Vitreous enamel - Citizendia

rightCloisonné enamel plaque, Byzantine Empire, ca. Cloisonné, an ancient Metalworking technique is a multi-step enamel process used to produce Jewelry, Vases and other decorative items 1100

Medallion of the Dormition, with basse-taille enamel

Old German enamel street sign

Silver, silver gilt and painted enamel beaker, Burgundian Netherlands, c. In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands refers to the period when the dukes of Burgundy ruled the area as well as Luxembourg and parts of 1425-1450, The Cloisters

In a discussion of art technology, enamel (or vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel in U. The Cloisters is the branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art dedicated to the art and architecture of the European Middle Ages. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt S. English) is the colorful result of fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing, usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many The powder melts and flows and hardens to a smooth, durable vitreous coating on metal, glass or ceramic. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) According to some sources, the word enamel comes from the High German word smelzan (to smelt) via the Old French esmail. Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of Extractive metallurgy. Used as a noun, "an enamel" is a usually small decorative object, coated with enamel coating, such as a champlevé or a cloisonné.

1 History
2 Properties
3 Techniques of Enamelling
4 "Enamel" paint
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links

History

Enamelling is an old and widely-adopted technology. The ancient Egyptians applied enamels to pottery and stone objects. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The ancient Greeks, Celts, Russians, and Chinese also used enameling processes on metal objects. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

Enamelling was also used to decorate glass vessels during the Roman period, and there is evidence of this as early as the late Republican and early Imperial periods in the Levantine, Egypt, Britain and the Black Sea^[1]. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Enamel powder could be produced in two ways; either through the powdering of colored glass, or the mixing of colorless glass with colorants such as a metallic oxide ^[2]. Designs were either painted freehand or over the top of outline incisions, and the technique probably originated in metalworking^[1]. Once painted, enamelled glass vessels needed to be fired at a temperature high enough to melt the applied powder, but low enough that the fabric of the vessel itself was not melted. Production is thought to have come to a peak in the Claudian period and persisted for some three hundred years^[1], though archaeological evidence for this technique is limited to some forty vessels or vessel fragments^[1]

From more recent history, the bright, jewel-like colors have made enamel a favored choice for designers of jewelry and bibelots, such as the fantastic eggs of Peter Carl Fabergé, enameled copper boxes of Battersea enamellers, and artists such as George Stubbs and other painters of portrait miniatures. Peter Carl Fabergé original name Carl Gustavovich Fabergé ( May 30, 1846 &ndash September 24, 1920) was a Russian George Stubbs (born in Liverpool on August 25, 1724 &ndash died in London July 10, 1806) was a British A portrait miniature is a miniature Portrait painting usually executed in Gouache or watercolor. Enameling was a favorite technique of the Art Nouveau jewellers. Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international

St. Gregory the Great in Limoges enamel: vitreous enamel on copper, by Jacques I Laudin

Properties

Enamel powder often is applied as a paste, and may be transparent or opaque when fired; vitreous enamel can be applied to most metals. It has many excellent properties: it is smooth, hard, chemically resistant, durable, can assume brilliant, long-lasting colors, and cannot burn. Its disadvantages are its tendency to crack or shatter when the substrate is stressed or bent. Its durability has found it many functional applications: early 20th century advertising signs, interior oven walls, cooking pots, exterior walls of kitchen appliances, cast iron bathtubs, farm storage silos, and processing equipment such as chemical reactors and pharmaceutical chemical process tanks. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand An oven is an enclosed compartment for Heating, Baking or Drying. "Saucepan" redirects here In Australia "the Saucepan" is sometimes used as an unofficial name for part of the constellation of Pavo, when finding the Home appliances are electrical/mechanical Appliances which accomplish some Household functions such as Cooking or cleaning. Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. A bath (bɑθ bathtub ( AmE) or Tub ( informal) is a Plumbing fixture used for Bathing. A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock A silo is a structure for storing bulk materials. Silos are used in Agriculture to store grain (see Grain elevators or fermented feed In Chemical engineering, chemical reactors are vessels designed to contain Chemical reactions The design of a chemical reactor deals with multiple aspects of

Color in enamel is obtained by the addition of various minerals, often metal oxides cobalt, praseodymium, iron, or neodymium. Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. Praseodymium (ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm or /ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Pr and Atomic number 59 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 The last creates delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. Enamel can be either transparent, opaque or opalescent (translucent), which is a variety that gains a milky opacity the longer it is fired. Different enamel colors cannot be mixed to make a new color, in the manner of paint. This produces tiny specks of both colors; although the eye can be tricked by grinding colors together to an extremely fine, flour-like, powder.

Techniques of Enamelling

A free hand enameled painting by Einar Hakonarson In the forest. Einar Hákonarson (b 14th of January 1945 Reykjavík, Iceland) is one of Iceland's best known artists 1989

Basse-taille, from the French word meaning "low-cut". Baisse-taille is an enamelling technique in which the artist creates a low-relief pattern in metal usually Silver or Gold, by Engraving or The surface of the metal is decorated with a low relief design which can be seen through translucent and transparent enamels.
Champlevé, French for "raised field", where the surface is carved out to form pits in which enamel is fired, leaving the original metal exposed. Champlevé is an Enamelling technique in the Decorative arts, or an object made by that process in which troughs or cells are carved into the surface of a metal
Cloisonné, French for "cell", where thin wires are applied to form raised barriers, which contain different areas of enamel applied above the original metal form. Cloisonné, an ancient Metalworking technique is a multi-step enamel process used to produce Jewelry, Vases and other decorative items
Painted enamel, a design in enamel is painted onto a smooth surface. Grisaille and Limoges enamel are subategories of painted enamel. Grisaille (grĭ-zī' -zāl' French: gris, grey French pronunciation /ɡʁi
Grisaille, French term meaning "greying", where dark, often blue or black background is applied, then limoges (Limoges porcelain) or opalescent (translucent) enamel is applied on top, building up designs in a monochrome gradient, paler as the thickness of the layer of light color increases. Grisaille (grĭ-zī' -zāl' French: gris, grey French pronunciation /ɡʁi Limoges porcelain designates Hard-paste porcelain produced by factories round the city of Limoges, France from the late 1700s and is still ongoing The
Limoges enamel, made at Limoges, France, the most famous European centre of vitreous enamel production. Limoges ( Lemòtges / Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan language) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture
Limoges porcelain, named after the town in France where it was invented, is the technique of "painting" with a special enamel called "blanc de limoges" over a dark enamelled surface to form a detailed picture, often human figure. Limoges porcelain designates Hard-paste porcelain produced by factories round the city of Limoges, France from the late 1700s and is still ongoing The It is a form of Grisaille.
Plique-à-jour, French for "braid letting in daylight" where the enamel is applied in cells, similar to champlevé, but with no backing, so light can shine through the transparent or translucent enamel. It has a stained-glass like appearance.
Ronde bosse, French for "round bump". A 3D type of enameling where a sculptural form is completely or partly enameled.
Stenciling, where a stencil is placed over the work and the powdered enamel is sifted over the top. A stencil is a Template used to draw or paint identical letters, Symbols, Shapes or Patterns every The stencil is removed before firing, the enamel staying in a pattern, slightly raised.
Sgrafitto, where an unfired layer of enamel is applied over a previously fired layer of enamel of a contrasting color, and then partly removed with a tool to create the design. Sgraffito ("scratched" plural Scraffiti and often also written Scraffito) is a technique either of wall decor produced by applying layers of Plaster tinted
Counter enameling, not strictly a technique, but a necessary step in many techniques, is to apply enamel to the back of a piece as well - sandwiching the metal - to create less tension on the glass so it does not crack.

"Enamel" paint

Main article: enamel paint

Some paints are called "enamel paints". An enamel paint is a Paint that dries to an extremely hard usually glossy finish An enamel paint is a Paint that dries to an extremely hard usually glossy finish This is a commonly used, yet fanciful term, implying that an ordinary latex or oil-based paint has the same properties as true, fired enamel. Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid

Bicycle frames and similar steel objects are traditionally stove enamelled in countries such as the UK. A bicycle frame is the main component of a Bicycle, onto which wheels and other components are fitted The paint is baked on but the temperatures are much lower than for true vitreous enamel - approximately 200 degrees Celsius. The process should not be confused with powder coating as the enamel paint is sprayed on "wet". Powder coating is a type of dry coating which is applied as a free-flowing dry powder

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rutti, B. , Early Enamelled Glass, in Roman Glass: two centuries of art and invention, M. Newby and K. Painter, Editors. 1991, Society of Antiquaries of London: London.
^ Gudenrath, W. , Enameled Glass Vessels, 1425 BCE - 1800: The decorating Process. Journal of Glass Studies, 2006. 48

External links

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