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A blacksmith is a traditional trade.
A blacksmith is a traditional trade. blacksmith is a person who creates objects from Iron or Steel by Forging the Metal; i

Vocational education (or Vocational Education and Training (VET), also called Career and Technical Education (CTE)) prepares learners for careers that are based in manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic and totally related to a specific trade, occupation or vocation, hence the term, in which the learner participates. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A vocation is an occupation for which a person is suited trained or qualified It is sometimes referred to as technical education, as the learner directly develops expertise in a particular group of techniques or technology. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt

Generally, vocation and career are used interchangeably. Vocational education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader scientific field, which might concentrate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge, characteristic of tertiary education. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing Vocational education can be at the secondary or post-secondary level and can interact with the apprenticeship system. Australia See also Education Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill Increasingly, vocational education can be recognised in terms of recognition of prior learning and partial academic credit towards tertiary education (e. Recognition of Prior Learning, Prior Learning Assessment, or Prior Learning Assessment and Recognition, describes the set of standards and procedures put in place A credit is a unit that gives weighting to the value level or time requirements of an academic course. Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing g. , at a university) as credit; however, it is rarely considered in its own form to fall under the traditional definition of a higher education. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges

Up until the end of the twentieth century, vocational education focused on specific trades such as for example, an automobile mechanic or welder, and was therefore associated with the activities of lower social classes. A mechanic is a person who uses Tools to repair things (generally machinery or works to keep things operating properly A welder (also weldor, which term distinguishes the Tradesman from the equipment used to make welds is a Tradesman who specialises in Welding Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. As a consequence, it attracted a level of stigma. Vocational education is related to the age-old apprenticeship system of learning. Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill

However, as the labor market becomes more specialized and economies demand higher levels of skill, governments and businesses are increasingly investing in the future of vocational education through publicly funded training organizations and subsidized apprenticeship or traineeship initiatives for businesses. At the post-secondary level vocational education is typically provided by an institute of technology, or by a local community college. Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable A community college is a type of Educational institution. The term has different meanings in different countries

Vocational education has diversified over the 20th century and now exists in industries such as retail, tourism, information technology, funeral services and cosmetics, as well as in the traditional crafts and cottage industries. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support A funeral is a Ceremony marking a person's Death. Funerary customs comprise the complex of Beliefs and practices used by a Culture to remember The putting-out system was a means of subcontracting work It was also known as the workshop system.

Contents

VET internationally

Australia

In Australia vocational education and training is mostly post-secondary and provided through the Vocational Education and Training (VET) system by Registered Training Organisations. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. A registered training organisation ( RTO) in Australia, is a Vocational education organisation that provides students with training that results in qualifications This system encompasses both public and private providers in a national training framework consisting of the Australian Quality Training Framework, Australian Qualifications Framework and Industry Training Packages which define the assessment standards for the different vocational qualifications. The Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF provides the hierarchy of educational qualifications in Australia.

Since the states and territories are responsible for most public delivery and all regulation of providers, a central concept of the system is "national recognition" whereby the assessments and awards of any one registered training organisation must be recognised by all others and the decisions of any state or territory training authority must be recognised by the other states and territories. This allows national portability of qualifications and units of competency.

A crucial feature of the Training Package system (which accounts for about 60% of publicly-funded training and almost all apprenticeship training) is that the content of the vocational qualifications is theoretically defined by industry and not by government or training providers. A Training Package is "owned" by one of ten Industries Skills Councils which are responsible for developing and reviewing the qualifications.

The National Centre for Vocational Education Research or NCVER [1] is a not-for-profit company owned by the federal, state and territory ministers responsible for training. It is responsible for collecting, managing, analysing, evaluating and communicating research and statistics about vocational education and training (VET).

Commonwealth of Independent States

The largest and the most unified system of vocational education was created in the Soviet Union with the Professional`no-tehnicheskoye uchilische and, Tehnikum. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Vocational Technical School (профессиона́льно-техни́ческое учи́лище &ndash "Professionalno-tehnicheskoye uchilishche" (acronym PTU Technicum ( Russian: те́хникум tekhnikum,) was a Soviet mass-education facility of "special middle education" category 1 step higher But it became less effective with the transition of the economies of post-Soviet countries to a market economy. A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a

Finland

In Finland, the vocational education belongs to the secondary education. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. After the nine-year comprehensive school, almost all students choose either the lukio, which is an institution preparing students for tertiary education, or a vocational school. The Finnish education system is an egalitarian Nordic system with no Tuition fees for full-time students Both forms of secondary education last three years, and give a formal qualification to enter university or ammattikorkeakoulus, i. Ammattikorkeakoulu, or yrkeshögskola in Swedish, abbreviated amk, is a Finnish institution of higher education. e. Finnish polytechnics. In certain fields (e. g. the police school, air traffic control person training), the vocational schools have the completed lukio as an entrance requirement, thus causing the students to complete the secondary education twice. Air traffic control ( ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct Aircraft on the ground and in the air

The education in vocational school is free, and the students from low-income families are eligible for a state student grant. The curriculum is primarily vocational, and the academic part of the curriculum is adapted to the needs of a given course. The vocational schools are mostly maintained by municipalities. ||-||}The municipalities ( kunta in Finnish, kommun in Swedish) represent the local level of administration in Finland and

With a completed secondary education one can enter higher vocational schools (ammattikorkeakoulu, or AMK) or universities. Because the vocational school curriculum is work-oriented, its graduates often have difficulty in passing the entrance exams of the universities. Numerus clausus ("closed number" in Latin) is one of many methods used to limit the number of Students who may study at a University

German language areas

Vocational education is an important part of the education systems in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland (including the French speaking part of the country). Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation

For example, in Germany a law (the Berufsausbildungsgesetz) was passed in 1969 which regulated and unified the vocational training system and codified the shared responsibility of the state, the unions, associations and chambers of trade and industry. The system is very popular in modern Germany: in 2001, two thirds of young people aged under 22 began an apprenticeship, and 78% of them completed it, meaning that approximately 51% of all young people under 22 have completed an apprenticeship. One in three companies offered apprenticeships in 2003; in 2004 the government signed a pledge with industrial unions that all companies except very small ones must take on apprentices.

The vocational education systems in the other German speaking countries are very similar to the German system and a vocational qualification from one country is generally also recognized in the other states within this area.

New Zealand

New Zealand is served by 41 Industry Training Organsiations(ITO). The unique element is that ITOs purchase training as well as set standards and aggregate industry opinion about skills in the labour market. Industry Training, as organised by ITOs, has expanded from apprenticeships to a more true life long learning situation with, for example, over 10% of trainees aged 50 or over. Moreover much of the training is generic. This challenges the prevailing idea of vocational education and the standard layperson view that it focuses on apprenticeships.

The best source for information in New Zealand is through the Industry Training Federation. [2]

Polytechnics, Private Training Establishments, Wananga and others also deliver vocational training, amongst other areas.

United States

In the United States, the approach is varied from state to state. Most of the technical and vocational courses are offered by Community Colleges, though several states have their own institutes of technology which are on an equal accreditational footing with other state universities. A community college is a type of Educational institution. The term has different meanings in different countries

Historically, junior high schools and high schools have offered vocational courses such as home economics, wood and metal shop, typing, business courses, drafting and auto repair, though schools have put more emphasis on academics for all students because of standards based education reform. Family and consumer sciences is an academic discipline that combines aspects of social and natural science Education reform in the United States since the late 1980s has been largely driven by the setting of academic standards for what students should know and be able to do School to Work is a series of federal and state initiatives to link academics to work, sometimes including spending time during the day on a job site without pay.

Federal involvement is principally carried out through the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Act. Carl Dewey Perkins ( October 15, 1912 - August 3, 1984) a Democrat was a Politician and member of the United States House of Accountability requirements tied to the receipt of federal funds under this Act help provide some overall leadership. The Office of Vocational and Adult Education within the US Department of Education also supervises activities funded by the Act. The Office of Vocational and Adult Education (OVAE is a subdivision of the United States Department of Education. The United States Department of Education (also referred to as ED, for Education Department is a Cabinet -level department of the United States

The Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE) is the largest private association dedicated to the advancement of education that prepares youth and adults for careers. The Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE is the largest American national education Association dedicated to the advancement of Education that prepares Its members include CTE teachers, administrators, and researchers.

Coming from a critical pedagogical perspective Joe L. Kincheloe has provided an alternative view of vocational education, its history and its outcomes. Joe Lyons Kincheloe, born December 14 1950 in Kingsport Tennessee is a professor and Canada Research Chair at the Faculty of Education McGill University in In Kincheloe's work vocational education has often reflected the perspectives of dominant political economic power, working more in the interests of large corporations and business interests than in the needs of vocational educational students. Too often vocational education became a marker of "academic failure" rather than a ticket to good paying, high status jobs. Kincheloe's two books on the topic, Toil and Trouble: Good Work, Smart Workers, and the Integration of Academic and Vocational Education and How Do We Tell the Workers? The Socio-Economic Foundations of Work and Vocational Education have become critical vocational education classics. (critical pedagogy)

India

Vocational training in India is provided on a full time as well as part time basis. Critical pedagogy is a teaching approach which attempts to help students question and challenge Domination, and the beliefs and practices that dominate Full time programs are generally offered through industrial training institutes. Industrial Training Institute (ITI's are training institute which provide training in technical field in India Part time programs are offered through state technical education boards or universities who also offer full-time courses. Vocational training has been successful in India only in industrial training institutes and that too in engineering trades. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country There are many private institutes in India which offer courses in vocational training and finishing, but most of them have not been recognized by the Government. India is a pioneer in vocational training in Film & Television, and Information Technology. AAFT

United Kingdom

The system of vocational education in the UK initially developed independently of the state, with bodies such as the RSA and City & Guilds setting examinations for technical subjects. The Asian Academy of Film & Television is the pioneer most Film school in this part of the world The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts Manufactures and Commerce ( RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution based in London. The City and Guilds of London Institute ( City & Guilds) is a United Kingdom examining and accreditation body for vocational managerial and engineering training offering The Education Act 1944 made provision for a tripartite system of grammar schools, secondary technical schools and secondary modern schools, but by 1975 only 0. The Education Act 1944 changed the education system for secondary Schools in England and Wales. A Secondary Technical School was a type of secondary school in the United Kingdom that existed in the mid-20th century under the Tripartite System of education A Secondary Modern School is a type of Secondary school that existed in most of the United Kingdom from 1944 until the early 1970s under the Tripartite System 5% of British senior pupils were in technical schools, compared to two-thirds of the equivalent German age group. [1]

Successive recent British Governments have made attempts to promote and expand vocational education. Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at In the 1970s, the Business & Technician Education Council was founded to confer further and higher education awards, particularly to polytechnics. The Business & Technician Education Council (BTEC was a subdegree-conferring council in the United Kingdom until 1996 when its functions were transferred to Edexcel Further education (often abbreviated "FE" is Post-secondary Education (in addition to that received at Secondary school) that is distinct from Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable In the 1980s and 1990s, the Conservative Government promoted the Youth Training Scheme, National Vocational Qualifications and General National Vocational Qualifications. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The Youth Training Scheme (YTS was the former name in the United Kingdom of an on-the-job Training course for school leavers aged 16 and 17 managed by the Manpower National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs are vocational awards in England and Wales that are achieved through assessment and training A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ (sometimes humorously defined as "Going Nowhere Very Quickly" or "Generally Not Very Qualified" was However, youth training was marginalised as the proportion of young people staying on in full-time education increased. Education in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the countries of the United Kingdom with power over education in Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland being devolved [1]

In 1994, publicly-funded Modern Apprenticeships were introduced to provide "quality training on a work-based (educational) route". Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill [2] Numbers of apprentices have grown in recent years and the Department for Children, Schools and Families has stated its intention to make apprenticeships a "mainstream" part of England's education system. The Department for Children Schools and Families ( DCSF) is a British government department created on 28 June 2007 following the disbanding of the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [3]

References

  1. ^ a b Wolf, A. (2002) Does Education Matter? Myths about Education and Economic Growth London: Penguin.
  2. ^ http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/so/youthchron/Education/9197educ.htm
  3. ^ World Class Apprenticeships. The Government’s strategy for the future of Apprenticeships in England. DIUS/DCSF, 2008

Further reading

See also

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Vocational Guidance

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