Vladivostok (English) Владивосток (Russian)
View of Vladivostok and the Golden Horn Bay
Location of Vladivostok on the map of Russia
Coordinates 43°8′N 131°54′E / 43.133, 131.9Coordinates: 43°8′N 131°54′E / 43.133, 131.9
Coat of Arms
City Day: First Sunday of July
Administrative status
Federal subject In jurisdiction of Administrative center of	Primorsky Krai Primorsky Krai Primorsky Krai
Local self-government
Charter	Charter of Vladivostok
Municipal status	Urban okrug
Head	Yevgeny Pushkaryov
Legislative body	Duma
Area
Area	600 km² (231. Zolotoy Rog Bay (Золотой Рог is a sheltered horn-shaped bay separated from the Peter the Great Gulf of the Sea of Japan by Shkota Peninsula on the north-west A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. Russia is a Federation which consists of 83  subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal Primorsky Krai (Примо́рский край also known as Primorye (ru Примо́рье is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) Primorsky Krai (Примо́рский край also known as Primorye (ru Примо́рье is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) Primorsky Krai (Примо́рский край also known as Primorye (ru Примо́рье is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified Being the largest country in the world spanning a large percentage of Eurasia, and one of the most populated Russia is divided into several types and levels of A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 7 sq mi)
Population (as of the 2002 Census)
Population - Rank - Density	594,701 inhabitants 23rd 991. Russia 's area is about 17 million square kilometers (65 million sq Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried This is a list of cities and towns in Russia with population over 50000 grouped by federal subject and sorted by population Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 2/km² (2,567. 2/sq mi)
Events
Founded	July 2, 1860
Town status	April 22, 1880
Other information
Postal code	690xxx
Dialing code	+7 4232
Official website
http://www.vlc.ru/

Vladivostok (Russian: Владивосто́к (help·info)) is Russia's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year A postal code (known in various countries as a post code, postcode, or ZIP code) is a series of letters and/or digits appended to a All Country calling codes for the European Union countries start with +3x or +4x A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The classification system of the types of inhabited localities in Russia, the former Soviet Union, and some other post-Soviet states has certain peculiarities compared The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Primorsky Krai (Примо́рский край also known as Primorye (ru Примо́рье is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) It is situated at the head of the Golden Horn Bay not far from the Russo-Chinese border and North Korea. Zolotoy Rog Bay (Золотой Рог is a sheltered horn-shaped bay separated from the Peter the Great Gulf of the Sea of Japan by Shkota Peninsula on the north-west Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, It is the home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet. The Pacific Fleet (Тихоокеанский флот in Russian, or Tikhookeanskiy flot is part of the Russian Navy stationed in the Pacific Ocean

Names

The name Vladivostok (Владивосток) loosely translates from Russian as "rule the East" a name based on that of Vladikavkaz, at that time a Russian fortress in the Caucasus. The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various Cultures social structures and philosophical systems of " the East " Vladikavkaz (Владикавка́з vladʲikaf'kas Дзæуджыхъæу ( Dzæudjyqæu) (means «Dzaug's settlement» is the capital city of the Republic The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The traditional Chinese name for the city is Hǎishēnwǎi (海參崴; also pronounced Hǎishēnwēi; literally "sea cucumber cliffs"). Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan The sea cucumber (also known as trepang, bêche-de-mer, or ambiguously Sea slug) is an Echinoderm of the class Holothuroidea In mainland China (PRC), it is often known under the transliteration of Fúlādíwòsītuōkè (符拉迪沃斯托克) today^[1] but not in Taiwan (ROC). Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES ^[2] The Japanese name of the city is Urajiosutokku (ウラジオストック; a rough transliteration of the Russian originally written in Kanji as 浦塩斯徳 and often shortened to Urajio; ウラジオ; 浦塩). are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana In Korean, the name is transliterated as Beulladiboseutokeu (블라디보스토크) in South Korea, Ullajibosŭttokhŭ (울라지보스또크) in North Korea, and Beullajiboseu-ttokeu (블라지보스또크) by Koreans in China. This article is mainly about the spoken Korean language See Hangul for details on the native Korean writing system South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, The population of Koreans in China include millions of descendants of Korean immigrants with citizenship of the People's Republic of China, as well as smaller groups

History

Main article: History of Vladivostok

Before Russia acquired the Maritime Province by the Treaty of Aigun (1858), the Pacific coast near Vladivostok had been settled by the Jurchen and Manchu. The history of Vladivostok can roughly be divided into the history of the territory where Vladivostok is located and into the history of the city per se The Treaty of Aigun was the Russian Chinese treaty that established the modern borders of the Russian Far East and northern China. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in A French whaler visiting the Zolotoy Rog in 1852 discovered several huts of Chinese or Manchu fishermen on the shore of the bay. Zolotoy Rog Bay (Золотой Рог is a sheltered horn-shaped bay separated from the Peter the Great Gulf of the Sea of Japan by Shkota Peninsula on the north-west

The naval outpost was founded in 1859 by Count Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, who named it after the model of Vladikavkaz, a Russian fortress in the Caucasus. Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov-Amursky (also spelled as Nikolai Nikolaevich Muraviev-Amurskiy) (Никола́й Никола́евич Муравьёв-Аму́рский Vladikavkaz (Владикавка́з vladʲikaf'kas Дзæуджыхъæу ( Dzæudjyqæu) (means «Dzaug's settlement» is the capital city of the Republic The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The first child was born in Vladivostok in 1863. An elaborate system of fortifications was erected between the 1870s and 1890s. A telegraph line from Vladivostok to Shanghai and Nagasaki was opened in 1871, the year when a commercial port was relocated to this town from Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan. Nikolayevsk-on-Amur (Никола́евск-на-Аму́ре 廟街 often romanized as Nikolayevsk-na-Amure, is a town and the administrative center of Nikolayevsky The municipal coat of arms, representing the Siberian tiger, was adopted in March 1883. The Siberian tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica) also known as the Amur tiger, Manchurian tiger, or Ussuri tiger, is a rare Subspecies

Another interesting fact about the city is that it was the site of a major breakthrough between the United States and the Soviet Union in November 1974 during SALT II nuclear arms limitation talks. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 At the time, the two countries decided quantitative limits on various nuclear weapons systems and banned the construction of new land-based ICBM launchers. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.

The city's economy was given a boost in 1903, with the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway which connected Vladivostok to Moscow and Europe. The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad (Транссибирская магистраль Транссиб in Russian, or Transsibirskaya magistral' Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The first high school was opened in 1899. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution In the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution, Vladivostok was of great military importance for the Far Eastern Republic, the Provisional Priamurye Government, and the Japanese interventionists. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution The Far Eastern Republic (Дальневосто́чная Респу́блика ДВР romanised: Dalnevostochnaya Respublika DVR) sometimes called the The Provisional Priamurye Government (also rendered as Provisional Priamur Government) existed in the Siberian region of Priamurye, Russia, between The of 1918–1922 was the dispatch of troops of the Entente powers to the Russian Maritime Provinces as part of a larger effort by the western powers and Japan The taking of the city by Ieronim Uborevich's Red Army on 25 October 1922 marked the end of the Russian Civil War. Ieronim Petrovich Uborevich (Уборевич Иероним Петрович Jeronimas Uborevičius ( January 14, 1896 near Užpaliai, - The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed

As the main naval base of the Soviet Pacific Fleet, the city was closed to foreigners during the Soviet years. The Pacific Fleet (Тихоокеанский флот in Russian, or Tikhookeanskiy flot is part of the Russian Navy stationed in the Pacific Ocean Nevertheless, it was at Vladivostok that Leonid Brezhnev and Gerald Ford conducted the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in 1974. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President

Geography

The city is located in the southern extremity of Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which is about 30 km long and approximately 12 km wide. The Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula (Russian Полуостров Муравьёва-Амурского is a Peninsula in the Peter the Great Gulf, which it subdivides

The highest point is Mount Kholodilnik, the height of which is 257 m. Kholodilnik Mountain (гора́ Холоди́льник or ru со́пка Холодильник lit Eagle's Nest Mount is often called the highest point of the city; however, with the height of only 199 m (214 m according to other sources), it is the highest point of the downtown area, but not of the whole city.

Vladivostok shares the latitude with Sapporo, Sukhumi, Almaty, Florence, Marseille, A Coruña, Boston, and Toronto. is the fifth-largest city in Japan by population It is the capital of Hokkaidō Prefecture, located in Ishikari Subprefecture, and an Sukhumi, also spelled as Sukhum ( Abkhaz: Аҟəа Aqwa; სოხუმი Sokhumi, Сухуми/Сухум is the capital Almaty ( Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata ( Алма-Ата) also Verniy, (Верный is the largest city in Kazakhstan Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ A Coruña ( Spanish: La Coruña; Galician: A Coruña; also Corunna in English, and archaically The Groyne) is Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario

Railroad distance to Moscow is 9,302 km. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The direct distance to Moscow is 6,430 km. Direct distance to Bangkok is 5,600 km, to Darwin—6,180 km, San Francisco—8,400 km, to Seoul—750 km, to Tokyo—1,050 km, to Beijing—1,331 km. Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū.

Climate

Average precipitation and temperature

Mean annual temperature: 4. 3 °C (39. 7 °F)

Average temperature in January: −13. 7 °C (7. 3 °F)

Average temperature in August: 20. 2 °C (68. 4 °F)

Average annual precipitation: 722 mm (strong summer maximum)

Köppen climate classification: Dwb (monsoon-influenced humid continental climate, warm summers)

Demographics

A 1919 poster depicting the Japanese occupation of Vladivostok. Note the Russian flag is in a French pattern

Fokin Street in the central part of Vladivostok in March 2004

The Port of Vladivostok

The city's population was 594,701 as of the 2002 Census; down from 633,838 recorded in the 1989 Census). Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried The 1989 Soviet Census was the final and most comprehensive census taken within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Ethnic Russians and Ukrainians make up the majority of the population. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens

From 1958 to 1991, only Soviet citizens were allowed to live in or even visit Vladivostok (and even Soviet citizens had to obtain official permission in order to enter the city). Before this closure, the city had large Korean^[4] and Chinese populations. A closed city or closed town is a settlement in the former Soviet Union with travel and residency restrictions Koryo-saram (Корё сарам Hangul: 고려사람 is the name which ethnic Koreans in the Post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves ^[5] Some Koreans who were deported during Stalin's rule from the Russian Far East have since returned, particularly to Vladivostok. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party ^[6] In recent times, North Korean refugees have also begun settling in the city. A number of individuals have defected from North Korea. Different terms are in official and unofficial use in East Asian languages to refer to this group of refugees ^[7]

Recently many Chinese illegal immigrants have moved to this city. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National They tend to work in the retail trading, catering and farming industries. This is considered such a serious social and economic problem to some that the government is actively legislating against them. ^[8]

Vladivostok has one of the largest Armenian communities in eastern Russia. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large There are a number of Armenian bakeries and restaurants in the city. A bakery (also called baker's or bakehouse) is an establishment which produces or/and sells Bread, pies pastries Cakes Biscuits A restaurant is a retail establishment that serves prepared Food to Customers. There are also sizable communities of Chechens, Azeris and Tajiks in the city. Chechens ( Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native Ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of ^[9] According to the latest statistics, there are currently about 100,000 Muslims living in the Russian Far East. Islam is currently the second most widely professed religion in the Russian Federation Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i ^[10]

Economy

The city's main industries are shipping, commercial fishing, and the naval base. Shipping is physical process of Transporting goods and Cargo. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. A naval dockyard is a Dockyard that primarily serves a Navy. See also Military base Royal Navy Dockyards Fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's commercial production. Other food production totals 11%.

In 1995, Vladivostok's annual international trade totalled 725 million USD, including 206 million USD of exported goods, and 519 million USD of imported goods. International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories. The main export items were fish, timber products, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and ships. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Ferrous, in the chemical science realm indicates a bivalent iron compound (+2 oxidation state (as opposed to Ferric, which indicates a trivalent iron compound (+3 oxidation Ferrous, in the chemical science realm indicates a bivalent iron compound (+2 oxidation state (as opposed to Ferric, which indicates a trivalent iron compound (+3 oxidation A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size The main import items were food products, medicine, clothing, footwear, automobiles, household technical items, and ships. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Footwear consists of Garments worn on the feet, for protection against the environment and Adornment.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many businesses have opened offices in Vladivostok, taking advantage of its location on the Pacific Ocean and in East Asia. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions

Transport

Vladivostok railway station

The Trans-Siberian Railway was built to connect European Russia with Vladivostok, Russia's most important Pacific Ocean port. The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad (Транссибирская магистраль Транссиб in Russian, or Transsibirskaya magistral' European Russia refers to the western areas of Russia that lie within Europe, comprising roughly 3960000 km² and spanning across 40% of Europe The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Finished in 1905, the rail line ran from Moscow to Vladivostok via several of Russia's main cities. Part of the railroad, known as the Chinese Eastern Line, crossed over into Manchuria, China, passing through Harbin, a major city in Manchuria. The Chinese Eastern Railway or CER (also known as the Chinese Far East Railway) was a Railway in northeastern China ( Manchuria) Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China.

Air routes connect Vladivostok International Airport with Japan; People's Republic of China; North Korea (irregular); South Korea and Vietnam. Vladivostok International Airport (Международный аэропорт «Владивосток» is located near Artyom, Primorsky Krai, Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially It is possible to get to Vladivostok from several of the larger cities in Russia. Regular flights to Anchorage, Alaska and Seattle, Washington were available in the 1990s but have been cancelled since. However, starting in July 2008, Vladivostok Air will resume flying to Anchorage. Vladivostok Air (also Vladivostok Avia; Russian: Владивосток Авиа) is an Airline based in Vladivostok, Russia

Urban transport

On 28 June 1908, Vladivostok's first tram line was started along Svetlanskaya Street from the railway station in Lugovaya Street. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year On 9 October 1912, the first wooden cars manufactured in Belgium entered service. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Today, Vladivostok's means of public transportation include trolleybus, bus, tram, train, funicular, ferryboat and cutter. The main urban traffic lines are City Center—Vtoraya Rechka, City Center—Balyayeva, and City Center—Lugovaya Street.

Education

Vladivostok is home to numerous educational institutions, including six universities:

• the Far Eastern National University (Дальневосточный государственный университет, or ДВГУ),
• the Far Eastern State Technical University (Дальневосточный государственный технический университет имени Куйбышева or ДВГТУ),
• the Marine State University (Морской государственный университет имени адмирала Г. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Far Eastern National University (Дальневосто́чный госуда́рственный университе́т is an institution of higher education located in Vladivostok Far Eastern State Technical University ( FESTU) (Дальневосто́чный госуда́рственный техни́ческий университе́т ДВГТУ Maritime State University named after admiral GI Nevelskoi (Морско́й госуда́рственный университе́т и́мени адмира́ла Г И. Невельского),
• the Far Eastern State Technical Fishery University (Дальневосточный государственный технический рыбохозяйственный университет or Дальрыбвтуз),
• the Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service (Владивостокский государственный университет экономики и сервиса or ВГУЭС),
• Vladivostok State Medical University (Владивостокский государственный медицинский университет), and
• Pacific State University of Economics (Тихоокеанский государственный экономический университет). Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service (Владивосто́кский госуда́рственный университе́т эконо́мики и се́рвиса Vladivostok State Medical University (Владивостокский государственный медицинский университет is a University in Vladivostok

The Presidium of the Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ДВО РАН) as well as ten of its research institutes are also located in Vladivostok, as is the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (Тихоокеанский научно-исследовательский рыбохозяйственный центр or ТИНРО). The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National

Media

Over fifty newspapers and regional additions to Moscow publications are issued in Vladivostok. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. The largest newspaper of the Primorsky Krai and the whole Russian Far East is Vladivostok with a circulation of 124,000 copies at the beginning of 1996. Primorsky Krai (Примо́рский край also known as Primorye (ru Примо́рье is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i Its founder, joint-stock company Vladivostok-News, also issues a weekly English-language newspaper Vladivostok News. Another source of information on the city is the online daily Vladivostok Times. The subjects of the publications issued in these newspapers vary from information around Vladivostok and Primorye to major international events. Newspaper Zolotoy Rog (Golden Horn) gives every detail of economic news. Entertainment materials and cultural news constitute a larger part of Novosti (News) newspaper which is the most popular among Primorye's young people.

As of 2006, there are fourteen channels broadcasting. They are Channel One, RTR, OTV-Prim, Rambler, STS, TNT, MTV Russia, Muz-TV, Kultura, Ren-TV, NTV, DTV Viasat. Channel One (Пе́рвый кана́л Pervy kanal;) is the Russian TV channel with the widest reception area STS ( Cyrillic CTC) is a commercial Television station based in Moscow, Russia. Turner Network Television, usually referred to as TNT, is an American cable TV network created by media mogul Ted Turner and currently owned MTV Russia is a Russian language Free-to-air service seen in 22 million households in Moscow, St REN TV ( Cyrillic: РЕН ТВ is one of the largest private federal channels in Russia. NTV ( НТВ in Cyrillic) is a Russian television channel. As a subsidiary of Vladimir Gusinsky 's company Media-Most, it

As of 1999, there are also seven radio stations, the most popular being 24-hour VBC (612 kHz, 101. 7 MHz) and Europa+ (738 kHz, 104. 2 MHz). Europa+ normally broadcasts popular modern British-American music, while the ratio of Russian and foreign songs over VBC is fifty-fifty. Every hour one can hear local news over these radio stations. Radio Vladivostok (1098 kHz) operates from 06:00 till 01:00. It broadcasts several special programs which are devoted to the music of the 1950s-1980s as well as New Age. New Age music is peaceful Music of various styles which is intended to create inspiration relaxation and positive feelings often used by listeners for Yoga,

Arguably Russia's most famous rock band, Mumiy Troll (Мумий Тролль), hails from Vladivostok and frequently puts on shows there. Mumiy Troll ( Му́мий Тро́лль ˈtrɔlʲ is a Russian rock group, founded in 1981 in Vladivostok by linguist Ilia Lagutenko In addition, the city played host to the now-legendary "VladiROCKstok '96" International Music Festival in September 1996. Hosted by the Mayor and Governor, and organized by two young American expatriates, the festival drew nearly 10,000 people and top-tier musical acts from St. Petersburg (Akvarium and DDT (band)) and Seattle (Supersuckers), as well as several leading local bands. For other uses see DDT (disambiguation. DDT (or ДДТ in Cyrillic) is a popular Russian Rock band

It is the nearest city to the massive Sikhote-Alin Meteorite, which fell on February 12, 1947, in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, approximately 440 km northeast of Vladivostok. Sikhote-Alin is an iron Meteorite fell in 1947 on the Sikhote-Alin Mountains in ( Russia) Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Pollution

Vladivostok industry

Two thirds of Vladivostok's suburbs are so polluted that living in them is classified as a health hazard, according to the local ecological specialists, Ecocenter. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Some areas, such as those near the printing works in Pokrovsky Park and the Far Eastern National University campus, are so polluted that they are defined as ecological disaster zones. Far Eastern National University (Дальневосто́чный госуда́рственный университе́т is an institution of higher education located in Vladivostok Only a few areas have permissible levels of contamination. Professor Boris Preobrazhensky, a top ecologist at the Pacific Institute of Geography said that there was nowhere in the area that was really healthy to live in.

The Ecocenter report has taken ten years to compile and is believed to be the most comprehensive of its kind. It was based on analysis of over 30,000 samples of water, snow, soil, air and human tissues taken between 1985 and 1993. Samples showed significant rises over that period in the levels of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zirconium, cobalt, arsenic, and mercury, which severely affect the respiratory and nervous systems. Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum

The pollution has a number of causes, according to Ecocenter geo-chemical expert Sergey Shlykov. Vladivostok has about 80 industrial sites, which may not be many compared to Russia's most industrialized areas, but those around the city are particularly environmentally unfriendly, such as shipbuilding and repairing, power stations, printing, fur farming and mining. In addition, Vladivostok has a particularly vulnerable geography which compounds the effect of the pollution. Winds cannot clear pollution from some of the most densely populated areas around the Pervaya and Vtoraya Rechka as they sit in basins which the winds blow over. In addition, there is little snow in winter and no leaves or grass to catch the dust to make it settle down. ^[11]

Sport

Vladivostok is home to the football club FC Luch-Energia Vladivostok, who play in the Russian Premier League, and basketball club Spartak-Primorye. FC Luch-Energiya (Футбольный клуб "Луч-Энергия" Владивосток is a Russian football club based in Vladivostok The Russian Premier League (also known as Rosgosstrakh Championship of Russia) is the top division of Russian football.

Sister cities

A church near Svetlanskaya Street

Vladivostok is a sister-city of:

• Niigata (Japan)
• Akita (Japan)
• Hakodate (Japan)
• Busan (South Korea)
• Dalian (China)
• San Diego (USA)
• San Francisco (USA)
• Tacoma (USA)
• Juneau, Alaska
• Davao City, Philippines

Notable people

• Igor Ansoff, mathematician
• Vladimir Arsenyev, explorer
• Feliks Gromov, admiral
• Boris Gryzlov, politician
• Eugene Kozlovsky, writer
• Igor Kunitsyn, tennis player
• Elmar Lohk, architect
• Yul Brynner film actor
• Mary Losseff, singer and film actress
• Igor Tamm, physicist
• Alexey Volkonsky, canoer
• Victor Dmitrievich Zotov, botanist

• Mumiy Troll, Russian rock group:
  • Ilia Lagutenko
  • Oleg Pungin
  • Eugene "Sdwig" Zvidionny

See also

• 32nd Rifle Division
• Russian Far East

References

• Trofimov, Vladimir et al, 1992, Old Vladivostok. Utro Rossii Vladivostok, ISBN 5-87080-004-8
• Poznyak, Tatyana Z. 2004. Foreign Citizens in the Cities of the Russian Far East (the second half of the XIX — XX centuries). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. 316 p. (ISBN 5-8044-0461-X).
• Stephan, John. 1994. The Far East a History. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994. 481 p.

External links

• Vladivostok Map (IE 5.0+)