Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse. The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like storms and earthquakes. A storm is any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface and strongly implying Severe weather. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer More frequently the word describes forceful human destruction of property or injury to persons, usually intentional, and forceful verbal and emotional abuse that harms others.

Psychology and sociology

See also: Aggression

The causes of violent behavior in humans are often topics of research in psychology and sociology. In Psychology and other social and Behavioral sciences aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Neurobiologist Jan Volavka emphasizes that for those purposes, “violent behavior is defined as overt and intentional physically aggressive behavior against another person. "^[1]

Scientists disagree on whether violence is inherent in humans. Among prehistoric humans, there is archaeological evidence for both contentions of violence and peacefulness as primary characteristics. ^[2]

Riane Eisler, who describes early matriarchal societies, and Walter Wink, who coined the phrase “the myth of redemptive violence,” suggest that human violence, especially as organized in groups, is a phenomenon of the last five to ten thousand years. Riane Tennenhaus Eisler is an Austrian born American scholar writer and social activist Prof Dr Walter Wink (born 1935 is Professor Emeritus at Auburn Theological Seminary in New York City.

The “violent male ape” image is often brought up in discussions of human violence. Dale Peterson and Richard Wrangham in “Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence” write that violence is inherent in humans. Richard Wrangham is a British primatologist. He is a Professor in Biological Anthropology at Harvard University. ^[3] However, William L. Ury, editor of a book called "Must We Fight? From the Battlefield to the Schoolyard--A New Perspective on Violent Conflict and Its Prevention” debunks the "killer ape" myth in his book which brings together discussions from two Harvard Law School symposiums. The conclusion is that “we also have lots of natural mechanisms for cooperation, to keep conflict in check, to channel aggression, and to overcome conflict. These are just as natural to us as the aggressive tendencies. "^[4]

James Gilligan writes violence is often pursued as an antidote to shame or humiliation. ^[5] The use of violence often is a source of pride and a defence of honor, especially among males who often believe violence defines manhood. ^[6]

Stephen Pinker in a New Republic article “The History of Violence” offers evidence that on the average the amount and cruelty of violence to humans and animals has decreased over the last few centuries. The New Republic ( TNR) is an American Magazine of politics and the arts ^[7]

Law

One of the main functions of law is to regulate violence and violent crimes. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment Sociologist Max Weber stated that state power is the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force on a specific territory. Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (maks 'veːbɐ (21 April 1864 &ndash 14 June 1920 was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered The monopoly on the legitimate use of violence ( Gewaltmonopol des Staates, also known as monopoly on legitimate violence and monopoly on violence) is the Law enforcement is the main means of regulating nonmilitary violence in society.

Governments regulate the use of violence through legal systems governing individuals and political authorities, including the police and military. The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, Common law and Religious law. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking Most societies condone some amount of police violence to maintain the status quo and enforce laws. Police brutality is the world wide use of excessive force usually physical but potentially also in the form verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by

However, German political theorist Hannah Arendt noted: "Violence can be justifiable, but it never will be legitimate . . . Its justification loses in plausibility the farther its intended end recedes into the future. No one questions the use of violence in self-defence, because the danger is not only clear but also present, and the end justifying the means is immediate". ^[8] Many governments do abuse their monopoly on power to engage in violence against citizens. In the twentieth century in acts of democide governments may have killed more than 260 million of their own people through police brutality, execution, massacre, slave labor camps, and through sometimes intentional famine. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Definition According to Rummel Genocide has three different meanings Police brutality is the world wide use of excessive force usually physical but potentially also in the form verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor. This is an incomplete list of major Famines ordered by date A complete list will almost certainly never become available ^[9]

Damage to property is usually considered a less serious offense unless the damage injures, or potentially could injure, others. Property damage (or in the United Kingdom, criminal damage) is damage to or the destruction of public or private Property, caused either by a Unpremeditated or small-scale acts of random violence or coordinated violence by unsanctioned private groups usually are prosecuted. While most societies condone the killing of animals for food and sport, increasingly they have adopted mores and laws against animal cruelty. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Cruelty to animals refers to the infliction of unnecessary Suffering or Harm to animals

The Federal Bureau of Investigation classifies violence resulting in homicide, into criminal homicide and justifiable homicide (e. List of countries by homicide rate Homicide ( Latin homicidium, homo human being + caedere to cut kill refers to the act of killing another Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries The United States' concept of justifiable homicide in Criminal law stands on the dividing line between an Excuse, justification and an Exculpation g. self defense). ^[10]

Below are some forms of violent crimes outlawed by governmental legal entities:

War

War is a state of prolonged violent, large-scale conflict involving two or more groups of people, usually under the auspices of government. Battery is a term used by the Common law jurisdictions which involves an Injury or other Contact upon the Person of another in a manner likely Aggravated battery in criminal law is a more serious form of battery, and is considered a Felony. Battery is a term used by the Common law jurisdictions which involves an Injury or other Contact upon the Person of another in a manner likely Cruelty to animals refers to the infliction of unnecessary Suffering or Harm to animals Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate Harassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behaviour The term commonly refers to behaviour intended to disturb or upset and when the term is used in a legal sense it refers List of countries by homicide rate Homicide ( Latin homicidium, homo human being + caedere to cut kill refers to the act of killing another Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Aggravation, in Law, is "any circumstance attending the commission of a crime or tort which increases its guilt or enormity or adds to its injurious consequences but which Property damage (or in the United Kingdom, criminal damage) is damage to or the destruction of public or private Property, caused either by a Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person The phrase statutory rape is a term used in some legal jurisdictions to describe consensual Sexual relations that take place when an individual (regardless of gender has sexual War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defense, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it. A war of aggression is a Military conflict waged in the absence of "a necessity of self-defense instant overwhelming leaving no choice of means and no moment of deliberation Self-defense (or self-defence &mdash see spelling differences) is the act of defending oneself one's property or the well-being of another from physical harm Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity

Since the Industrial Revolution, the lethality of modern warfare has steadily grown. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the World War I casualties were over 40 million and World War II casualties were over 70 million. The number of World War I casualties, both World War II was humanity's deadliest war causing tens of millions of deaths

Nevertheless, some hold the actual deaths from war have decreased compared to past centuries. In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. In his book War Before Civilization, Lawrence H Keeley a professor at the University of Illinois, says that 87% of tribal societies were at war more than once per year and Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, calculates that 87% of tribal societies were at war more than once per year, and some 65% of them were fighting continuously. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use The attrition rate of numerous close-quarter clashes, which characterize endemic warfare, produces casualty rates of up to 60%, compared to 1% of the combatants as is typical in modern warfare. Endemic warfare is the state of continual low-threshold Warfare in a tribal Warrior society ^[11] Stephen Pinker agrees, writing that “in tribal violence, the clashes are more frequent, the percentage of men in the population who fight is greater, and the rates of death per battle are higher. ”^[12]

Jared Diamond in his award-winning books, Guns, Germs and Steel and The Third Chimpanzee provides sociological and anthropological evidence for the rise of large scale warfare as a result of advances in technology and city-states. TemplateInfobox writer --> Jared Mason Diamond (b 10 September, 1937) is an American Evolutionary biologist Guns Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a 1997 book by Jared Diamond, professor of Geography and Physiology at UCLA The Third Chimpanzee The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (ISBN 978-0060-98403-8 originally published in English in 1991 as The Rise and Fall of the The rise of agriculture provided a significant increase in the number of individuals that a region could sustain over hunter-gatherer societies, allowing for development of specialized classes such as soldiers, or weapons manufacturers. On the other hand, tribal conflicts in hunter-gatherer societies tend to result in wholesale slaughter of the opposition (other than perhaps females of child-bearing years) instead of territorial conquest or slavery, presumably as hunter-gatherer numbers could not sustain empire-building.

Religious and political ideology

Many Ahmedabad buildings were set on fire during 2002 Gujarat violence

Religious and political ideologies have been the cause of interpersonal violence, and violent riots, political repression, ethnic cleansing and genocide through out history. Ahmedabad (અમદાવાદ Amdāvād, Hindi: अहमदाबाद) is the largest city in The 2002 Gujarat violence describes a series of communal Riots between the communities of Hindus and Muslims that took place in the Indian Riots are a form of Civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of Violence, Vandalism or other Political repression is the Persecution of an individual or group for political reasons particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group ^[13] Ideologues often falsely accuse others of violence, such as the ancient blood libel against Jews, the medieval accusations of casting witchcraft spells against women, caricatures of black men as “violent brutes” that helped excuse the late nineteenth century Jim Crow laws in the United States,^[14] and modern accusations of satanic ritual abuse against day care center owners and others. Blood libels are sensationalized allegations that a person or group engages in Human sacrifice, often accompanied by the claim that the Blood of victims is used in Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Satanic ritual abuse ( SRA, sometimes known as ritual abuse, cult related abuse, ritualized abuse, sadistic ritual abuse, ritual ^[15]

Both supporters and opponents of the twenty-first century war on terrorism regard it largely as an ideological and religious war. The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U ^[16]

Vittorio Bufacchi describes two different modern concepts of violence, one the “minimalist conception” of violence as an intentional act of excessive or destructive force, the other the “comprehensive conception” which includes violations of rights, including a long list of human needs. ^[17] These concepts are reflected in conflicts between “left wing” anti-capitalists and “right wing’” pro-capitalists. Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities

Anti-capitalists assert that “capitalism is violent. Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where ” They believe private property, trade, interest and profit survive only because police violence defends them and that capitalist economies need war to expand. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. Interest is a fee paid on borrowed capital Assets lent include Money, Shares, Consumer goods through Hire purchase, major assets ^[18] Many contest calling any form of property damage “violent. ”^[19] Similarly, many anti-capitalists lambast what they call “structural violence” which denotes a form of violence in which social institutions kill people slowly by preventing them from meeting their basic needs, often leading further to social conflict and violence. Structural violence, a term which was first used in the 1960s and which has commonly been ascribed to Johan Galtung, denotes a form of violence which corresponds with the Social organization or social institution, refers to a group of Social positions connected by Social relations performing a Social role.

Supporters of capitalism are wary of a wide definition of violence that requires the state and its violent enforcement agencies to fulfill all needs denied by structural violence. However, unlike those critics who support state capitalism^[20], free market supporters argue that it is violently enforced state laws intervening in markets which cause many of the problems anti-capitalists attribute to structural violence. State capitalism, in its classic meaning is a private capitalist economy under State control A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers ^[21]

Throughout history, some religions like Jainism, Buddhism, Quakerism and individuals like Mahatma Gandhi have preached that humans are capable of eliminating individual violence and organizing societies through purely nonviolent means. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. Gandhi himself once wrote: “A society organized and run on the basis of complete non-violence would be the purest anarchy. ”^[22] Modern political ideologies which espouse similar views include pacifist varieties of voluntarism, mutualism, anarchism and libertarianism. Voluntaryism is a Philosophy that opposes anything that it sees as unjustifiably invasive and Coercive. Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the

Health and prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines violence as "Injury inflicted by deliberate means", which includes assault, as well as "legal intervention, and self-harm". The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in unincorporated ^[23] The World Health Organization ( “WHO”) in its first World Report on Violence and Health defined violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation. "^[24]

WHO estimates that each year around 1. 6 million lives are lost world-wide due to violence. It is among the leading causes of death for people ages 15-44, especially of males. ^[25]

Recent estimates for murders per year in various countries include: 55,000 murders in Brazil^[26], 30,000 murders in Russia, 25,000 murders in Colombia,^[27], 20,000 murders in South Africa, 15,000 murders in Mexico, 14,000 murders in the United States,^[28], 11,000 murders in Venezuela, 6,000 murders in El Salvador, 1,600 murders in Jamaica^[29], 1000 murders in France, 500 murders in Canada, and 200 murders in Chile. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the ^[30] jens E er bøsse

Structural violence

Main article: Structural violence

A form of violence which corresponds with the systematic ways in which a given social structure or social institution kills people slowly by preventing them from meeting their basic needs. Structural violence, a term which was first used in the 1960s and which has commonly been ascribed to Johan Galtung, denotes a form of violence which corresponds with the

Johan Galtung defines violence as "avoidable insult to basic human needs": survival, well being, identity, and freedom. Johan Galtung (born October 24, 1930, in Oslo, Norway) is a Norwegian Sociologist and a principal founder of the discipline of

Violence in the media

Main article: Media violence research

The topic of violence in popular media is controversial. Media and Violence Research attempts to determine whether a link between consuming Media violence and subsequent aggressive and violent behavior exists This includes violence in films, television, music, comic books, and video games and televised sports. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Violence in sports can result in chaotic brawls both by athletes and fans Violence in the media has led to government censorship and regulation. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor This article is for the legal term For regulation of genes see Regulation of gene expression. In the United States the FCC regulates television and radio, as does the CRTC in Canada. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the CRTC may also stand for Cathode Ray Tube Controller. Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC, in French Conseil Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Media also self-regulate, as through many movie rating systems and the Entertainment Software Rating Board for video games. The Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB) is a self-regulatory organization that applies and enforces ratings, Advertising guidelines and ^[31]

Violent content has been a central part of video game controversy. Similar to other forms of media Video games have been the subject of debate and Censorship. Critics like Dave Grossman and Jack Thompson argue that violence in games (some of which they both call "murder simulators") hardens children to unethical acts. Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman is an author who has specialized in the study of the psychology of killing which he calls ' Killology ' John Bruce "Jack" Thompson (born July 25 1951 is an American Activist and former Attorney, based in Coral Gables, ^[32]

Historical examples of violence

Acts of violence are commonly found in historical record. The following is an incomplete list of some of the more large-scale examples of violence in history.

Caesar's campaigns

As many as 1 million people (probably 1 in 4 of the Gauls) died, another million were enslaved, 300 tribes were subjugated and 800 cities were destroyed during the Gallic Wars (present-day France). The institution of Slavery in ancient Rome increased those held to a condition of more than persons under their legal system. The Gallic Wars were a series of Military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes, lasting from This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The entire population of city of Avaricum (Bourges) (40,000 in all) was slaughtered. Avaricum was an Oppidum in ancient Gaul, near what is now the city of Bourges. ^[33] During Julius Caesar's campaign against the Helvetii (modern-day Switzerland) approximately 60% of the tribe was destroyed, and another 20% was taken into slavery. The Helvetii were a Celtic tribe and the main occupants of the Swiss plateau in the 1st century BC Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another ^[34]

Boudica's uprising

Boudica (d. Boudica (also spelled Boudicca, formerly known as Boadicea, and known in Welsh culture and legends as "Buddug" (d 60/61AD) was a queen of the Celtic Iceni people of Norfolk in Roman-occupied Britain who led a major uprising of the tribes against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire. List of current queens regnant A queen regnant (plural "queens regnant" is qualifying reference to a female Monarch possessing and exercising all of the monarchal Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Iceni or Eceni were a Brythonic Tribe who inhabited an area of Britain corresponding roughly to the modern-day county of Norfolk Norfolk (ˈnɔrfək is a low-lying county in East Anglia, England, United Kingdom. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial They destroyed Camulodunum (Colchester, a settlement forhghg discharged Roman soldiers), Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans). Camulodunum is the Roman name for the ancient settlement which is today's Colchester, a town in Essex, England. Colchester ( /ˈkəʊltʃɛstə/ is a town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester, in Essex, England. This article covers the history of London during the Roman period from around 47 AD when the Roman city of Londinium was founded London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Verulamium was the third-largest city in Roman Britain. It was sited in the southwest of the modern city of St Albans in Hertfordshire. St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around north of central London. In the three cities destroyed, between 70,000 and 80,000 people are said to have been killed. Tacitus says the Britons had no interest in taking or selling prisoners, only in slaughter by gibbet, fire or cross. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. Cassius Dio's account gives more prurient detail: that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste. ^[35][36]

Albigensian Crusade

The Albigensian Crusade or "Cathar Crusade" (1209–1229) was a 20-year military campaign initiated by the Pope Innocent III of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the heresy of the Cathars of Languedoc. The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209&ndash1229 was a 20-year military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar Pope Innocent III ( February 22, 1161 &ndash June 16, 1216) born Lotario de' Conti di Segni, was Pope from January Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Languedoc ( in French Lengadòc in Occitan) is a former Province of France, now continued in the modern-day ''régions'' of Languedoc-Roussillon Béziers was a Languedoc stronghold of Catharism and the first city to be sacked, on July 22, 1209. Béziers ( Besièrs in Occitan, and Besiers in Catalan) is a town in Languedoc, in the southwest of France. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of In the bloody massacre which followed, no one was spared, not even those who took refuge in the churches. The commander of the Crusade was the Papal Legate Arnaud-Amaury (or Arnald Amalaricus, Abbot of Citeaux). Arnaud Amalric, or Arnau Amalric, (died 1225 was a Cistercian Monk. Arnaud Amalric, or Arnau Amalric, (died 1225 was a Cistercian Monk. Cîteaux Abbey (French Abbaye de Cîteaux) is a Roman Catholic Abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon, When asked by a Crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and Cathars once they'd taken the city, the abbot famously replied, "Kill them all, God will know His own" - "Neca eos omnes. Deus suos agnoscet". ^[37] According to "Caesarius of Heisterbach: Medieval Heresies," after the city was taken, at a cost in life of thousands of defenders, about 450 heretics were "examined" by the inquisitors and many of them claimed to be good Catholicss rather than being heretics. Caesar of Heisterbach, also known as Caesarius of Heisterbach ca Fearing the possibility that these were lying, must have caused the infamous phrase to first be uttered. ^[38] In the end, the Albigensian Crusade killed an estimated 1,000,000 people, not only Cathars but much of the population of southern France. ^[39]

Mongol Empire

Quoting Eric Margolis, Adam Jones observes, in his book Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction, that in the 13th century the Mongol horsemen of Genghis Khan were genocidal killers (génocidaires) who were known to kill whole nations leaving nothing but empty ruins and bones. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder ^[40] Many ancient sources described Genghis Khan's conquests as wholesale destruction on an unprecedented scale in their certain geographical regions, and therefore probably causing great changes in the demographics of Asia. For example, over much of Central Asia speakers of Iranian languages were replaced by speakers of Turkic languages. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the The eastern part of the Islamic world experienced the terrifying holocaust of the Mongol invasions, which turned northern and eastern Iran into a desert. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings The Mongol Empire emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Between 1220 and 1260, the total population of Persia may have had dropped from 2,500,000 to 250,000 as a result of mass extermination and famine. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation ^[41]

Before the Mongol invasion, Chinese dynasties reportedly had approximately 120 million inhabitants; after the conquest was completed in 1279, the 1300 census reported roughly 60 million people. ^[42] About half of the Russian population died during the Mongol invasion of Rus. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force ^[43] Historians estimate that up to half of Hungary's two million population at that time were victims of the Mongol invasion of Europe. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Mongol invasions of Europe, under the leadership of Subutai, centered on the destruction of East Slavic principalities such as Kiev and Vladimir ^[44]

The Pope Innocent IV’s envoy to the Mongol Khan, who passed through Kiev in February 1246, wrote:

"They [the Mongols] attacked Russia, where they made great havoc, destroying cities and fortresses and slaughtering men; and they laid siege to Kiev, the capital of Russia; after they had besieged the city for a long time, they took it and put the inhabitants to death. Pope Innocent IV, born Sinibaldo Fieschi was Pope from June 28, 1243 to December 7, 1254. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the When we were journeying through that land we came across countless skulls and bones of dead men lying about on the ground. Kiev had been a very large and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced almost to nothing, for there are at the present time scarce two hundred houses there and the inhabitants are kept in complete slavery. "^[45]

Timur’s conquests

Timur Lenk was a 14th century conqueror of much of Middle East and Central Asia, and founder of the Timurid dynasty. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty He thought of himself as a ghazi, but his biggest wars were against Muslim states. Ghazw or Ghazah (plural ghazawāt) (غزو was originally an Arabic term referring to the battles in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad personally Part of the List of wars series Battles of the Rashidun Caliphate Ridda wars Battle of Yamama 632 A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion In 1383 Timur started the military conquest of Persia. He captured Herat, Khorasan and all eastern Persia to 1385 and massacred almost all inhabitants of Neishapur and other Iranian cities. area3018 sq mi Herāt ( classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herāt. Nishapur, or Neyshābūr ( is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot When revolts broke out in Persia, he ruthlessly suppressed them, massacring the populations of whole cities. When Timur entered Delhi (India), the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population When Timur conquered Persia, Iraq and Syria, the civilian population was decimated. In the city of Isfahan he ordered the building of a pyramid of 70,000 human skulls, from those that his army had beheaded,^[46] and a pyramid of some 20,000 skulls was erected outside the Aleppo. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. ^[47] Timur herded thousands of citizens of Damascus into the Cathedral Mosque before setting it aflame,^[48] and had 70,000 people beheaded in Tikrit, and another 90,000 more in Baghdad. Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Tikrit (تكريت Tikrīt also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous ^[49] After the capture of Bagdad, Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him (many warriors were so scared they killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign just to ensure they had heads to present to Timur). According to the Random House Dictionary, the term warrior has two meanings Nestorian Christians east of Iraq were almost entirely eliminated by Timur. The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ‘Ittā Qaddishtā wa-Shlikhāitā Qattoliqi ^[50] As many as 17 million people may have died from his conquests. ^[51]

Aztec human sacrifice

The Aztecs sacrificed thousands of victims (often slaves or prisoners of war) annually to the sun god Huitzilopochtli; an offering to Huitzilopochtli would be made to restore the blood he lost, as the sun was engaged in a daily battle. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another In Aztec mythology, Huitzilopochtli, also spelled Uitzilopochtli (Huitzilopōchtli wi The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. Human sacrifices would prevent the end of the world that could happen on each cycle of 52 years. Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing For the re-consecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, the Aztecs reported that they sacrificed about 80,400 people over the course of four days. There are some towns in Mexico which are spelled "Tenochtitlán" like San Lorenzo Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political According to Ross Hassing, author of Aztec Warfare, "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed in the ceremony. ^[52][53]

Vlad the Impaler

Vlad the Impaler, also known as Vlad Dracula, the 15th century ruler of Wallachia in present-day Romania, has been characterized as exceedingly cruel. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Impalement was his preferred method of torture and execution. Impalement is a term that refers to situations in which objects are driven through the body causing deep stabbing wounds Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. As expected, death by impalement was slow and painful. Victims sometimes endured for hours or days. Impalement was Vlad's favourite method of torture but was by no means his only one. The list of tortures he is alleged to have employed is extensive: nails in heads, cutting off of limbs, blinding, strangulation, burning, cutting off of noses and ears, mutilation of sexual organs (especially in the case of women), scalping, skinning, exposure to the elements or to animals, and boiling alive. No one was immune to Vlad the Impaler's attentions. His victims included women and children, peasants and great lords, ambassadors from foreign powers and merchants. ^[54] In 1459, he had 30,000 of the Saxon merchants and officials of the Transylvanian city of Kronstadt who were transgressing his authority impaled. The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County ^[55][56] In 1462 Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, during his campaign against Wallachia, was “greeted” by the sight of veritable forest of stakes on which Vlad the Impaler had impaled 20,000 Turkish prisoners. The Night Attack (Atacul de noapte was a skirmish fought between forces of Vlad III the Impaler (Ţepeş of Wallachia and Mehmed II of the Ottoman ^[57] Dracula was probably killed in battle against the Ottoman Empire near Bucharest in December of 1476. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish

Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, primarily on the territory of Holy Roman Empire. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Virtually all of the major European powers were involved. The Thirty Years' War was the most destructive conflict in Europe prior to World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Atrocities and massacres, such as Sack of Magdeburg, became standard methods of warfare. The Sack of Magdeburg (Magdeburgs Opfergang or Magdeburger Hochzeit refers to the Siege and subsequent Plundering of Magdeburg by Roman Catholic During the war, Germany's population was reduced by 30% on average; in the territory of Brandenburg, the losses had amounted to half, while in some areas an estimated two thirds of the population died. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. Germany’s male population was reduced by almost half. The population of the Czech lands declined by a third. The " Czech lands " (České země is an auxiliary term used mainly to describe the combination of Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia. The Swedish armies alone destroyed 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Germany, one-third of all German towns. Sweden was between 1611 and 1718 one of the Great powers of Europe ^[58][59][60]

Reconquest of Ireland

It is estimated that as much as a third of the entire population of Ireland perished during the civil wars and subsequent Cromwellian conquest in the mid-17th century. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Wars of the Three Kingdoms (sometimes known as the Wars of the Three Nations) formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Since the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Ireland had been mainly under the control of the Irish Confederate Catholics. The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted Coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry but developed into inter communal violence between native Confederate Ireland refers to the period of Irish self-government between the Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 The Cromwellian reconquest of Ireland was extremely brutal, and it has been alleged that many of the army's actions during the reconquest would today be called war crimes or even genocide. The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649-53 refers to the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell Presentism is a mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas and perspectives are anachronistically introduced into depictions or interpretations of the past War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied William Petty who conducted the first scientific land and demographic survey of Ireland in the 1650s (the Down Survey), concluded that at least 400,000 people and maybe as many as 620,000 had died in Ireland between 1641 and 1653, many as a result of famine and plague. Sir William Petty ( May 27 1623 – December 16 1687) was an English Economist, scientist and Philosopher Demographics or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government Marketing or opinion research or the Demographic profiles The Down Survey, also known as the Civil Survey refers to the mapping of Ireland carried out by William Petty, English scientist in 1655 and A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia At the time, Ireland had around 1. 5 million inhabitants. ^[61]

The Deluge

During the 1640s and 1650s the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was devastated by several conflicts, in which the Commonwealth lost over a third of its populations (over 3 million people). The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic ^[62] First, the Chmielnicki Uprising when Bohdan Khmelnytsky's Cossacks massacred tens of thousands of Jews and Poles in the eastern and southern areas he controlled (today's Ukraine). The term Khmelnytsky Uprising (also Khmel'nyts'kyi/Chmielnicki Uprising or Khmelnytsky / Chmielnicki Rebellion) refers to a Rebellion or Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmel'nyts'kyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. It is recorded that Khmelnytsky told the people that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews". As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another It is estimated that 100,000 Jews were massacred and 300 of their communities destroyed. The decrease of the Jewish population during that period (referred to in Polish history as The Deluge) is estimated at 100,000 to 200,000, which also includes emigration, deaths from diseases and jasyr (captivity in the Ottoman Empire). Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Deluge ( Polish: Potop, full Polish name is Potop Szwedzki Deluge''' is the name commonly assigned in the History The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish ^[63]

Revolt in the Vendée

Vendée is remembered as the place where the peasants revolted against the French Revolutionary government in 1793. The Vendée is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an They resented the changes imposed on the Roman Catholic Church by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) and broke into open revolt in defiance of the Revolutionary government's military conscription. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( "Constitution civile du clergé") was a law passed on July 12, 1790 during the French Revolution Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority This guerrilla war became known as the Revolt in the Vendée, led at the outset by an underground faction called the Chouans. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The War in Vendée ( 1793 to 1796) was a Civil war in Vendée between Royalists and Republicans during the French This article deals with the name its origins and usage For the course of the revolt itself see Chouannerie, and for the family in particular see Chouan family

Initially the Vendée rebels gained the upper hand, so on August 1 1793 the Committee of Public Safety ordered General Jean-Baptiste Carrier to carry out a pacification of the region. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public le Haut Comité de la santé publique which is an entirely unrelated present-day institution--> set up by the Jean-Baptiste Carrier (1756 &ndash November 16, 1794) was a French Revolutionary known for his cruelty to his enemies especially to Clergy The Republican army was reinforced and the Vendéan army was eventually defeated. The Reign of Terror, seen elsewhere in France, was extraordinarily brutal in the Vendée. Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was There was a massacre of 6,000 Vendée prisoners, many of them women, after the battle of Savenay. Subsequently, there was the drowning of 3,000 Vendée women at Pont-au-Baux. This was followed by 5,000 Vendée priests, old men, women, and children killed by drowning at the Loire River at Nantes in what was called the "national bath" - tied in groups in barges and then sunk into the Loire. The Loire River (lwaʁ in French) is the longest River in France. Nantes (Naoned Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast Under orders from Committee of Public Safety in February 1794 the Republican forces launched their final "pacification" (the Vendée-Vengé or "'Vendée Avenged") - twelve columns, the colonnes infernales ("infernal columns") under Louis-Marie Turreau, were marched through the Vendée, indiscriminately targeting not only the remaining rebels and the people who had given them support, but the innocent as well. ^[64][65]

Beyond these massacres there were formal orders for forced evacuation and 'scorched earth' - farms were destroyed, crops and forests burned, and villages razed. A scorched earth policy is a military strategy or operational method (possibly more often referred to as a tactic but this is not entirely correct as there is a difference between There were many reported atrocities and a campaign of mass killing universally targeted at residents of the Vendée regardless of combatant status, political affiliation, age or gender. Some consider these acts to be the first modern genocide. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group ^[66][67] The campaign was ordered as such by the Comité de Salut public:

"The committee has prepared measures that tend to exterminate this rebellious race of Vendéeans, to make their abodes disappear, to torch their forests, to cut their crops. "

The orders to Turreau were:

"Exterminate the brigands to the last man instead of burning the farms, punish the fleeing ones and the cowards, and crush that horrible Vendée. Combine the most assured means to exterminate all of this race of brigands. "

When the campaign dragged to an end in March 1796 the estimated dead numbered between 117,000 and 500,000, of a population of around 800,000. ^[68][69][70]

Wahhabist conquests

The Saudi Wahabbist sheiks were convinced that it was their religious mission to wage holy war (jihad) against all other forms of Islam. The First Saudi State was established in the year 1744 (1157 A For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. In 1801 and 1802, the Saudi Wahhabists under Abdul Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud attacked and captured the holy Shia cities of Karbala and Najaf in Iraq, massacred the Shiites and destroyed the tombs of the Shiite Imam Husayn and Ali bin Abu Talib. Saud Abdul Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud (عبد العزيز بن محمد بن سعود) was the second ruler of the First Saudi State Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب)‎ (third of Shaban 4 AH / 8th January 626 AD at Medina ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH In 1802 they occupied Taif where they massacred the population. Ta’if ( ar الطائف) is a city in the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia at an elevation of 1700 metres on the slopes of the Al-Sarawat In 1803 and 1804 the Wahhabis captured Mecca and Medina. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as In Mecca and Medina they destroyed monuments and various holy Muslim sites and shrines, such as the shrine built over the tomb of Fatima Zahra, the daughter of Muhammad, and even intended to destroy the grave of the Prophet Muhammad. Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics ^{[71][72][73][74][75]}

Taiping Rebellion

During the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) that followed the secession of the Tàipíng Tiānguó (太平天國, Heavenly Kingdom of Perfect Peace) from the Qing empire both sides tried to deprive each other of the resources to continue the war and it became standard practice to destroy agricultural areas, butcher the population of cities and in general exact a brutal price from captured enemy lands in order to drastically weaken the opposition's war effort. The Taiping Rebellion or Rebellion of Great Peace was a large-scale Revolt against the authority and forces of the Qing Government in China Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China ^[76] This war truly was total in that civilians on both sides participated to a significant extent in the war effort and in that armies on both sides waged war on the civilian population as well as military forces. ^[77] In total between 20 and 30 million died in the conflict making it bloodier than the World War I or Russian Civil War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed ^[78][79]

American Civil War

The American Civil War, the deadliest in American history, caused 620,000 soldier deaths^[80] and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and an extraordinary 18% in the South. ^[81]

General Phillip Sheridan's stripping of the Shenandoah Valley starting from September 21, 1864 and continuing for two weeks was considered "total war" in that its purpose was to eliminate foodstuffs and supplies vital to the South's war plans. Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October 1864 Sheridan took the opportunity when he realized opposing forces had become too weak to resist his army. In another event in that conflict, Union General Order No. 11 (1863) ordered the near-total evacuation of three and a half counties in Missouri, which were subsequently looted and burned. Not to be confused with General Order No 11 (1862 General Order No Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee US Army General William Tecumseh Sherman's 'March to the Sea' in November/December 1864 destroyed the resources required for the South to make war. Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Sherman is considered one of the first military commanders to deliberately and consciously use total war as a military strategy. General Ulysses S. Grant and President Abraham Lincoln initially opposed the plan until Sherman convinced them of its necessity. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal ^[82]

War of the Triple Alliance

War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870) was the bloodiest conflict in the history of South America, fought between Paraguay and the allied countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. The War of the Triple Alliance, also known as the Paraguayan War, and the Great War in Paraguay itself was fought from 1864 to 1870 and caused more deaths than any Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Paraguay’s prewar population of between one and one-half million was reduced to about 221,000 in 1871, of which only about 28,000 were men. ^[83] Paraguay's dictator, Francisco Solano López, is widely regarded as being responsible for the war, which led to his death. Francisco Solano López Carrillo ( 24 July 1826 &ndash 1 March 1870) was president of Paraguay from 1862 until his "Conquer or die" became the order of the day. Lopez ordered thousands of executions in the military. In 1868, when the allies were pressing him hard, he convinced himself that his Paraguayan supporters had actually formed a conspiracy against his life. Thereupon several hundred prominent Paraguayan citizens were seized and executed by his order, including his brothers and brothers-in-law, cabinet ministers, judges, prefects, military officers, bishops and priests, and nine-tenths of the civil officers, together with 500 foreigners, among them several members of the diplomatic legations (the San Fernando massacres). The bodies were dumped into mass graves. ^[84][85]

Indian Wars

In his book The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, amateur historian William M. Osborn sought to tally every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890), and determined that 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans, and 7,193 people died from those perpetrated by settlers. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Osborn defines an atrocity as the murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally ^[86]

The most reliable figures are derived from collated records of strictly military engagements such as by Gregory Michno which reveal 21,586 dead, wounded, and captured civilians and soldiers for the period of 1850–90 alone. ^[87] Other figures are derived from extrapolations of rather cursory and unrelated government accounts such as that by Russell Thornton who calculated that some 45,000 Indians and 19,000 whites were killed. This later rough estimate includes women and children on both sides, since noncombatants were often killed in frontier massacres. Non-combatant is a military and legal term describing Civilians not engaged in combat This is a list of events named "massacre". The term suggests Mass murder and its usage may be controversial ^[88]

Second Boer War

The English term "concentration camp" was first used to describe camps operated by the British in South Africa during the Second Boer War (1899–1902). Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans:

These had originally been set up as "refugee camps" by the Army for families whose farms had been destroyed by the British under their "Scorched Earth" policy (sweeping the country bare of everything that could give sustenance to the guerrillas, including women and children, and including destroying crops, burning down homesteads and farms, poisoning wells, and salting fields) and thousands of Boers had already been brought into them. A scorched earth policy is a military strategy or operational method (possibly more often referred to as a tactic but this is not entirely correct as there is a difference between Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc

Kitchener succeeded Roberts as commander-in-chief in South Africa in November 29, 1900 and in an attempt to break the guerilla campaign, initiated plans to "flush out guerrillas in a series of sytematic drives, organized like a sporting shoot, with success defined in a weekly 'bag' of killed, captured and wounded, and to sweep the country bare of everything that could give sustenance to the guerrillas, including women and children. Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener 1st Earl Kitchener, KG, KP, GCB, OM Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts 1st Earl Roberts, VC, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, PC . . . It was the clearance of civilians -- uprooting a whole nation -- that would come to dominate the last phase of the war. "^[89] Following Kitchener's new policy, more camps were built and converted to prisons and many tens of thousands more women and children were forcibly moved to prevent the Boers from resupplying at their homes.

By August 1901, 93,940 Boers were reported to be in "camps of refuge". The term Afrikaner people refers to white Afrikaans -speaking people who have been established in Southern Africa since the 17th century and are mainly of northwestern A report after the war concluded that 27,927 Boers (of whom 24,074 [50% of the Boer child population] were children under 16) had died of starvation, disease and exposure in the concentration camps. Starvation (also called inanition) is a severe reduction in Vitamin, Nutrient, and Energy intake and is the most extreme form of An infectious disease is a clinically evident Disease resulting from the presence of Pathogenic microbial agents including Pathogenic viruses Pathogenic In all, about one in four (25%) of the Boer inmates, mostly children, died. ^[90][91]

Don Cossacks

Main article: Red Terror

Following the defeat of the White Army in Russian Civil War, a policy of decossackization (Raskazachivaniye) took place on the surviving Cossacks and their homelands since they were viewed as potential threat to the new Soviet regime. The Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the campaign of mass arrests and Executions conducted by the Bolshevik government The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed Decossackization is a term used to describe Lenin 's Bolsheviks policy of the systematic elimination of the Cossacks as social groups The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. ^[92] That was the first example when Soviet leaders decided to "eliminate, exterminate, and deport the population of a whole territory". ^[93][94] The Cossack homelands were often very fertile, and during the collectivisation campaign many Cossacks shared the fate of kulaks. Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise Kulaks ( Russian: кула́к kulak " Fist ", by extension "tight-fisted" were a category of rich Peasants in later The man-made Holodomor famine of 1932-1933 hit the Don and Kuban territory the hardest. The Holodomor (Голодомор is the famine that took place in Soviet Ukraine during the 1932-1933 agricultural season The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast Kuban ( Кубáнь) is a geographic region of Southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe According to historian Michael Kort, "During 1919 and 1920, out of a population of approximately 1. 5 million Don Cossacks, the Bolshevik regime killed or deported an estimated 300,000 to 500,000". Don Cossacks (Донские казаки were Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories deportations of " Anti-Soviet " categories of population often classified ^[95]

Spanish Civil War

The number of casualties is disputed; estimates generally suggest that between 500,000 and 1 million people were killed in the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Over the years, historians kept lowering the death figures and modern research concludes that 500,000 deaths is the correct figure. ^[96] Atrocities during the war were committed on both sides. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of ^[97][98] At least 50,000 were executed during the civil war. ^[99] Franco's victory was followed by tens of thousands of summary executions. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid A summary execution is a type of Extrajudicial punishment in which a person is killed on the spot without Trial. ^[100][101]

In his recent, updated history of the Spanish Civil War, Antony Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. Antony James Beevor (born 14 December 1946) is a British Historian, educated at Winchester College and Sandhurst. ^[102] The 'red terror' had already killed 38,000. The Red Terror in Spain is the name given to various acts committed by Spanish Republicans during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s including "^[103] Julius Ruiz concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in Nationalist Spain. "^[104] In Checas de Madrid, César Vidal comes to a nationwide total of 110,965 victims of Republican repression; 11,705 people being killed in Madrid alone. ^[105]

During World War II

Germany

Main articles: Holocaust, German war crimes, and Consequences of German Nazism

During World War II, the holocaust initiated by the German National Socialist party killed millions of people: Slavs, Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Communists, Serbs, and especially Jews. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Germany committed War crimes in both World War I and World War II. German Nazism and the acts of the Nazi German state profoundly affected many countries communities and peoples before during and after World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Serbs ( Serbian: Срби Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ After the end of World War II, this genocide came to be known as the Holocaust. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Poles, Jehovah's Witnesses, Roma and homosexuals and anybody considered a threat to the Nazi party were rounded up and sent to labour camps, death camps, or just killed in their homes. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor. Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become

The Nazi occupation of Poland resulted in the death of one-fifth of the population, some 6 million people, half of them Jewish. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Soviet Union lost an estimated 27 million people during the war, about half of all World War II casualties. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 World War II was humanity's deadliest war causing tens of millions of deaths ^[106][107] Of the 5. 7 million Soviet POWs captured by the Germans, 3. 5 million had died while in German captivity by the end of the war. ^[108]

Japan

Main article: Japanese war crimes

Japanese soldiers rounded up and killed millions^[109] of civilians and prisoners of wars from surrounding nations, especially from Korea, China, Philippines and US during World War II. Japanese war crimes occurred during the period of Japanese imperialism. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The United States of America —commonly referred to as the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including At least 20 million Chinese died during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the ^[110][111]

Unit 731 was amongst one of the most notorious examples of wartime atrocities committed on a civilian population during World War II, where cruel and inhumane experiments were done to thousands of Chinese civilians and Allied prisoners of war. was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose The Rape of Nanking is another example of atrocity committed by Japanese soldiers on a civilian population. Hundreds of thousands of men were slaughtered, while women of all ages were systematically raped and / or killed by Japanese soldiers. ^[112]

The Three Alls Policy (Sankō Sakusen) was a Japanese scorched earth policy adopted in China during World War II, the three alls being: "Kill All, Burn All and Loot All". The Three Alls Policy (三光作戦 Sankō Sakusen;) was a Japanese Scorched earth policy adopted in China during World War II, the three alls A scorched earth policy is a military strategy or operational method (possibly more often referred to as a tactic but this is not entirely correct as there is a difference between Initiated in 1940 by Ryūkichi Tanaka, the Sankō Sakusen was implemented in full scale in 1942 in north China by Yasuji Okamura who divided the territory into pacified, semi-pacified and unpacified areas. was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II Biography Tanaka was born in what is now part of Yasugi city, Shimane prefecture Northern China or North China ( literally "China's north" is a Geographical region of China. was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, and commander-in-chief of the China Expeditionary Army from November 1944 to the end of World War II. The approval of the policy was given by Imperial Headquarters Army Order Number 575 on 3 December 1941.

Because of the sheer scale of suffering caused by the Japanese military during the 1930s and 1940s, it is often compared to the military of Nazi Germany during 1933–45. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Much of the controversy regarding Japan's role in World War II revolves around the death rates of prisoners of war and civilians under Japanese occupation. The historian Chalmers Johnson has written that:

It may be pointless to try to establish which World War Two Axis aggressor, Germany or Japan, was the more brutal to the peoples it victimised. Chalmers Ashby Johnson (born 1931 is an American Author and Professor emeritus of the University of California San Diego. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Germans killed six million Jews and 20 million Russians [i. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ e. Soviet citizens]; the Japanese slaughtered as many as 30 million Filipinos, Malays, Vietnamese, Cambodians, Indonesians and Burmese, at least 23 million of them ethnic Chinese. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Both nations looted the countries they conquered on a monumental scale, though Japan plundered more, over a longer period, than the Nazis. Both conquerors enslaved millions and exploited them as forced labourers — and, in the case of the Japanese, as [forced] prostitutes for front-line troops. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will Comfort women is a Euphemism for women forced into Prostitution and Sexual slavery for Japanese military brothels during World War If you were a Nazi prisoner of war from Britain, America, Australia, New Zealand or Canada (but not Russia) you faced a 4 % chance of not surviving the war; [by comparison] the death rate for Allied POWs held by the Japanese was nearly 30 %. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[113]

Soviet Union

Main article: Soviet war crimes

According to the historian Norman Naimark, the propaganda of Soviet troop newspapers and the orders of Soviet high command were jointly responsible for excesses by members of the Red Army. Soviet war crimes gives a short overview about serious crimes committed by the Red Army 's (1918-1946 later Soviet Army) leadership and an unknown number of single Norman Naimark, is a historian and acclaimed author specialising in modern East European history Genocide and Ethnic cleansing. The general tenor in the writings was that the Red Army had come to Germany as an avenger and judge to punish the Germans. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya ^[114] On January 12, 1945 army General Cherniakhovsky turned to his troops with the words: There shall be no mercy - for nobody, as there had also been no mercy for us. Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky, also Cherniakhovsky, (Ива́н Дани́лович Черняхо́вский Uman, current Cherkasy . . The land of the fascists must become a desert …^[115]

On the German side, any organized evacuation of civilians was forbidden by the Nazi government to boost morale of the troops, now for the first time defending the "Fatherland", even when the Red Army entered German territory in the last months of 1944. It is estimated that Soviet soldiers raped at least 2,000,000 German women and girls, an estimated 200,000 of whom later died from injuries sustained, committed suicide, or were murdered outright. ^{[116][117][118]}

Mao Zedong

Mao’s first political campaigns after founding the People’s Republic were land reform and the suppression of counter-revolutionaries, which centered on mass executions, often before organized crowds. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Land reforms (also Agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning is an often- controversial alteration in the societal arrangements whereby government These campaigns of mass repression targeted former KMT officials, businessmen, former employees of Western companies, intellectuals whose loyalty was suspect, and significant numbers of rural gentry. ^[119] The U. S. State department in 1976 estimated that there may have been a million killed in the land reform, 800,000 killed in the counterrevolutionary campaign. ^[120] Mao himself claimed a total of 700,000 killed during these early years (1949–53). ^[121] However, because there was a policy to select "at least one landlord, and usually several, in virtually every village for public execution",^[122] 1 million deaths seems to be an absolute minimum, and many authors agree on a figure of between 2 million and 5 million dead. ^[123][124] In addition, at least 1. 5 million people were sent to "reform through labour" camps (laogai). Laogai ( the abbreviation for Láo dòng Gǎi zào (勞動改造 which means "reform through labor" is a slogan of the Chinese criminal ^[125] Mao’s personal role in ordering mass executions is undeniable. ^[126][127] He defended these killings as necessary for the securing of power. ^[128]

It is estimated that hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, perished in the violence of the Cultural Revolution. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into ^[129] When Mao was informed of such losses, particularly that people had been driven to suicide, he blithely commented: "People who try to commit suicide - don't attempt to save them! . . . China is such a populous nation, it is not as if we cannot do without a few people. "^[130]

Equatorial Guinea

In September 1968, Francisco Macías Nguema was elected first president of Equatorial Guinea, and independence was granted in October. Francisco Macías Nguema (1 January 1924 as Mez-m Ngueme – September 29 1979 was the first President of Equatorial Guinea, from 1968 until his overthrow The Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial,) is a country in Central Africa. ^[131] In July 1970, Nguema created a single-party state. In 1972 Nguema took complete control of the government and assumed the title of President for Life. President for Life is a Title assumed by some Dictators to remove their Term limit, in the hope that their Authority, legitimacy, and Nguema’s regime was characterized by abandonment of all government functions except internal security, which was accomplished by terror; he acted as chief judge who sentenced thousands to death. This led to the death or exile of up to 1/3 of the country's population. Out of a population of 300,000, an estimated 80,000 had been killed. ^[132][133] Uneasy around educated people, he had killed everyone who wore spectacles. All schools were ordered closed in 1975. The economy collapsed, and skilled citizens and foreigners left. ^[134]

Idi Amin Dada

Idi Amin, dictator of Uganda from 1971 to 1979, is notorious for being one of the bloodiest dictators of the 20th century. Idi Amin Dada (mid 1920s &ndash 16 August 2003 commonly known as Idi Amin, was a Ugandan military dictator and the President of Uganda The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. ^[135] The exact number of people killed is unknown. The International Commission of Jurists estimated the death toll at no fewer than 80,000 and more likely around 300,000. The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ is an international Human rights Non-governmental organisation. ^[136] An estimate compiled by exile organizations with the help of Amnesty International puts the number killed at 500,000. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to The victims soon came to include members of other ethnic groups, religious leaders, journalists, senior bureaucrats, judges, lawyers, students and intellectuals, criminal suspects, and foreign nationals. In some cases entire villages were wiped out. ^[137] Bodies were dumped into the River Nile, on at least one occasion in quantities sufficient to clog the Owen Falls Hydro-Electric Dam in Jinja. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Nalubaale Power Station, often known by its old name Owen Falls Dam, is a Hydroelectric power station across the White Nile near to its source at ^[138]

Ethiopia

During Mengistu’s 17-year reign it was not uncommon to see students, suspected government critics or rebel sympathisers hanging from lampposts each morning. Mengistu Haile Mariam (መንግስቱ ኃይለ ማርያም məngɨstu hi lə maryam (born 1937 a repression campaign against the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party and Mengistu himself is alleged to have murdered opponents by garroting or shooting them, saying that he was leading by example. ^[139] Some experts have estimated that 150,000 university students, intellectuals and politicians were killed during Mengistu's rule. ^[140] Amnesty International estimates that up to 500,000 people were killed during the Red Terror of 1977 and 1978. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to The Ethiopian Red Terror, or Qey Shibir (also Key Shibbir, etc ^[141] On 12 December 2006 Mengistu Haile Mariam was found guilty of genocide and other offences. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Mengistu Haile Mariam (መንግስቱ ኃይለ ማርያም məngɨstu hi lə maryam (born 1937 a repression campaign against the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party and He was sentenced to life in prison in January 2007. ^[142]

Western New Guinea

Amnesty International has estimated that more than 100,000 Papuans, one-sixth of the population, have died as a result of government-sponsored violence against West Papuans,^[143] while others had previously specified much higher death tolls. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to The term Papuan languages refers to those Languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. ^[144] In 2004 the Yale University Law School published "Indonesian Human Rights Abuses in West Papua: Application of the Law of Genocide to the History of Indonesian Control",^[145] a 75 page report detailing the applicability of Indonesian control to each of the genocide conventions.

Algerian Civil War

During the Algerian Civil War of the 1990s, a variety of massacres occurred. The Algerian Civil War was an armed conflict between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups which began in 1991 During the Algerian Civil War of the 1990s a variety of massacres occurred The massacres peaked in 1997 (with a smaller peak in 1994), and were particularly concentrated in the areas between Algiers and Oran, with very few occurring in the east or in the Sahara. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Oran ( Arabic:ar وهران pronounced Wahran; also transliterated as Ouahran, Spanish: Orán. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest An estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people lost their lives during the conflict. ^[146][147]

Starting around April 1997 (the Thalit massacre), Algeria was wracked by massacres of intense brutality and unprecedented size; previous massacres had occurred in the conflict, but always on a substantially smaller scale. The Thalit massacre took place in Thalit village ( Médéa, near Ksar el Boukhari; see map some 70 km from Algiers, on April 3 - Typically targeting entire villages or neighborhoods and disregarding the age and sex of victims, the Armed Islamic Group (GIA) guerrillas killed tens, and sometimes hundreds, of civilians at a time. The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA, al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية These massacres continued through the end of 1998, changing the nature of the political situation considerably. The areas south and east of Algiers were hit particularly hard; the Rais and Bentalha massacres in particular shocked worldwide observers. The Rais massacre, of August 29, 1997, was one of Algeria 's bloodiest massacres of the 1990s At the village of Bentalha, about 15 km south of Algiers, on the night of September 22 -23 1997, more than 200 villagers (according to Amnesty Pregnant women were sliced open, children were hacked to pieces or dashed against walls, men's limbs were hacked off one by one, and, as the attackers retreated, they would kidnap young women to keep as sex slaves. This quotation by Nesroullah Yous, a survivor of Bentalha, expresses the apparent mood of the attackers:

We have the whole night to rape your women and children, drink your blood. Even if you escape today, we'll come back tomorrow to finish you off! We're here to send you to your God!"^[148]

The GIA's responsibility for these massacres is undisputed; it claimed credit for both Rais and Bentalha (calling the killings an "offering to God" and the victims "impious" supporters of tyrants in a press release), and its policy of massacring civilians was cited by the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat as one of the main reasons it split off from the GIA. The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA, al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية The al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb, previously known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (الجماعة السلفية للدعوة والقتال At this stage, it had apparently adopted a takfirist ideology, believing that practically all Algerians not actively fighting the government were corrupt to the point of being kafirs, and could be killed righteously with impunity; an unconfirmed communiqué by Zouabri had stated that "except for those who are with us, all others are apostates and deserving of death. For the Salafist extremist group see Takfir wal-Hijra In Shia terminology "takfir" This article is on the Islamic religious term For the pejorative racial slur see Kaffir (ethnic slur. "^[149]

Second Congo War

The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War, began in 1998. The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War and the Great War of Africa, began in August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) ^[150] The largest war in modern African history, one of the deadliest conflicts since World War II, it directly involved eight African nations, as well as about 25 armed groups. The history of Africa begins with the first emergence of Homo sapiens in East Africa, continuing into its modern present as a patchwork of World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nearly 5 million people have died. ^[151][152] A U.N. human rights expert reported in July 2007 that sexual atrocities against Congolese women go 'far beyond rape' and include sexual slavery, forced incest, and cannibalism. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Sexual slavery refers to the organised coercion of persons into various different sexual practices forced Prostitution single-owner sexual slavery Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος ^[153]

In 2003, Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of Mbuti Pygmies, told the UN's Indigenous People's Forum that during the Congo Civil War, his people were hunted down and eaten as though they were game animals. The Mbuti people or Bambuti as they are collectively called are one of several indigenous Hunter-gatherer groups in the Congo region of Pygmies (singular Pygmy) refers to a member of any human group whose adult males grow to less than 150 cm (4 feet 11 inches in average height or less than 155 cm The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War and the Great War of Africa, began in August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Both sides of the war regarded them as "subhuman". Makelo asked the UN Security Council to recognise cannibalism as a crime against humanity and an act of genocide. Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group ^[154][155]

See also

• Aggression
• Cartoon physics
• Consensual violence
• Domestic Violence
• Genetics and violence
• Terrorism
• Violent crime
• War crime
• War

References

Sources

• Walter Benjamin's Critique of Violence
• Arno Gruen psychoanalyst who has written extensively on the origins of violence
• Flannery, D.J., Vazsonyi, A.T.& Waldman, I.D. (Eds.) (2007). The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression. Cambridge University Press, NY.
• Nazaretyan, A. Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin ( July 15, 1892 &ndash September 27, 1940) was a German - Jewish Marxist Arno Gruen (born 1923 in Berlin is a Swiss-[[Germany German]] Psychologist and psychoanalyst P. (2007). Violence and Non-Violence at Different Stages of World History: A view from the hypothesis of techno-humanitarian balance. In: History & Mathematics. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS. P. 127-148. ISBN 9785484010011.

External links

• Information on James W. Prescott's work
• 1986 Seville Statement on Violence
• Introduction and Updated Information on the Seville Statement on Violence
• The Meanings of Violence and the Violence of Meanings Intercultural discussions on violence
• Institute on Violence, Abuse and Trauma
• Violence Prevention Institute
• Text of Dom Helder Camara's classic 1971 "Spiral of Violence"
• Boys Equally At Risk For Partner Violence
• Violent Youth