Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) is the science, production and study of grapes which deals with the series of events that occur in the vineyard. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A vine is any plant of Genus Vitis (the Grape plants or by extension any similar climbing or trailing plant Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Tillage is the agricultural preparation of the Soil by Ploughing ripping or turning it For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is A vineyard is a Plantation of Grape -bearing Vines grown mainly for Winemaking, but also Raisins Table grapes and non-alcoholic When the grapes are used for winemaking, it is also known as viniculture. Winemaking, or vinification, is the production of Wine, starting with selection of the Grapes and ending with bottling the finished wine It is one branch of the science of horticulture. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation

While the native territory of Vitis Vinifera is a band of area from Western Europe to the Persian shores of the Caspian Sea, the vine has demonstrated high levels of adaptability and will sometimes mutate to accommodate a new environment after its introduction. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Adaptability (lat adaptō = fit matching is a feature of a system or of a process In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Because of this Viticulture can be found on every continent except Antarctica. ^[1]

Duties of the viticulturist include: monitoring and controlling pests and diseases, fertilizing, irrigation, canopy management, monitoring fruit development and characteristics, deciding when to harvest and vine pruning during the winter months. A pest is an organism which has characteristics that are regarded by Humans as injurious or unwanted Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops The glossary of wine terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the wine industry The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Typicity is a term in Wine tasting used to describe the degree to which a Wine reflects its origins and thus demonstrates the signature characteristics of the area The Harvesting of Wine Grapes is one of the most crucial steps in the process of Winemaking. For other uses of the term "Pruning" see Pruning (disambiguation. Viticulturists are often intimately involved with winemakers, because vineyard management and the resulting grape characteristics, provide the basis from which winemaking can begin.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Roman viticulture 1.2 Medieval viticulture 2 Site Preparation for Vineyards 2.1 Nutrient Content of the Soil 2.2 Physical Composition of the Soil 2.3 Perennial Weed Control 2.4 Erosion Control 2.5 Creating a Weed-Free Zone 2.6 Conclusion 3 Growing vines 3.1 Hazards 4 Green harvest 5 Field blend 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

History

The history of viticulture is closely related to the history of wine with evidence of man cultivating wild grapes to make wine dating as far back as the Neolithic period. The history of Wine spans thousands of years and is closely intertwined with the history of Agriculture, Cuisine, Civilization and The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos There is evidence that some of the earliest domestication of Vitis vinifera occurred in the area of the modern day country Georgia. Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between ^[2] There is also evidence of grape domestication occurring Near East in the Early Bronze Age around 3200 BC. B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for The ancient Chinese are believed to have made wine from native wild "mountain grapes" like Vitis thunbergii ^[3]

The earliest act of cultivation appears to have been the favoring of Hermaphroditic members of the Vitis Vinifera species over the barren male vines and the female vines which were dependent on having a nearby male to pollinate. A hermaphrodite is an organism having both male and female reproductive organs Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female With the ability to pollinate itself, over time the hermaphroditic vines were able to sire offspring that was consistently hermaphroditic itself. In Biology, offspring are the product of Reproduction, a new Organism produced by one or more Parents Collective offspring may be known ^[4]

At the end of the 5th century BC, the Greek historian Thucydides wrote:

“

The people of the Mediterranean began to emerge from barbarism when they learnt to cultivate the olive and the vine. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern [5]

”

The time period that Thucydides was most likely referencing was the time between 3000 BC and 2000 BC when viticulture emerged in force in the areas of Asia Minor, Crete, Greece and the Cycladic Islands of the Aegean Sea. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The CYCLADES Packet switching network was an extremely influential French network system in the early 1970s similar to the ARPANET. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. It was during this period that grape cultivation moved from being just an aspect of local consumption to an important component of local economies and trade. A staple food is a Food that forms the basis of a Traditional diet. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. ^[6]

Roman viticulture

Between 1200 BC to 900 BC the Phoenician developed viticulture practices that were later utilized in Carthage. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Around 500 BC, the Carthaginian writer Mago recorded these practices in 28 volume work that was one of the few artifacts to survive the Roman destruction of Carthage during the Third Punic War. Mago was a Carthaginian writer author of an Agricultural manual in Punic which was a record of the farming knowledge of Carthage Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Third Punic War ( 149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage The Roman statesman Cato the Elder was influenced by these text and around 160 BC wrote De Agri Cultura which expounded on Roman viticulture and agriculture. Marcus Porcius Cato ( Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO (234 BC Tusculum &ndash149 BC was a Roman statesman surnamed the Censor De Agri Cultura ( On Farming or On Agriculture) written by Cato the Elder, is the oldest surviving work of Latin prose ^[7] The Roman writer Columella produced the most detailed work on Roman viticulture with his twelve volume AD 65 text De Re Rustica. Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella ( Gades, Hispania Baetica, AD 4 - ca Columella work is one of the earliest to detail trellis systems for getting vines off the ground. A trellis is a structure usually made from interwoven pieces of wood bamboo or metal that is often made to support a Climbing plant or plants Columella advocated the use of stakes versus the previously accepted practice of training the vines to grow up along tree trunks. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or The benefits of using stakes over trees was largely to minimize the dangers associated with climbing trees to prune the dense foliage to give the vines sunlight and later to harvest. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. ^[8]

Roman expansion across Western Europe also brought Roman viticulture to the areas that would be home to some of the world most well known wine-growing regions-the Spanish Rioja, the German Mosel, and the French Bordeaux, Burgundy and Rhône. From its origin as a city-state in Italy in 9th century BC the rise as an empire covering much of Eurasia and North This list of wine-producing regions catalogues significant Growing regions where Vineyards are planted Mosel is one of 13 German wine regions ( Weinbaugebiete) for quality wines (''QbA'' and ''Prädikatswein'', and takes its name from the Moselle River ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) The Rhône wine region in Southern France is situated in the Rhône river valley and produces numerous wines under various Appellation d'origine contrôlée The Romans were one of the earliest viticulturists to identify steep hillsides as one of the more ideal locations to plant vines because cool air runs downhill and gathers at the bottom of valleys. While some cool air is beneficial, too much can rob the vine of the heat it needs for photosynthesis and in the wintertime increase the hazard for frost. Photosynthesis is a Metabolic pathway that converts Light Energy into Chemical energy. Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air ^[9]

Medieval viticulture

In the Middle Ages, Catholic monks (particularly the Cistercians) were the most prominent viticulturist of the time period. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Around this time, an early system of Metayage emerged in France with laborers (Prendeur) working the vineyards under contractual agreements with the landowners (Bailleur). The Metayage system (Fr métayage) is the cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce as a kind of Sharecropping. A prendeur, a French term is a labourer working as part of an early Middle Age share cropping system known as complant, a precursor to the Métayage system A bailleur, a French term is a land owner who outsourced uncultivated parcels of land as part of an early Middle Age share cropping system known as complant &mdash In most cases, the prendeurs were giving flexibility in selecting their crop and developing their own vineyard practice. ^[10]

Many of the viticultural practices developed in this time period would become staples of European viticulture till the 18th century. Varietals were studied more intently to see which vines were the most suitable for a particular area. Varietal describes Wines made primarily from a single named Grape variety. Around this time an early concept of terroir emerged as wines from particular places began to develop a reputation for uniqueness. Terroir (/t̪εʁwaʁ/ in French (terruño pago was originally a French term in Wine, Coffee and Tea used to denote the special characteristics The concept of pruning for quality over quantity emerged though it would create conflict between the rich landowners who wanted higher quality wines and the peasant laborers who livelihood dependent on the quantity of wine they could sell. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground ^[11] The Riesling is the famous example for higher quality of wine. In 1435 Count John IV. of Katzenelnbogen started this successful tradition^[12].

In Burgundy, the Cistercian monks developed the concept of cru vineyards as homogeneous pieces of land that consistent produces wines each vintage that are similar. A grand cru ( French for great growth) is a Regional wine classification that designates a Vineyard known for its favorable reputation in producing Vintage, in Wine -making is the process of picking Grapes and creating the finished product In areas like the Côte-d'Or the monks divided the land into separate vineyards, many of which are still around today-like Montrachet and La Romanée. Côte-d'Or is a department in the eastern part of France. History Côte-d'Or is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Montrachet is a Grand cru Vineyard between the villages of Chassagne-Montrachet and Puligny-Montrachet that produces what many consider La Romanée is a Grand cru vineyard in the Côte de Nuits located near the town of Vosne-Romanée. ^[13]

Site Preparation for Vineyards

As the wine and grape industry continue to grow in the United States, it is becoming increasingly important for growers to invest the time and money to properly prepare their vineyard site. There are several major factors an individual should take into account when preparing a successful vineyard site. These factors include, but are not limited to nutrient levels and physical composition of the soil, water drainage capability, perennial weed control and erosion control.

Nutrient Content of the Soil

The main objective in vineyard nutrition should be to increase and provide the proper nutrient levels to the vine. Chemical properties needing to be controlled in a vineyard are soil pH, organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and boron levels. To check these levels, soil samples should be taken at two different depths (at 8 and at 16 inches) in an x-shaped pattern across the vineyard. Samples at the same levels should be mixed together, but the different depths should be tested separately. These samples should be taken one year prior to planting (Kurtural et al. , 2007). Once the soil requirements have been determined and the grape varieties have been chosen for the site, additions of limestone or sulfur along with fertilizer should be added and deeply plowed or disked into the soil in order to incorporate the additives. Cultivating the soil will also speed up the process of mineralization of the existing organic material (Conradie et al. , 1996).

Physical Composition of the Soil

There are several essential physical properties that need to be identified and controlled on any vineyard site. Sites should have proper drainage, deep soil with no impervious barriers, proper texture, and should be well-aggregated. These factors can be controlled by sub-soiling every two feet along rows and across rows to a depth of 36 inches. Soil compaction is a major limitation to root exploration and can negatively affect yield and plant health. (Hamdeh, 2003) Sub-soiling will systematically break up any barriers present in the soil which will allow for better root penetration and improved water drainage. Drainage tile installation may be necessary in severe instances of poor drainage (Zabadal et al. , 1999).

Perennial Weed Control

A very important factor in vineyard preparation and management is perennial weed control. Herbicides should be applied during site preparation to control the effects of perennial weed species. Examples of these include Johnson grass, thistle, and woody species such as brambles. These weeds can live as budding root stocks and tap roots, along with stolons and as seed. The effects of perennial weed species can create competition between the vine and the weed for vital soil nutrients and water. Herbicides are available for control but must be used with caution so that grapevines are not negatively affected. (Dami et al. , 2005) It is important to note that perennial weed control is not a step that occurs only at the onset of site development, but rather is an ongoing process that must be addressed as a normal part of successful vineyard management. Controlling the vineyard floor by limiting the growth of weed species will increase the amount of nutrients available for vine uptake which has been shown to improve berry weight, and vine capacity. (Tesic et al. , 2007).

Erosion Control

In the season before planting, a temporary cover crop should be established. It should be planted in the early spring of the year before and plowed under the soil in late August in order to control erosion and help add organic matter to the soil (Kurtural, 2007). For example, Sudan grass is an excellent choice that offers good weed control and decomposes slowly for improved soil structure. (Schonbeck, 1998) Other cover crop options can be found here.

Usually in the fall, the temporary cover crop is plowed under in preparation for a permanent cover crop. A permanent cover crop is a cover crop that will be maintained in between vine rows and around the vineyard site. This crop will help control soil erosion and help to lessen the compaction that equipment like tractors, harvesters and mowers tend to have on the soil in between the rows allowing for better root exploration. Examples of good permanent cover crop for the eastern United States are perennial rye.

Other forms of erosion control are diversion ditches and standpipes. Diversion ditches lead surface water out of the vineyard from uphill areas. Standpipes are used to drain depression areas. Correcting soil erosion in existing vineyards is usually less effective, more expensive and more difficult than if appropriate measures had been taken in the pre-plant phase of vineyard development (Zabadal, 1999).

Creating a Weed-Free Zone

The last step in site preparation occurs two weeks before planting when a weed-free zone is created. This involves plowing under strips of the permanent cover crop to allow for the plants to be set. A weed-free area is important because it provides a place for the plants to be located without having to be in immediate competition with weeds.

Conclusion

Grapevines can be grown in a variety of soil types. In each soil type certain characteristics must be met in order to establish a successful vineyard site. Growers need to properly evaluate and prepare their site well in advance of planting. There are several major factors that a grower should take into consideration when selecting, preparing and maintaining a vineyard site. Some of the most important factors to be taken into account are the nutrient levels and physical composition of the soil, water drainage capability, perennial weed control, erosion control and the creation of a weed free zone.

Growing vines

The vast majority of the world's wine producing regions are found between the temperate latitudes of 30° and 50° in both hemispheres. This list of wine-producing regions catalogues significant Growing regions where Vineyards are planted Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the In these bands the annual mean temperatures are between 50°F and 68°F. In Statistics, mean has two related meanings the Arithmetic mean (and is distinguished from the Geometric mean or Harmonic mean Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The presence of large bodies of water and mountain ranges can have positive effects on the climate and vines. A body of water is any significant accumulation of Water, usually covering the Earth or another planet A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys Nearby lakes and rivers can serve as protection for drastic temperature drops at night by releasing the heat it has stored during the day to warm the vines. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there The vine needs approximately 1300-1500 hours of sunshine during the growing season and around 27 inches of rainfall throughout the year in order to produce grapes suitable for winemaking. In Agriculture, the growing season is the period of each Year when crops can be grown Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to In ideal circumstances the vine will receive most of the rainfall during the winter and spring months. Rain during the harvest time can create many hazards such as fungal diseases and berries splitting. In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ The optimum weather during the growing season is a long, warm summer that allows the grapes the opportunity to fully ripen and develop a balance between the acid and sugar levels in the grape. The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. ^[14]

Other factors that viticulturists consider is the topography of the area with hillsides and slopes being preferred over flatter terrain. Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets The grade (or gradient or pitch or slope) of any physical feature such as a Hill, Stream, Roof, railroad, or A main reason for this is that vines on an angle can receive a greater strength of the sun rays with the sunshine falling on a perpendicular angle to the slope. In Geometry, two lines or planes (or a line and a plane are considered perpendicular (or orthogonal) to each other if they form congruent With flatter terrain, the strength of the sunlight is diluted as it is spread out across a wider surface area. An additional benefit is the natural drainage that a slope offers so that the vine doesn't sit with too much moisture in the soil. In cooler climate regions of the northern hemisphere, South facing slopes receive more hours of sunlight and are preferred. In warmer climates, north facing slopes are preferred. (In the southern hemisphere these orientations are reversed). ^[15]

Hazards

See also: List of grape diseases

There are many hazards that a viticulturist needs to be aware of when growing vines. This article is a list of diseases of Grapes ( Vitis spp Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Melanconium fuligineum These hazards can have an adverse effect on the wine produced from the grape or kill the vine itself. When the vine is flowering it is very susceptible to weather hazards such as strong winds and hail. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Wind is the flow of Air or other Gases that compose an Atmosphere (including but not limited to the Earth's) Hail is a form of precipitation which consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice (hailstones Cold temperatures during this period can also bring the onset of millerandage which produces clusters with no seeds and varying sizes. Millerandage is a French term referring to an viticultural problem in which Grape bunches contain berries of greatly different size and most important different A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Too much heat can have the opposite reaction and produce Coulure that causes grape clusters to either drop to the ground or not fully develop. Coulure (pronounced coo-LYUR is the French word for the result of a metabolic and weather conditions that causes the failure of the grapes to develop after flowering ^[14]

Viticultural hazards include:

• Oidium
• Frost
• Powdery mildew
• Downy mildew
• Phylloxera
• Plant virus

Green harvest

A green harvest is the removal of immature grape bunches, typically for the purpose of decreasing yield. Uncinula necator is a fungus that causes Powdery mildew on grape Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants Downy mildew refers to any of several types of Oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants This article is about the grape phylloxera For the Genus, see Phylloxera (genus. Plant viruses are Viruses affecting Plants.Plant viruses like all other viruses are obligate intracellular Parasites that do not have the molecular For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is In French it is known as a vendange en vert. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

Green harvesting is a relatively modern practice most often used to produce fine wine. Removing the tiny, immature grapes while they are still green induces the vine to put all its energy into developing the remaining grapes. In theory this results in better ripening and the development of more numerous and mature flavour compounds. In the absence of a green harvest, a healthy, vigorous vine can produce dilute, unripe grapes.

Many traditionally renowned regions have natural conditions that suppress excess vigor. Examples include the gravelly soil of Bordeaux, the often cool climate of Burgundy, and the meager rainfall of Rioja. In these regions, the vine is prevented from producing too many grapes without human intervention. However, in regions with fertile soil, copious sunlight, and irrigation, the vine can generate huge quantities of characterless grapes. One solution is a green harvest. After fruit set, the quantity of grapes that will result from a vineyard can be estimated. Often the grower has a target yield in mind, measured in tons per acre or hectoliters per hectare. A portion of the grape bunches are cut off, to leave approximately the correct amount.

In Europe, many appellations restrict the yield permitted from a given area, so there is even more incentive to perform green harvesting when presented with excess crop. An appellation is a Geographical indication used to identify where the Grapes for a Wine were grown Often the excess must be sold for a pittance and used for industrial alcohol production rather than wine.

The taste preferences of certain wine tasters such as Robert M. Parker, Jr., have contributed to the producing of wines that is assumed will meet the critic's approval. TalkRobert M Parker Jr claims this is a licensed copy of http//www While the concept of thinning or sacrificing part of the grapes crop, i. e. green harvesting, with the aim of improving the quality of the remaining grapes, predates modern critics, the practice has increased in recent times in vineyards found in California and areas where the grapes grow easily. (McCoy)

Field blend

A field blend is a wine that is produced from two or more different grape varieties inter planted in the same vineyard. Sauvignon blanc is a green-skinned Grape variety which originates from the Bordeaux region of France. In the days before precise varietal identification, let alone rigorous clonal selection, a vineyard might be planted by taking cuttings from another vineyard and therefore approximately copying its genetic makeup. Varietal describes Wines made primarily from a single named Grape variety. The clonal selection theory has become a widely accepted model for how the Immune system responds to Infection and how certain types of B and T Lymphocytes Plant cutting, also known as striking/cloning is a technique for vegetatively (asexually propagating plants in whicha piece of the source plant containing at least one This meant that one vine could be Zinfandel and the next Carignan. Zinfandel is a variety of red Grape planted in over 10 percent of California wine vineyards Carignan is a red Wine grape that originated in Cariñena Aragon and was later transplanted to Sardinia, elsewhere in Italy, France When making wine with little equipment to spare for separate vinification of different varieties, field blends allowed effortless, though inflexible, blending.

Fermentation tanks are now cheap enough that the field blend is an anachronism, and almost all wines are assembled by blending from smaller, individual lots. However, in California some of the oldest (and lowest-yielding) Zinfandel comes from vineyards that are field-blended. Ridge Vineyards owns the Lytton Springs vineyards in Sonoma, which were planted from 1900 to 1905 in what Ridge calls "a traditional field blend of about seventy percent Zinfandel, twenty percent Petite Sirah, and ten percent Grenache and Carignan. Ridge Vineyards is a winery with two locations the original headquarters located at an elevation of on Monte Bello Ridge in the Santa Cruz Mountains near Cupertino California Durif is a variety of Red wine Grape primarily grown in California, Australia, France, and Israel. Grenache (pronounced gren-ash) (in Spanish, Garnacha, in Catalan, Garnatxa) is probably the most widely planted variety of red wine "

Gemischter Satz is a wine term in German equivalent to a field blend, which means that grapes of different varieties are planted, harvested and vinified together. Viticulture (from the Latin word for Vine) is the Science, production and study of Grapes which deals with the series of The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. In older times, this was common, but the practice has almost stopped.

See also

• Ampelography
• Diurnal temperature variation
• List of vineyard soil types
• Oenology
• Winemaking

References

Further reading

External links

• LIVE - Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Sustainable Viticulture Certification
• AJEV - American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
• Grape Pest Management Guidelines (IPM) UC IPM Online Pest Management Guidelines
• SAFECROP - Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Grapevine Downy and Powdery Mildew
• Viticulture and Enology at Washington State University
• [1] - Grape virology program at Washington State University

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic