Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c. 80–70 BC, died after c. 15 BC) was a Roman writer, architect and engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum during military service or praefect architectus armamentarius of the apparitor status group), active in the 1st century BC. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. The military engineering of Ancient Rome 's armed forces was of a scale and frequency far beyond that of any of its contemporaries Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i Apparitor (also spelled apparator or shortened to paritor) ( Latin for "a servant of a public official" from apparere, "to attend The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. By his own description^[1] Vitruvius served as a Ballista (artilleryman), the third class of arms in the military offices. He likely served as chief of the ballista (senior officer of artillery) in charge of doctores ballistarum (artillery experts) and libratores who actually operated the machines. ^[2]

Contents 1 Biography 2 De Architectura 3 Roman technology 3.1 Machines 3.2 Aqueducts 3.3 Materials 3.4 Dewatering machines 3.5 Surveying instruments 3.6 Central heating 4 Rediscovery 5 Lists of names given in Book VII Introduction 6 Trivia 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Biography

Little is known about Vitruvius' life. The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned Drawing with accompanying notes created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487 as recorded in one of his journals His first name Marcus and his cognomen Pollio are uncertain. The cognomen (plural cognomina) was originally the third name of an Ancient Roman in the Roman naming convention. Pollio was a Roman name It may refer to Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC, the historian and orator Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul AD 23 Cetius Faventinus speaks of "Vitruvius Polio aliique auctores" in his epitome; it is possible that the cognomen derives from this mention by Cetius, meaning Vitruvius, Polio, and others. Most inferences about his life are extracted from his only surviving work De Architectura, though he is mentioned by Pliny the Elder and Frontinus. De architectura ( Latin: "On architecture" is a treatise on Architecture written by the Roman Architect Vitruvius Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Sextus Julius Frontinus (ca 40-103 AD was one of the most distinguished Roman aristocrats of the late first century AD but is best known to the post-Classical world as an

Born a free Roman citizen, by his own account Vitruvius served the Roman army alongside Marcus Antonius, Publius Minidius, and Gnaeus Cornelius, under Julius Caesar. The Roman army was a set of military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military Marcus Antonius (in Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N ( c January 14 83 BC&ndash August 1, 30 BC known in English as Mark Publius Licinius Crassus is the name of several Romans of the Middle and Late Republic, some with the additional Cognomen Dives Gaius Volusenus Quadratus was a Roman military officer and ally of Julius Caesar. Service likely included Africa Province, Hispania, Gaul, Aquitaine, and Pontus, due to descriptions of these foreign tribes building construction methods. The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Aquitaine (Aquitània Akitania archaic Guyenne / Guienne (Occitan Guiana) is one of the 26 Regions of France, in the south-western part of Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges As an army engineer he specialized in the construction of ballista and scorpio artillery war machines for sieges. A military engineer is primarily responsible for the design and construction of offensive defensive and logistical structures for Warfare Other duties include the The ballista ( Latin, from Greek βαλλίστρα - ballistra, from - βάλλω ballō, "to throw" plural ballistae Scorpio (Dart-thrower ( Polybolos) was a Roman artillery piece invented in 50 BC. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Roman Siege engines were for the most part adapted from Hellenistic Siege Technology. In the Pontus region of turkey at the Battle of Zela. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa The Battle of Zela was a battle fought in 47 BC between Julius Caesar and Pharnaces II of Pontus. Ceasars campaign in the African^[3] War Battle of Thapsus 46 BC, Greek Battle of Pharsalus 48 BC and intervening siege after Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC) in Albania. The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. The Battle of Thapsus took place on April 6 46 BC near Thapsus (modern Ras Dimas, Tunisia) The Battle of Pharsalus was a decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. The Battle of Dyrrachium (or Dyrrhachium on 10 July 48 BC, was a battle of Caesar's civil war in modern Albania. The defeat at Dyrrhachium is attributed to incomplete battlements. In Hispania during Caesar's civil war the Siege of Massilia 49BC involved many siege tactics. The Roman civil war of 49 BC sometimes called Caesar's Civil War, is one of the last conflicts within the Roman Republic. The Siege and naval Battle of Massilia was an episode of Caesar's civil war, fought in 49 BC. Although Vitruvius mentions Massilia several times and the siege in Book X, like all other place descriptions given throughout De Architectura, he does not say he was present. In Gaul the decisive Battle of Alesia 52 BC, the Battle of Gergovia 52 BC, the siege of Avaricum 52 BC, and the siege of Uxellodunum 51 BC, all centered around sieges of large Gallic cities. The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia took place in September 52 BC around the Gallic Oppidum of Alesia, a major town centre and The Battle of Gergovia took place in 52 BC in Gaul at Gergovia the chief town of the Arverni. Avaricum was an Oppidum in ancient Gaul, near what is now the city of Bourges. Uxellodunum was a Gallic oppidum located near modern-day Puy D'Issolu in France. A legion that fits the same sequence of locations is the Legio VI Ferrata, of which ballista would be an auxilia unit. For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," Legio VI Ferrata ( Ironclad) was a Roman legion. Ferrata was not the only name that Legion VI was called it was also known as Fidelas Constans During this same time period a Roman military officer Mamurra also served as praefectus fabrum in Hispania, Gaul and Pontus under Julius Caesar. Mamurra ( fl 1st century BC) was a Roman military officer who served under Julius Caesar. Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges Vitruvius has the recurrent theme of politics outweighing skill throughout the ten books of De Architectura, possibly in reference to Mamurra. In later years the emperor Augustus, through his sister Octavia Minor, sponsored Vitruvius, entitling him with a pension to guarantee financial independence. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Octavia Minor (69 - 11 BC also known as Octavia the Younger or simply Octavia, was the sister of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus (known also A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. ^[4]

Mainly known for his writings, Vitruvius was himself an architect, in Roman times a title including the modern fields of architecture, construction management, construction engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, materials engineering ^[5], mechanical engineering, military engineering and urban planning. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Construction Management refers either to the study and practice of the managerial and technological aspects of the Construction industry (including construction construction Construction engineering concerns the planning and management of the Construction of structures such as Highways Bridges Airports Railroads Chemical engineering is the branch of Engineering that deals with the application of Physical science (e Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing A military engineer is primarily responsible for the design and construction of offensive defensive and logistical structures for Warfare Other duties include the Frontinus mentions him in connection with the standard sizes of pipes. Sextus Julius Frontinus (ca 40-103 AD was one of the most distinguished Roman aristocrats of the late first century AD but is best known to the post-Classical world as an A pipe is a tube or hollow cylinder used to convey materials or as a structural component ^[6] The only building, however, that we know Vitruvius to have worked on is, as he himself tells us,^[7] a basilica completed in 19 BC, today know as "Basilica di Fano" ^[8], at Fanum Fortunae, now the modern town of Fano. The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman This article is about the Italian town For the Danish island see Fanø. The early Christian practice of converting Roman basilica (public buildings) into cathedrals implies the basilica may be incorporated into the cathedral located in Fano. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral The basilica has disappeared so completely that its very site is a matter of conjecture. ^[9]

The date of his death is unknown.

De Architectura

Vitruvius is the author of De architectura, known today as The Ten Books on Architecture, a treatise written of Latin and Greek on architecture, dedicated to the emperor Augustus. De architectura ( Latin: "On architecture" is a treatise on Architecture written by the Roman Architect Vitruvius Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation This work is the only surviving major book on architecture from classical antiquity.

Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his book De architectura that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas — that is, it must be strong or durable, useful, and beautiful. De architectura ( Latin: "On architecture" is a treatise on Architecture written by the Roman Architect Vitruvius According to Vitruvius, architecture is an imitation of nature. As birds and bees built their nests, so humans constructed housing from natural materials, that gave them shelter against the elements. When perfecting this art of building, the ancient Greek invented the architectural orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. The Doric order was one of the three '''orders''' or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or Classical architecture; the other two Canonical The Ionic order column forms one of the three '''orders''' or '''organizational systems''' of Classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman Architecture, characterized It gave them a sense of proportion, culminating in understanding the proportions of the greatest work of art: the human body. This led Vitruvius in defining his Vitruvian Man, as drawn magnificently by Leonardo da Vinci: the human body inscribed in the circle and the square (the fundamental geometric patterns of the cosmic order). The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned Drawing with accompanying notes created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487 as recorded in one of his journals Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer

Vitruvius is sometimes loosely referred to as the first architect, but it is more accurate to describe him as the first Roman architect to have written surviving records of his field. He himself cites older but less complete works. He was less an original thinker or creative intellect than a codifier of existing architectural practice. It should also be noted that Vitruvius had a much wider scope than modern architects. Roman architects practised a wide variety of disciplines; in modern terms, they could be described as being engineers, architects, landscape architects, artists, and craftsmen combined. The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external Greek architecture for their own purposes which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. A landscape architect is a person involved in the planning design and sometimes oversight of an exterior landscape or space The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing Etymologically the word architect derives from Greek words meaning 'master' and 'builder'. The first of the Ten Books deals with many subjects which now come within the scope of landscape architecture. Landscape architecture involves the investigation and designed response to the landscape

Roman technology

Books VIII, IX and X form the basis of much of what we know about Roman technology, now augmented by archaeological studies of extant remains, such as the water mills at Barbegal in France. This article is about a type of structure For other locational uses see Milldam. The Barbegal aqueduct and mill is a Roman Watermill complex located on the territory of the commune of Fontvieille, near the town of Arles, in This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Machines

The work is important for its descriptions of the many different machines used for engineering structures such as hoists, cranes and pulleys, as well as war machines such as catapaults and ballistae, and siege engines. A crane is a lifting machine equipped with a Winder, Wire ropes or Chains and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to A pulley (also called a sheave or block) is a Wheel with a groove between two Flanges around its Circumference A catapult is any one of a number of non-handheld mechanical devices used to throw a Projectile a great distance without the aid of an explosive substance—particularly various The ballista ( Latin, from Greek βαλλίστρα - ballistra, from - βάλλω ballō, "to throw" plural ballistae A siege engine is a device that is designed to Break or circumvent City walls and other Fortifications in Siege warfare. As a practising engineer, Vitruvius must be speaking from personal experience rather than simply describing the works of others. He also describes the construction of sundials and water clocks. A sundial is a device that measures time by the position of the Sun. A water clock or clepsydra ( Greek kleptein to steal; hydro water) is any timekeeper operated by means of a regulated flow of liquid into (inflow

Aqueducts

His description of aqueduct construction includes the way they are surveyed, and the careful choice of materials needed, although Frontinus writing a century later gives much more detail of the practical problems involved in their construction and maintenance. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another Sextus Julius Frontinus (ca 40-103 AD was one of the most distinguished Roman aristocrats of the late first century AD but is best known to the post-Classical world as an He was writing in the first century BC when many of the finest Roman aqueducts were built, and survive to this day, such as those at Segovia and the Pont du Gard. The ancient Romans constructed numerous aqueducts ( Latin aquaeductūs, sing Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Segovia in Castile-Leon. The Pont du Gard is an aqueduct in the South of France constructed by the Roman Empire, and located in Vers-Pont-du-Gard near Remoulins The use of the inverted siphon is described in detail, together with the problems of high pressures developed in the pipe at the base of the siphon, a practical problem with which he seems to be acquainted. A siphon (also spelled syphon) is a continuous tube that allows liquid to drain from a reservoir through an intermediate point that is higher than the reservoir the flow being His book would have been of great assistance to Frontinus, a general who was appointed in the late first century AD to administer the many aqueducts of Rome. Sextus Julius Frontinus (ca 40-103 AD was one of the most distinguished Roman aristocrats of the late first century AD but is best known to the post-Classical world as an Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 He discovered a discrepancy between the intake and supply of water caused by illegal pipes inserted into the channels to divert the water.

Materials

He describes many different construction materials used for a wide variety of different structures, as well as such details as stucco painting. Building materials used in the Construction industry to create buildings and structures. Stucco or render is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water Cement and lime receive in-depth descriptions, the longevity of many Roman structures being mute testimony to their skill in building materials and design. In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together

It is worth noting that Vitruvius advises that lead should not be used to conduct drinking water, recommending clay pipes or masonry channels. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly He comes to this conclusion in Book VIII of De Architectura after empirical observation of the apparent laborer illnesses in the plumbum foundries of his time. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly In 1986 the United States banned the use of lead in plumbing due to lead poisoning's neurological damage. Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in

Vitruvius gives us the famous story about Archimedes and his detection of adulterated gold in a royal crown. Archimedes of Syracuse ( Greek:) ( c. 287 BC – c 212 BC was a Greek mathematician, Physicist, Engineer Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 When Archimedes realised that the volume of the crown could be measured exactly by the displacement created in a bath of water, he ran into the street with the cry of Eureka!, and the discovery enabled him to compare the density of the crown with pure gold. Eureka ( Greek "I have found it" is an exclamation used as an Interjection to celebrate a discovery He showed that the crown had been alloyed with silver, and the king defrauded.

Dewatering machines

He describes the construction of Archimedes' screw in Chapter X, although doesn't mention Archimedes by name. The Archimedes' screw, Archimedean screw, or screwpump is a Machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into Irrigation It was a device widely used for raising water to irrigate fields and dewater mines. Other lifting machines he mentions include the endless chain of buckets and the reverse overshot water-wheel, a spectacular example of a sequence of such wheels being shown above. Frequently used in mines and probably elsewhere the reverse overshot Water wheel was a Roman innovation to help remove water from the lowest levels of underground workings Remains of the water wheels used for lifting water have been discovered in old mines such as those at Rio Tinto in Spain and Dolaucothi in west Wales. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Dolaucothi Gold Mines ( also known as the Ogofau Gold Mine, are Roman surface and deep mines located in the valley of the River Cothi, The former now is shown in the British Museum, and the latter in the National Museum of Wales. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. National Museum Cardiff (Amgueddfa Genedlaethol Caerdydd is a Museum and Art gallery in Cardiff, Wales The remains were discovered when these mines were re-opened in modern mining attempts.

Surveying instruments

That he must have been well practised in surveying is shown by his descriptions of surveying instruments, especially the water level or chorobates, which he compares favourably with the groma, a device using plumb lines. A chorobates (Greek χωροβἀτης from khŏros; "place" + -batos, "going" was a kind of level used in Classical A plumb-bob or a plummet is a weight with a pointed tip on the bottom that is suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line They were essential in all building operations, but especially in aqueduct construction, where a uniform gradient was important to provision of a regular supply of water without damage to the walls of the channel.

Central heating

He describes the many innovations made in building design to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants. Foremost among them is the development of the hypocaust, a type of central heating where hot air developed by a fire was channelled under the floor and inside the walls of public baths and villas. A hypocaust (Latin hypocaustum) is an ancient Roman system of Central heating. For the Grand Central Records albums see Central Heating (Grand Central album and Central Heating 2. Public baths originated from a communal need for cleanliness Often the term public is misleading to some people as they will have restrictions based upon who can use the facility A villa was originally an Upper-class Country house, though since its origins in Roman times the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably He gives explicit instructions how to design such buildings so that fuel efficiency is maximised, so that for example, the caldarium is next to the tepidarium followed by the frigidarium. Fuel efficiency, in its basic sense is the same as Thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier A Caldarium (also called a Calidarium, Cella Caldaria or Cella Coctilium) was a room with a hot plunge bath used in a Roman bath complex The tepidarium was the warm ( tepidus) bathroom of the Roman baths heated by a Hypocaust or Underfloor heating system A frigidarium is a large cold pool to drop into after enjoying a hot Roman bath. He also advises on using a type of regulator to control the heat in the hot rooms, a bronze disc set into the roof under a circular aperture which could be raised or lowered by a pulley to adjust the ventilation. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus A pulley (also called a sheave or block) is a Wheel with a groove between two Flanges around its Circumference Although he does not suggest it himself, it is likely that his dewatering devices such as the reverse overshot water-wheel was used in the larger baths to lift water to header tanks at the top of the larger thermae, such as the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla. Frequently used in mines and probably elsewhere the reverse overshot Water wheel was a Roman innovation to help remove water from the lowest levels of underground workings The Baths of Diocletian ( Thermae Diocletiani) in Rome were the grandest of the public baths or Thermae built by successive emperors The Baths of Caracalla were Roman public baths or Thermae, built in Rome between AD 212 and 216 during the reign of the Emperor Caracalla

Rediscovery

His book De architectura was rediscovered in 1414 by the Florentine humanist Poggio Bracciolini. De architectura ( Latin: "On architecture" is a treatise on Architecture written by the Roman Architect Vitruvius (Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini ( February 11, 1380 – October 30, 1459) was one of the most important Italian humanists. To Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472) falls the honour of making this work widely known in his seminal treatise on architecture De re aedificatoria (ca. Leon Battista Alberti ( February 14, 1404 &ndash April 25, 1472) was an Italian author artist Architect, Poet De re aedificatoria ( English: On the Art of Building) is a classic architectural treatise written by Leon Battista Alberti between 1450). The first known edition of Vitruvius was in Rome by Fra Giovanni Sulpitius in 1486. Translations followed in Italian (Como, 1521), French (Jean Martin, 1547 ^[10], English, German (Walter H. Ryff, 1543) and Spanish and several other languages. The original illustrations had been lost. New woodcut illustrations, based on descriptions in the text, were added in the 16th century, probably by Fra Giovanni Giocondo in Venice in 1511. Fra Giovanni Giocondo (c 1433 &ndash 1515 was an Italian Architect, Antiquary, Archaeologist, and Classical scholar. ^[11]

The surviving ruins of Roman antiquity, the Roman Forum, temples, theatres, triumphal arches and their reliefs and statues gave ample visual examples of the descriptions in the Vitruvian text. Giovanni Paolo Pannini or Panini ( June 17 1691 &ndash Rome, October 21 1765) was an Italian painter and This page refers to the main forum in the center of Rome See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below for other forums in Rome and This book then quickly became a major inspiration for Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical architecture. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo Brunelleschi, for example, invented a new type of hoist to lift the large stones for the dome of the cathedral in Florence and was prompted by De Architectura as well as viewing the many surviving Roman monuments like the Pantheon (Rome) and the Baths of Diocletian in Rome. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome The Baths of Diocletian ( Thermae Diocletiani) in Rome were the grandest of the public baths or Thermae built by successive emperors Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2

Lists of names given in Book VII Introduction

In book seven's introduction Vitruvius goes through great lengths to present his credentials for writing De Architectura. Similar in concept to a modern day reference section, the author's position as one who is knowledgeable and educated is established. The topics listed range across many fields of expertise reflecting that in Roman times as today construction is a diverse field. It is apparent that many ancient lost works and their authors are known only because they are referred to by other authors whose works have survived. A lost work is a document or literary work produced some time in the past of which no surviving copies are known to exist Vitruvius makes the further point that the work of some of the most talented is unknown, while many who are of lesser talent but greater political position are famous. This theme runs through Vitruvius’s ten books repeatedly and here in the introduction to Chapter 7, he illustrates this by naming (in addition to some very well known names), some of the most talented individuals in history, known only because their name appears in book seven's introduction:

• List of physicists Thales, Democritus, Anaxagoras, Xenophanes

• List of philosophers Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Zeno, Epicurus

• List of kings Croesus, Alexander the Great, Darius

• On plagiarism Aristophanes, Ptolemy I Soter, Attalus

• On abusing dead authors Zoilus (Homeromastix), Ptolemy I Soter, Philadelphus

• On divergence of the visual rays Agatharchus, Aeschylus, Democritus, Anaxagoras

• List of writers on temples Silenus, Theodorus, Chersiphron and Metagenes, Ictinus and Carpion, Theodorus the Phocian, Hermogenes, Arcesius, Satyrus and Pytheos

• List of Artists Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas, Praxiteles, Timotheus (Timotheos)

• List of writers on laws of symmetry Nexaris, Theocydes, Demophilus, Pollis, Leonidas, Silanion, Melampus, Sarnacus, Euphranor

• List of writers on machinery Diades of Pella, Archytas, Archimedes, Ctesibius, Nymphodorus, Philo of Byzantium, Diphilus, Democles, Charias, Polyidus of Thessaly, Pyrrus, Agesistratus, Abdaraxus

• List of writers on architecture Fuficius, Terentius Varro, Publius Septimius

• List of architects Antistates, Callaeschrus, Antimachides, Pormus, Cossutius

• List of greatest temple architects Chersiphron of Gnosus, Metagenes, Demetrius, Paeonius the Milesian, Ephesian Daphnis, Ictinus, (Philo) Philon, Cossutius, Gaius Mucius

Trivia

A small lunar crater has been named after Vitruvius and also an elongated lunar mountain Mons Vitruvius close-by. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales Democritus ( Greek:) was a pre-Socratic Greek Materialist Philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca Anaxagoras ( Greek: Ἀναξαγόρας c 500 BC &ndash 428 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher famous for introducing the Cosmological Xenophanes of Colophon ( Greek ( 570 – 480 BC was a Greek Philosopher, Poet, and social and religious Critic. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Zeno of Elea (ˈziːnoʊ əv ˈɛliə Greek: Ζήνων ὁ Ἐλεάτης (ca This article refers to the historical King of Lydia For the opera by Reinhard Keiser, see Croesus (opera. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz in English ca For the astronomer see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus" see Ptolemy (disambiguation. Zoilus (Ζωίλος c 400 BC-320 BC was a Greek grammarian Cynic philosopher, and Literary critic from Amphipolis in Macedon Zoilus (Ζωίλος c 400 BC-320 BC was a Greek grammarian Cynic philosopher, and Literary critic from Amphipolis in Macedon For the astronomer see Ptolemy; for others named "Ptolemy" or "Ptolemaeus" see Ptolemy (disambiguation. For the ancient historian who was sometimes called Agatharchus see Agatharchides. Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright Democritus ( Greek:) was a pre-Socratic Greek Materialist Philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca Anaxagoras ( Greek: Ἀναξαγόρας c 500 BC &ndash 428 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher famous for introducing the Cosmological The Silenoi (Σειληνοί were followers of Dionysus. They were drunks and were usually bald and fat with thick lips and squat noses and had the legs of a human Chersiphron ( Greek:Χερσίφρων (6th century BC an architect of Knossos in Crete, was the builder of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus Metagenes ( Greek:Μεταγένης son of the Cretan Architect Chersiphron, also was an architect Iktinos (or Ictinus) was an Architect active in the mid 5th century BC Interest in Hermogenes of Priene (late 3rd - early 2nd century BCE the Hellenistic architect of a temple of Artemis Leukophryene ( Artemision) at In Greek mythology, Arcesius (or Arkêsios; also spelled Arceisius) was the son of Cephalus, and king in Ithaca. Satyros or Satyrus was an Ancient Greek architect of the 4th century BC. Pythis, also known as Pytheos or Pythius, was one of the most noted Greek Architects of the later age Leochares ( Greek: Λεοχάρης) was a Greek sculptor from Athens, who lived in the 4th century BC. Bryaxis (born revoca 350 BC was an Ancient Greek sculptor He worked on the mausoleum of Maussollos at Halicarnassus which was commissioned This article is about the ancient sculptor For the ancient writer whose name appears in some manuscripts as "Scopas" see Agriopas. Praxiteles ( Ancient Greek: Πραξιτέλης English prækˈsɪtɨliːz of Athens, the son of Cephisodotus the Elder, was the most renowned of the Timotheos was a Greek sculptor of the fourth century BCE one of the rivals and contemporaries of Scopas of Paros, among the sculptors who worked for Silanion, a Greek sculptor of the 4th century BC. He was noted as a portrait-sculptor In Greek mythology, Melampus, or Melampous (Μέλαμπος was a Legendary Soothsayer and Healer, originally of Pylos Euphranor of Corinth (middle of the 4th century BC) was the only Greek artist who excelled both as a sculptor and as a painter Diades of Pella ( Greek:Διάδης Πελλαίος ( ο Πολιορκητής the Besieger) was a Thessalian inventor of many Siege Archytas (Ἀρχύτας 428 BC – 347 BC was an Ancient Greek Philosopher, Mathematician, Astronomer, Statesman, and strategist Archimedes of Syracuse ( Greek:) ( c. 287 BC – c 212 BC was a Greek mathematician, Physicist, Engineer Ctesibius or Ktesibios or Tesibius ( Greek Κτησίβιος ( fl Philo of Byzantium ( Greek: Φίλων ο Βυζάντιος ca Diphilus, of Sinope, was a poet of the new Attic comedy and contemporary of Menander ( 342 - 291 BC) Democles (in Greek Δημοκλής; lived 4th century BC) was an Athenian Orator, and a contemporary of Demochares, among Polyidus of Thessaly (also Polyides, Polydus; Ancient Greek: Πολύειδος ο Θεσσαλός English translation: "well-grounded" Abdaraxus was an ancient engineer mentioned in Vitruvius ' De Architectura as the one "who built the machines in Alexandria " Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC &ndash 27 BC also known as Varro Reatinus to distinguish him from his younger contemporary Varro Atacinus, was a Roman Publius Septimius may refer to the following persons Publius Septimius Geta, a Roman emperor A Roman who wrote two books on architecture prior to Metagenes ( Greek:Μεταγένης son of the Cretan Architect Chersiphron, also was an architect Demetrius (from Greek &mdash Δημήτριος male form of Demeter) is the name of several notable people from Classical antiquity and Iktinos (or Ictinus) was an Architect active in the mid 5th century BC Philon, Athenian Architect of the 4th century BC, is known as the planner of two important works the Portico of the great Hall of the Vitruvius is a small lunar Impact crater that lies on the northern edge of the Mare Tranquillitatis. Mons Vitruvius is a Mountain on the Moon that is located in the Montes Taurus region just to the north of Mare Tranquillitatis and to the southeast This crater was near the valley that served as the landing site of the Apollo 17 mission.

See also

• Archimedes
• Aristotle
• Ctesibius
• Colen Campbell
• Frontinus
• Pliny the Elder
• Roman architecture
• Roman aqueducts
• Roman engineering
• Roman technology
• Vitruvian man

References

External links

Roman Artillery Links

• Ballista

video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jolYDinb_50

video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeoielGT2zk

plans: http://www.frapanthers.com/teachers/white/galleries/roman_artillary/RomanPalintonePlan.jpg

website: http://www.romanarmy.net/artillery.htm

• Scorpion

video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Anenk2Ty2CE

plans: http://www.frapanthers.com/teachers/white/galleries/roman_artillary/RomanCatapultaPLAN.jpg

• Onager video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BPa_nOiK4A
• The Ten Books on Architecture online: cross-linked Latin text and English translation
• The Ten Books on Architecture at the Perseus Classics Collection. Latin and English text. Images. Latin text has hyperlinks to pop-up dictionary.
• Latin text, version 2
• Ten Books on Architecture, available at Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works (Morris Hicky Morgan translation with illustrations)
• Vitruvius on line: *http://architectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr/Traite/Auteur/Vitruve.asp?param=
• Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian man as an algorithm for the approximation of the squaring of the circle
• Vitruvius' theories of beauty - a learning resource from the British Library
• Shockwave-Animation: The Odometer of Vitruv
• Discussion of the inventions of Vitruvius
• Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Diocese of Fano [5]
• Spanish site dedicated to Roman technology, especially aqueducts and mines

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