 kilometers below the surface, but none of these earthquakes have been felt by people. The cause of this seismic activity is believed to be the upwelling of 500,000 m^2[5] of magma because the area is not close to any faults or tectonic plate boundaries. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet In Geology a fault, or fault line, is a planar rock fracture which shows evidence of relative movement Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere ^[6] This is the first indication of potential volcanic activity in Canada since around 1830 to 1850 in northwestern British Columbia. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link ^[7]

Volcanism outside Western Canada

Canadian Shield

Canadian Shield

Volcanism has occurred in other regions, apart from British Columbia and the Yukon. The Canadian Shield &mdash also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier Canadien (French &mdash is a large geological shield covered by The Canadian Shield contains some of the most ancient volcanoes in Canada and on earth. The Canadian Shield &mdash also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier Canadien (French &mdash is a large geological shield covered by It has over 150 volcanic belts (now deformed and eroded down to nearly flat plains) that range from 600 to 2800 million years old. In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat Each belt probably grew by the coalescence of accumulations erupted from numerous vents, making the tally of volcanoes in the hundreds. Many of Canada's major ore deposits are associated with Precambrian volcanoes. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining The Precambrian ( Pre-Cambrian) is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eons of the Geologic timescale that came before the current The Sturgeon Lake Caldera in Kenora District, Ontario is one of the world's best preserved mineralized Neoarchean caldera complexes, which is some 2. Sturgeon Lake Caldera is a large extinct Caldera in Kenora District of Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Kenora District ( Canada 2006 Census population 64419 is a District and Census division in Northwestern Ontario in the Canadian For other uses see Mineralization In geology mineralization is the Hydrothermal deposition of economically important Metals The Neoarchean (ˌniːoʊɑrˈkiːən also spelled Neoarchaean) is a geologic era within the Archaean. A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption 7 billion years old. ^[8] Pillow lavas in the Northwest Territories are about 2600 million years old and are preserved in the Cameron River Volcanic Belt. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory The Cameron River Volcanic Belt is a Neoarchean Volcanic belt near the Cameron River in the Northwest Territories, Canada. The pillow lavas in rocks over 2 billion years old in the Canadian Shield signify that great oceanic volcanoes existed during the early stages of the formation of the Earth's crust. Ancient volcanoes play an important role in estimating Canada's mineral potential. Many volcanic belts bear ore deposits that are related to the volcanism. A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity such as volcanic fields Volcanic belts are found above zones An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Consequently geologists study volcanic belts to understand the volcanoes and the environment in which they erupted, and to provide a working model for mineral exploration. A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity such as volcanic fields Volcanic belts are found above zones A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific

Some of the most ancient geological remnants of basaltic plains lie in Canada's Precambrian Shield. Eruption of plateau lavas near the Coppermine River southwest of Coronation Gulf in the Arctic, built an extensive volcanic plateau about 1200 million years ago with an area of about 170,000 km² (65,000 sq mi) representing a volume of lavas of at least 500,000 cu km (120,000 cu mi). Coppermine River ( is a river in the North Slave and Kitikmeot regions of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut in Canada. Coronation Gulf ( lies between Victoria Island and mainland Nunavut in Canada. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. A volcanic plateau is a Plateau produced by Volcanic activity.

The Slave craton located in the Northwest Territories contains the Back River volcanic complex, located 480 km northwest of Yellowknife. Slave craton is a relatively small Archean Craton (about 300000 km² located in the Northwest Territories of Canada. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory The Back River volcanic complex is an Archean Stratovolcano, located northwest of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada Yellowknife (ˈjɛloʊnaɪf ( 2006 population 18700) is the capital of Canada 's Northwest Territories (NWT It is an Archean stratovolcano, constituting the Back Group of the Yellowknife Supergroup and is somewhat anomalous in the Slave craton because it has undergone only a low degree of deformation and is subhorizontal. A stratovolcano, also called a composite volcano is a tall conical Volcano composed of many layers of hardened Lava, Tephra, and Volcanic The southern half of the complex is exposed at the crest of a small dome. This is the eroded portion of the stratovolcano that has been preserved in an upright position. The complex comprises four volcanic sedimentary sequences (Innerring, Thlewyco, Boucher-Regan, Kelsh) that correspond to the phases of growth and destruction of this stratovolcano.

New England hotspot

Mont Saint-Hilaire an intrusive mountain formed by the New England hotspot

About 200 million years ago, just as the Atlantic Ocean was beginning to form, the area northwest of Hudson Bay was over the New England hotspot. Mont Saint-Hilaire (en Mount Saint-Hilaire) ( see names of mont Saint-Hilaire for other names) is an isolated hill 414 meters high In Geology, an intrusion is a body of Igneous rock that has Crystallized from molten Magma below the surface of the Earth. The New England hotspot, also referred to as the Great Meteor hotspot, is a long-lived volcanic hotspot in the Atlantic Ocean. The New England hotspot, also referred to as the Great Meteor hotspot, is a long-lived volcanic hotspot in the Atlantic Ocean. Kimberlite volcanoes were formed, carrying diamonds to the Earth's surface. Kimberlite is a type of potassic Volcanic rock best known for sometimes containing Diamonds It is named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in About 50 million years later, as the Atlantic Ocean opened slightly, the hotspot was under present-day Ontario. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec As the North American Plate slid westward over the hotspot, it created the magma intrusions of the Monteregian Hills about 125 million years ago in southern Quebec, Canada - including Mount Royal, in Canada's second-largest city, Montreal. The North American Plate is a Tectonic plate covering most of North America, Greenland and part of Siberia. The Monteregian Hills (Collines Montérégiennes is a linear chain of isolated hills in Montreal and the Montérégie, between the Laurentians and Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Mount Royal ( Mont Royal) ( is a Hill on the Island of Montreal, immediately north of downtown Montreal, Quebec Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec In some cases, magma erupted at the surface, feeding volcanoes that have now completely disappeared. Since that time, erosion has removed several kilometres of rock. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind The hills that are visible today represent the magma chambers and part of the conduits through which the molten rock rose toward the surface. A magma chamber is a large underground pool of molten rock lying under the surface of the earth's crust Of all these features, Mont Saint-Hilaire is the best known as a source of rare specimens. Mont Saint-Hilaire (en Mount Saint-Hilaire) ( see names of mont Saint-Hilaire for other names) is an isolated hill 414 meters high Location of numerous kimberlite fields and clusters in Ontario and Quebec lie along the continental extension of the New England hotspot track and represents one of the best examples in the world of kimberlite magmatism activated by mantle plumes. A mantle plume is an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle.

Midcontinent Rift System

Geological map of North America showing (in white) the Midcontinent Rift, here labeled Keweenawan Rift. The Midcontinent Rift System (MRS or Keweenawan Rift is a 2000-kilometer long geological Rift in the center of the North American continent and south-central

Lava flows created by the Midcontinent Rift System in the Lake Superior area were formed from basaltic magma. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The Midcontinent Rift System (MRS or Keweenawan Rift is a 2000-kilometer long geological Rift in the center of the North American continent and south-central Lake Superior is the largest of the five Great Lakes of North America. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet The upwelling of this magma may have been the result of a hotspot which produced a triple junction in the vicinity of Lake Superior. In Geology, a hotspot is a location on the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism for a long period of time A triple junction is the point where the boundaries of three Tectonic plates meet The hotspot made a dome that covered the Lake Superior area. Voluminous basaltic lava flows erupted from the central axis of the rift, similar to the rifting of the Afar Depression of the East African Rift system. The Afar Depression (also called the Danakil Depression or the Afar Triangle) is a Geological depression in the Horn of Africa, where it The East African Rift is part of the larger Great Rift Valley. The southwest and southeast extensions represent two arms of the triple junction while a third failed arm extends north into Ontario. In Geology, an aulacogen is a failed arm of a Triple junction of a Plate tectonics rift system ^[9][10] This failed arm now forms Lake Nipigon. Lake Nipigon (lac Nipigon is the largest lake entirely within the boundaries of the Canadian province of Ontario and is sometimes described as the sixth Great Lake It is also possible that the rift is the result of extensional forces behind the continental collision of the Grenville orogeny to the east which in part overlaps the timing of the rift development. The Grenville orogeny was an episode of mountain-building ( Orogeny) associated with the assembly of the ancient Supercontinent Rodinia. ^[9]

It is likely that later compressive forces from the Grenville orogeny also played a major role in the rift's eventual failure and closure. ^[11][9] Had the rifting process continued, the eventual result would have been sundering of the North American craton and creation of a sea. The Midcontinent Rift appears to have progressed almost to the point where the ocean intruded. ^[12] But after about 10-20 million years the rift failed. ^[11] The Midcontinent Rift is the deepest closed or healed rift yet discovered; no deeper rift ever failed to become an ocean. ^[12]

Canadian Arctic

Mountains of volcanic rock in the Arctic Cordillera range from 1. Volcanic rock is an Igneous rock of volcanic origin Texture Volcanic rocks are usually fine-grained or Aphanitic to glassy in The Arctic Cordillera, sometimes called the Arctic Rockies, are a vast deeply dissected mountain system running along the northeastern shore of North America 2 billion to 65 million years old. ^[13] The Late Cretaceous volcanics of northern Ellesmere Island has been uncertainly associated to both the early volcanic activity of the Iceland hotspot and the Alpha Ridge. Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white Chalk cliffs of southern England The Ellesmere Island Volcanics are a Late Cretaceous group of Volcanoes and Lavas in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of northern Ellesmere Island The Iceland hotspot is a hotspot which is partly responsible for the high volcanic activity which has formed the island of Iceland. For a ridge in Alaska see Alpha Ridge Alaska The Alpha Ridge is a major volcanic ridge under the Arctic Ocean between the Canada Even though these volcanics are about 90 million years old, the volcanoes and cinder are still able to be seen. A cinder is a pyroclastic material Cinders are extrusive Igneous rocks Cinders are similar to Pumice, which has so many cavities and is such low-density ^[14]

The Late Cretaceous Strand Fiord Formation on Axel Heiberg Island is interpreted to represent the cratonward extension of the Alpha Ridge, a volcanic ridge that was active during the formation of the Amerasian Basin. The Strand Fiord Formation is a Cretaceous volcanic component located on northwestern and west-central Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. Axel Heiberg Island is the 31st largest island in the world and Canada's 7th largest island. A craton ( Greek kratos / κρἀτος ( neut. "strength" is an old and stable part of the Continental crust that has survived For a ridge in Alaska see Alpha Ridge Alaska The Alpha Ridge is a major volcanic ridge under the Arctic Ocean between the Canada The Amerasian Basin is one of the two major basins into which the North Polar Basin of the Arctic Ocean is split by the Lomonosov Ridge (the other one being ^[15] The formation contains flood basalts which are found at Dragon Cliffs 300 meters tall. A flood basalt or trap basalt is the result of a giant Volcanic eruption or series of Eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the Ocean floor Dragon Cliffs is a Basaltic Monolith located on western Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. It contains columnar jointing units that are usually 1 to 3 meters in diameter.

The Bravo Lake Formation on central Baffin Island is a rare alkaline-suite that formed as a result of submarine rifting during the Paleoproterozoic period. The Bravo Lake Formation is a Mafic Volcanic belt and Large igneous province located at the northern margin of the Trans-Hudson orogeny on central Baffin Island (ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ Qikiqtaaluk, Île de Baffin Old Norse: Helluland) in the territory of Nunavut is the largest member In Geology, a rift is a place where the Earth 's crust and Lithosphere are being pulled apart and is an example of Extensional tectonics The Paleoproterozoic (ˌpeɪlɪoʊˌproʊtərəˈzoʊɪk also spelled Palaeoproterozoic) is the first of the three sub-divisions ( eras) of the ^[16] Its lavas display geochemical characteristics similar to modern ocean-island-basalt groups. The range from moderately to intensely fractionated REE-profiles is similar to that from tholeiitic basalts to extremely alkaline lavas in Hawaii. Tholeiitic basalt is an Igneous rock, a type of Basalt. Like all basalt the rock type is dominated by Clinopyroxene plus Plagioclase, with minor In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Geochemical results of pillow lavas and chill boundaries along five transects across the Bravo Lake Formation suggest the existence of three chemically different magma types within the volcanic belt. Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity such as volcanic fields Volcanic belts are found above zones ^[17]

Eastern Canada

The Bay of Fundy, shown on the east coast of North America

About 190 million years years ago, just as the supercontinent Pangaea began to break up, a rift valley formed. In Geology, a supercontinent is a Landmass comprising more than one Continental core or Craton. Pangaea, Pangæa or Pangea (pænˈdʒiːə from παν pan, meaning entire, and Γαῖα Gaea, meaning Earth in A rift valley is a linear-shaped lowland between highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic Rift or fault. As the rift began to separate from mainland North America, volcanic activity occurred forming volcanoes and flood basalts. In Geology, a rift is a place where the Earth 's crust and Lithosphere are being pulled apart and is an example of Extensional tectonics Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the A flood basalt or trap basalt is the result of a giant Volcanic eruption or series of Eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the Ocean floor These flood basalts poured out over the landscape, covering much of southern Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Sections of these flood basalts has been eroded away, but still form a basaltic mountain range known as North Mountain. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys North Mountain is a narrow north-south trending volcanic Mountain range on the mainland portion of southwestern Nova Scotia, stretching from Brier The rift valley eventually failed as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge continued to separate North America and Europe, forming the Bay of Fundy. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR is a Mid-ocean ridge, a Divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. Tides Folklore in the Mi'kmaq First Nation claims that the tides in the Bay of Fundy are caused by a giant whale splashing in the water

Basal contact of a lava flow section of Fundy basin

The North Mountain volcanic range on the mainland portion of southwestern Nova Scotia, is a 201 million year old sequence of tholeiitic basalts, which contains columnar jointing and forms the northern edge of Annapolis Valley along the shore of the Bay of Fundy. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The Nova Scotia peninsula * is a Peninsula on the Atlantic coast of North America. Tholeiitic basalt is an Igneous rock, a type of Basalt. Like all basalt the rock type is dominated by Clinopyroxene plus Plagioclase, with minor The Annapolis Valley is a valley in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Tides Folklore in the Mi'kmaq First Nation claims that the tides in the Bay of Fundy are caused by a giant whale splashing in the water The basalts also extend under the Bay of Fundy and parts of it are exposed on the shore at Five Islands, east of Parrsboro on the north side of the bay. Five Islands is a rural community in Colchester County Nova Scotia with a population of 300 located on the north shore of the Minas Basin, home of Parrsboro (2006 population 1401 is a Canadian town located in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. ^[18] Numerous sediment-filled fissures are present near the upper surface of the range. A fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure or simply fissure, is a linear Volcanic vent through which Lava erupts usually without any North Mountain is believed to have formed during the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. ^[19] It is a portion of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, which is a gigantic flood basalt and intrusive complex along east coast of the United States, Europe, northwest Africa and South America with an area of 4,000 km³. The Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP was formed during the breakup of Pangaea during the Mesozoic Era A flood basalt or trap basalt is the result of a giant Volcanic eruption or series of Eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the Ocean floor The United States of America —commonly referred to as the South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a A viscous (<175 m) North Mountain flow at McKay Head shows ~25-cm-thick distinguished layers separated by ~130 centimeter of basalt in its upper 34 meters. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Upper layers (5 meters below the lava top) are extremely vesicular while lower ones are pegmatitic and includes a narrow (~2 cm) rhyolite band. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures This page is about a volcanic rock For the ghost town see Rhyolite Nevada, and for the satellite system see Rhyolite/Aquacade. The layering of the flow closely resemble that of some Hawaiian lava lakes. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Lava lakes are large volumes of molten Lava, usually Basaltic, contained in a vent Volcanic crater, or broad depression ^[20]

In southwestern New Brunswick lies the large 17 x 12 kilometer eroded Late Devonian Mount Pleasant Caldera. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally The Mount Pleasant Caldera is a large 17 x 12 km wide eroded Late Devonian Caldera complex located in the northern Appalachian Mountains of southwestern It is one of few noticeable pre-Cenozoic calderas. The Cenozoic (also Caenozoic or Cainozoic) Era (ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk/ /ˌsɛn- (meaning "new life" ( Greek ( kainos) "new" Its formation is associated to a period of crustal thinning that followed the Acadian orogeny in the northern Appalachian Mountains. In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon The Acadian orogeny is a middle Paleozoic deformation especially in the northern Appalachians, between New York and Newfoundland. The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America.

Large igneous provinces

Canada has a rich record of large igneous provinces. Large Igneous provinces (LIPS were originally defined by Coffin and Eldholm (1992 as areas of Earth's surface that contain very large volumes of magmatic rocks (typically At least 80 candidates are recognized in Canada and adjacent regions, with ages ranging from 3100 to 17 million years old. In the Paleozoic and Proterozoic, Large igneous provinces are typically deeply eroded. The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio (παλαιο "old" and zoe (ζωη "life" meaning "ancient life" The Proterozoic (ˌproʊtərəˈzoʊɪk is a geological eon representing a period before the first abundant complex life on Earth. They are represented by deep-level plumbing systems consisting of giant dike swarms, sill provinces and layered intrusions. A dike swarm or dyke swarm in Geology is a major group of parallel linear or radially oriented dikes intruded within Continental crust In Geology, a sill is a tabular Pluton that has intruded between older layers of Sedimentary rock, beds of Volcanic In the Archean the most promising Large igneous province candidates are greenstone belts containing komatiites. Greenstone belts are zones of variably metamorphosed Mafic to Ultramafic Volcanic sequences with associated Sedimentary rocks that Komatiites are Ultramafic mantle-derived Volcanic rocks They have low SiO2 low K2O low Al2O3 and high to extremely high In Canada, most greenstone belts are related to mantle plumes. A mantle plume is an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle.

The 1. 2 billion year old Mackenzie dike swarm is the largest dike swarm known on Earth,^[21] more than 500 kilometers (311 miles) wide and 3,000 kilometers (1,864 miles) long, extending in a northwesterly direction across the whole of Canada from the Arctic to the Great Lakes. The Mackenzie dike swarm, also called the Mackenzie dikes, form a Large igneous province in the western Canadian Shield of Canada. A dike swarm or dyke swarm in Geology is a major group of parallel linear or radially oriented dikes intruded within Continental crust EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border.

Major volcanoes

• Mount Edziza
• Mount Meager
• Ilgachuz Range
• Itcha Range
• Rainbow Range
• Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex
• Level Mountain Range
• Mount Garibaldi
• Mount Cayley
• Mount Silverthrone
• Mount Pleasant Caldera
• Sturgeon Lake Caldera
• Blake River Megacaldera Complex

See also

• List of volcanoes in Canada
• Canadian Shield
• Cascade Volcanoes
• Geography of Canada
• Geology of the Pacific Northwest

Major eruptions

Notes: pf=pyroclastic flows, lf=lava flows, lm=lahar mudflows, ex=explosive eruption ld=lava dome collapse, cc=caldera collapse, fl=Flood. Before Present (BP years are a time scale used in Archaeology, Geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred The Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex (BLVC is a huge 50 million year old extinct Caldera complex that spans across the BC - Yukon border in A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current) is a common and devastating result of some volcanic eruptions. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures A lahar is a type of Mudflow / Landslide composed of Pyroclastic material and Water that flows down from a Volcano, typically Mudslide redirects here it is also the name of a cocktail. A mudflow or mudslide is the most rapid (up to 80 km/h / 50 mph An explosive eruption is a Volcanic term to describe a violent explosive type of Eruption. In Volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is a roughly circular Mound -shaped protrusion resulting from the slow eruption of Felsic Lava A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge

References

External links

• Volcanoes of Canada - Introduction
• CVO Website - Canada Volcanoes and Volcanics
• Volcanism in Canada