Visual effects (or 'VFX' ) is the term given in which images or [film] frames are created and manipulated for film and video. Visual effects usually involve the integration of live-action footage with computer generated imagery or other elements (such as pyrotechnics or model work) in order to create environments or scenarios which look realistic, but would be dangerous, costly, or simply impossible to capture on film. Computer animation Computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of Computer graphics or more specifically 3D computer graphics They have become increasingly common in big-budget films, and have also recently become accessible to the amateur filmmaker with the introduction of affordable animation and compositing software. The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene
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Timing
Visual effects are frequently integral to a movie's story and appeal. Although most visual-effects work is completed during post-production, it usually must be carefully planned and choreographed in pre-production and production. See also Filmmaking Post-production occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, Videos audio recordings See also Filmmaking Pre-production is the process of preparing all the elements involved in a Film, play, or other Performance. Filmmaking is the process of making a Film, from an initial story idea or commission through scriptwriting shooting editing and finally distribution to an audience A visual effects supervisor is usually involved with the production from an early stage to work closely with production and the Director to achieve the desired effects. In the context of Film and Television production a visual effects supervisor is responsible for achieving the creative aims of the director and/or producers through
Categories
Visual effects may be divided into at least four categories:
- Models: miniature sets and models, animatronics
- Matte paintings and stills: digital or traditional paintings or photographs which serve as background plates for keyed or rotoscoped elements
- Live-action effects: keying actors or models through bluescreening and greenscreening
- Digital animation: modeling, computer graphics lighting, texturing, rigging, animating, and rendering computer generated 3D characters, particle effects, digital sets, backgrounds, etc. In the field of Special effects a miniature effect is a special effect generated by the use of Scale models Scale models are often combined with High speed photography Technique Matte painting is a traditional Visual effects technique wherein a painted image is combined with film footage to alter enhance or extend the set Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene Rotoscoping is an Animation technique in which Animators trace over live-action film movement frame by frame for use in Animated films Originally Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene Chroma Key is the name under which ex- Dream Theater Keyboardist Kevin Moore records 3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer Computer graphics lighting refers to the simulation of light in computer graphics Texture mapping is a method for adding detail surface texture or colour to a computer-generated graphic or 3D model. Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by means of computer programs 3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer .
Notable visual effects companies
- Animal Logic (Sydney, AU and Venice, CA)
- Boss Film Studios (Marina Del Rey, CA) - closed
- Bird Studios (London UK)
- CA Scanline (München, DE)
- Cinema Production Services aka CPS (Van Nuys, CA)
- Cinesite (London/Hollywood)
- C.O.R.E. (Toronto, ON, Canada)
- Def2shoot (Paris, France)
- Digital Domain (Venice, LA, CA, US)
- Double Negative (VFX) (London, UK)
- DreamWorks (LA, CA, US)
- The Embassy (Vancouver, Canada)
- Escape Studios (London, UK)
- Flash Film Works (LA, CA, US)
- Framestore CFC (London, UK)
- Giantsteps (Venice, CA)
- Hydraulx (Santa Monica, LA, US)
- Image Engine (Vancouver, BC, CA)
- Industrial Light and Magic (San Francisco, CA, US)
- Intelligent Creatures (Toronto, ON, CA)
- Intrigue FX (Canada)
- Look Effects, Inc. Animal Logic is a digital Visual effects company based at Fox Studios in Sydney, Australia and Venice California Boss Film Studios' was founded by visual effects veteran Richard Edlund after his departure from Industrial Light and Magic, producing visual effects for Bird Studios (founded 2003 is a UK production company specializing in design Computer animation & Visual effects for TV film and the digital world Scanline VFX is a European visual effects company It is based in Munich Germany and employs 130 artists who have created VFX for projects like 300 (Film. Cinesite (Europe Ltd (also known as Cinesite) is a digital Visual effects and Post-production facility in London and one of the largest such CORE Digital Pictures is a film and television Computer animation special effects studio which has branched out into fully-animated television series and feature films Def2shoot' is a Motion picture and Advertizing Visual effects company founded in 2002 and established in Paris, France Digital Domain is a visual effects and animation company based in Venice Los Angeles California. Double Negative is a full-service Visual effects (VFX company in London. DreamWorks LLC, also known as DreamWorks Pictures, DreamWorks SKG, or DreamWorks Studios, is a major American Film studio Escape Studios is a computer graphics training recruitment hardware and software and production services company founded in April 2002 and based in Shepherds Bush, London Flash Film Works is a Computer graphics company that provides Special effects for films television shows and commercials Giantsteps is a visual effects studio located in Venice Beach, California hy*drau"lx, alternatively spelled HYDRAULX and Hydraulx, is a Visual effects (vfx facility based in Santa Monica California. Image Engine', based in Vancouver British Columbia, was formed in 1994 with the express purpose of providing outstanding computer generated Visual Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM) is a motion picture Visual effects company that was founded in May 1975 by George Lucas and is owned Intelligent Creatures is a creatively driven Visual Effects house dedicated to helping some of cinema’s finest directors tell some of cinema’s most compelling stories Intrigue is a VFX from Canada which produces state of the art visual effects for the feature film industry (Hollywood, CA)
- M5 Industries (San Francisco)
- Mac Guff (LA, CA, US; Paris, FR)
- The Mill (London, UK; NY and LA, US)
- Moving Picture Company (Soho, London, UK)
- The Orphanage (company) (LA and San Francisco, CA, US; Vancouver, BC, CA)
- Palmavfx (Los Angeles, USA)
- Pixomondo (Berlin, Germany; London, UK; )
- Rainmaker (Vancouver, CA, London UK)
- Red Chillies VFX (Mumbai, India)
- Rhythm and Hues Studios (Los Angeles, CA, US, Mumbai, India, and Hyderabad, India)
- Rising Sun Pictures (Adelaide and Sydney, AU)
- RIOT (Santa Monica, CA and Manhattan, NY, USA)
- Surreal World (Melbourne, AU)
- Sony Pictures Imageworks (Culver City, CA, US)
- Tippett Studio (Berkeley, CA, US)
- Weta Digital (Wellington, NZ)
- Zoic Studios (Culver City, CA, US)
See also
- Animation
- Computer-generated imagery
- 3D computer graphics
- Physical effects — another category of special effects
- Bluescreen
- Front projection effect
- Rear projection effect
- Compositing
External links
- VFXY - Visual Effects Portal
Further reading
- T. M5 Industries ( M5i) is a visual effects company located in San Francisco, California whose primary focus is Special effects props for Mac Guff is a Visual effects company based in both Los Angeles, USA and Paris, France. The Mill is a Post-production and Visual effects company launched in 1990 with offices in London, New York and Los Angeles. The Moving Picture Company (MPC is a post production facility creating digital visual effects and computer animation for the feature film advertising music and television industries The Orphanage is a Visual effects studio located in California. Pixomondo is a visual effects company based in Berlin, Frankfurt, Ludwigsburg ( Germany) and London ( UK) Red Chillies Entertainment is a major Indian motion picture production and distribution company, based in Mumbai. Rhythm & Hues Studios is an Academy Award - winning Visual effects studio Rising Sun Pictures (RSP is an Australian Adelaide - and Sydney -based visual effects company Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other Surreal World' is a digital Visual effects and Animation studio based in Melbourne, Australia. Sony Pictures Imageworks Inc is an Academy Award -winning State-of-the-art Visual effects and Character animation company Tippett Studio is an Academy Award -winning Visual effects company specializing in Computer-generated imagery (CGI for movies and television commercials Weta Digital' is a Digital Visual effects company based in Wellington New Zealand. Zoic Studios' - written as ZŌIC - is a Special effects company based in Culver City California which primarily deals with computer generated special effects The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames Computer animation Computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of Computer graphics or more specifically 3D computer graphics 3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer Physical effects is the term given to a sub-category of Special effects in which mechanical or physical effects are recorded The illusions used in the Film, Television, Theater, or Entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story are traditionally called Chroma Key is the name under which ex- Dream Theater Keyboardist Kevin Moore records A front projection effect is an in-camera Visual effects process in Film production for combining foreground performance with pre-filmed background footage Compositing is the combining of visual elements from separate sources into single images often to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of the same scene Porter and T. Duff, "Compositing Digital Images", Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '84, 18 (1984).
- The Art and Science of Digital Compositing (ISBN 0-12-133960-2)
- McClean, Shilo T. (2007). Digital Storytelling: The Narrative Power of Visual Effects in Film. The MIT Press. The MIT Press is a University press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT in Cambridge Massachusetts ( USA) ISBN 0-262-13465-9.
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