Vinegar is sometimes infused with spices or herbs—as here, with oregano. An infusion is the outcome of steeping plants with a desired flavour in Water or oil. Oregano or ( Origanum vulgare) is a species of Origanum, native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia

Vinegar is a liquid processed from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste The acetic acid concentration ranges typically from 4 to 8 percent by volume for table vinegar ^[1] (typically 5%) and higher concentrations for pickling (up to 18%) although in some countries the minimum strength may be less. Natural vinegars also contain smaller amounts of tartaric acid, citric acid, and other acids. Tartaric acid is a white crystalline Organic acid. It occurs naturally in many plants particularly Grapes Bananas and Tamarinds and is Citric acid is a weak organic Acid. It is a natural Preservative and is also used to add an acidic or sour taste to foods and Soft drinks It has been used since ancient times, and is an important element in Western, European, Asian, and other traditional cuisines of the world. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings European cuisine, or alternatively Western cuisine is a generalized term collectively referring to the Cuisines of Europe and other Western countries Asian cuisine is a term used in the West as an umbrella term for the various cuisines of South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia and for fusion

The word "vinegar" derives from the Old Spanish vin agre, meaning "sour wine. Old Spanish, or Old Castilian, is an early form of the Spanish language that was spoken from 10th Century until 15th Century, before the consonantic " Louis Pasteur showed in 1864 that vinegar results from a natural fermentation process. Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions

Chemical and physical properties

pH Value

Vinegar has a pH of about 2. 4. ^[2]

Density

Vinegar has a density of approximately 0. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 96 g/mL. G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled gee or occasionally ge (dʒiː The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. The density level depends on the acidity of the vinegar.

History

Vinegar has been made and used by people for thousands of years. Traces of it have been found in Egyptian urns from around 3000 BC.

In the Bible, it is mentioned as something not very pleasant (Ps. 69:21, Prov. 25:20), but Boaz allows Ruth to "dip her piece of bread in the vinegar" (Ruth 2:14). Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included Boaz ( Heb בועז) is a major figure in The Book of Ruth in the Bible. This article is about the ancient Hebrew religious text For the 20th-century English-language novel see The Book of Ruth (novel The Book of Ruth Nazirites, on the other hand, were not allowed to drink either wine vinegar or malt vinegar. A nazirite or nazarite, (in Hebrew: נזיר nazir) refers to a Jew who took the Ascetic vow described in. Jesus was offered vinegar or sour wine while on the cross (Matthew 27:48; Mark 15:36). Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE)

Production

Vinegar is made from the oxidation of ethanol in wine, cider, beer, fermented fruit juice, or nearly any other liquid containing alcohol. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice For the non-alcoholic beverage commonly known in the US as "cider" see Apple cider. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea JUICE is a widely used non-commercial Software package for editing and analysing phytosociological data Commercial vinegar is produced either by fast or slow fermentation processes. Slow methods are generally used with traditional vinegars and fermentation proceeds slowly over the course of weeks or months. The longer fermentation period allows for the accumulation of a nontoxic slime composed of acetic acid bacteria and soluble cellulose, known as the mother of vinegar. Acetic acid bacteria are bacteria that derive their energy from the Oxidation of Ethanol to Acetic acid during respiration. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Mother of vinegar is a substance composed of a form of Cellulose and Acetic acid bacteria that develops on fermenting Alcoholic liquids which Fast methods add mother of vinegar (i. e. bacterial culture) to the source liquid and then add air using a venturi pump system or a turbine to promote oxygenation to give the fastest fermentation. An aspirator, also called an Eductor-jet pump or filter pump is a device that produces Vacuum by means of the Venturi effect. A turbine is a rotary Engine that extracts Energy from a Fluid flow In fast production processes, vinegar may be produced in a period ranging from 20 hours to three days.

Vinegar eels (Turbatrix aceti), a form of nematode, may occur in some forms of vinegar. Turbatrix aceti ( Vinegar eels, Vinegar nematode) are free-living Nematodes that feed on the Microbial culture, called Mother The nematodes or roundworms ( Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema "thread" + -ode "like" are one of the most common These feed on the microbial culture that is used to create the vinegar (called mother of vinegar) and can occur in naturally fermenting vinegar. ^[3] Most manufacturers filter and pasteurize their product before bottling to eliminate any potential adulteration. Pasteurization is the process of heating Liquids for the purpose of destroying bacteria, Protozoa, Molds and Yeasts The process was

Types of vinegar

White

White vinegar can be made by oxidizing a distilled alcohol. Alternatively, it may be nothing more than a solution of acetic acid and salt in water. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Most commercial white vinegars are 5% acetic acid solutions, although some US states such as Virginia have laws prohibiting the sale as vinegar of any product not made from acetous fermentation of alcohol. They are made from grain (often maize) and water. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica White vinegar is used for culinary as well as cleaning purposes because vinegar can also be used for sterilization.

Malt

Malt vinegar is made by malting barley, causing the starch in the grain to turn to maltose. Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide Maltose, or malt sugar is a Disaccharide formed from two units of Glucose joined with an α(1→4 linkage An ale is then brewed from the maltose and allowed to turn into vinegar, which is then aged. Ale is a type of Beer brewed from Malted Barley using a top-fermenting Brewers' yeast. Brewing is the production of Alcoholic beverage and Alcohol fuel through fermentation. It is typically light brown in color. However, most supermarket vinegar is actually extracted from beetroot.

A cheaper alternative, called "non-brewed condiment," is a solution of 4-8% acetic acid colored with caramel (usually E150). A colourant or colorant is something added to something else to cause a change in Colour. Caramel coloring is Caramel used as a Food coloring; it is made by controlled heating of Sugar, generally in the presence of Acids or Alkalis Caramel coloring is Caramel used as a Food coloring; it is made by controlled heating of Sugar, generally in the presence of Acids or Alkalis There is also around 1-3% citric acid present. Non-brewed condiment is more popular in the North of England, and gained popularity with the rise of the Temperance movement. See also Prohibition, Teetotalism The Temperance Movement attempted to reduce the amount of Alcohol consumed within a community or society in

Wine

Wine vinegar is made from red or white wine, and is the most commonly used vinegar in Mediterranean countries and Central Europe. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and As with wine, there is a considerable range in quality. Better quality wine vinegars are matured in wood for up to two years and exhibit a complex, mellow flavor. Wine vinegar tends to have a lower acidity than that of white or cider vinegars. There are more expensive wine vinegars made from individual varieties of wine, such as Champagne, Sherry, or pinot grigio. Champagne is a Sparkling wine produced by inducing the in-bottle Secondary fermentation of Wine to effect Carbonation. Sherry Vinegar, or more properly "Vinagre de Jerez" is a gourmet wine Vinegar made from Sherry.

Apple cider

Apple cider vinegar, otherwise known simply as cider vinegar, is made from cider or apple must, and is often sold unfiltered, with a brownish-yellow color; it often contains mother of vinegar. For the non-alcoholic beverage commonly known in the US as "cider" see Apple cider. The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae. MUST may refer to Militära underrättelse- och säkerhetstjänsten, the Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service Misr University Mother of vinegar is a substance composed of a form of Cellulose and Acetic acid bacteria that develops on fermenting Alcoholic liquids which It is very popular, partly due to its beneficial health and beauty properties. Due to its acidity, apple cider vinegar can be very harsh, even burning the throat. If taken straight (as opposed to usage in cooking), it should be diluted (e. g. with fruit juice) before drinking. ^[4] Others dilute it with warm water and add some honey. ^[5] There have been reports of acid chemical burns of the throat in using the pill form. ^[6]

Fruit

Persimmon vinegar produced in South Korea

Fruit vinegars are made from fruit wines usually without any additional flavoring. "Elderberry Wine" redirects here For the Elton John song of the same name see Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player. Common flavors of fruit vinegar include apple, black currant, raspberry, quince, and tomato. The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae. The Blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum) is a species of Ribes Berry native to central and northern Europe and northern Asia. The raspberry (plural raspberries) is the edible Fruit of a multitude of plant species in the subgenus Idaeobatus of the genus Rubus The Quince (kwɪns or Cydonia oblonga, is the sole member of the genus Cydonia and native to warm-temperate southwest Asia in the Caucasus The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum, syn Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is a herbaceous usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family Typically, the flavors of the original fruits remain in the final product.

Most fruit vinegars are produced in Europe, where there is a growing market for high-priced vinegars made solely from specific fruits (as opposed to non-fruit vinegars which are infused with fruits or fruit flavors). However, several varieties are also produced in Asia. Persimmon vinegar, called gamsik cho (감식초), is popular in South Korea. This article refers to the edible fruit For the British construction company see Persimmon plc; for the racehorse see Persimmon (horse. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Jujube vinegar^photo (called 枣醋 or 红枣醋 in Chinese) and wolfberry vinegar^photo (called 枸杞醋 in Chinese) are produced in China. Ziziphus zizyphus (from Greek ζίζυφον - zizuphon, syn Z

Umezu (梅酢; often translated as "umeboshi vinegar" or "ume vinegar"), a salty, sour liquid that is a by-product of umeboshi (pickled ume) production, is produced in Japan but is technically not a true vinegar. A by-product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a Manufacturing process a Chemical reaction or a biochemical pathway and is not the primary product Umeboshi ( Japanese: 梅[[wiktionary 干|干]] literally "dried Ume " are pickled ume fruits Tsukemono (漬物 ("pickled things" are Japanese pickles.

Balsamic

Balsamic vinegar is an aromatic, aged type of vinegar traditionally manufactured in Modena, Italy, from the concentrated juice, or must, of white grapes (typically of the Trebbiano variety). Balsamic vinegar (aceto balsamico is a Condiment originating from Italy Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest MUST may refer to Militära underrättelse- och säkerhetstjänsten, the Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service Misr University Trebbiano is a Grape variety that probably makes more white wine in the world than any other It is very dark brown in color and its flavor is rich, sweet, and complex, with the finest grades being the product of years of aging in a successive number of casks made of various types of wood (including oak, mulberry, chestnut, cherry, juniper, ash, and acacia). Originally an artisanal product available only to the Italian upper classes, balsamic vinegar became widely known and available around the world in the late 20th century. True balsamic is aged for between 3 and 12 years. One can sometimes even find balsamic vinegars that have been aged for up to 100 years, though they are usually very expensive. The commercial balsamic sold in supermarkets is typically made with red wine vinegar or concentrated grape juice mixed with a strong vinegar which is laced with caramel and sugar. However produced, balsamic needs to be made from a grape product.

Balsamic has a high acid level, but the sweetness covers the tart flavor, making it very mellow.

Rice

A bottle of rice vinegar produced in Guangdong, China

Rice vinegar is most popular in the cuisines of East and Southeast Asia. Rice vinegar is a Vinegar made from fermented Rice or Rice wine in China, Korea, and Japan. It is available in white (actually light yellow), red, and black variants. The Japanese prefer a light and more delicate rice vinegar for the preparation of sushi rice and salad dressings. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In Japanese cuisine, is Vinegared Rice, usually topped with other ingredients including fish various meats and vegetables Red rice vinegar is traditionally colored with red yeast rice, although some Chinese brands use artificial food coloring instead. Red yeast rice ( Chinese: 紅[[wiktionary 麴|麴]] 米, 红[[wiktionary 曲|曲]] 米; pinyin hóng qú mǐ A food coloring is any substance that is added to Food or Drink to change its Color. Black rice vinegar (made with black glutinous rice) is most popular in China, although it is also produced in Japan (see East Asian black, below). China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Vinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the Fermentation of Ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient Acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid It may be used as a substitute for balsamic vinegar, although its dark color and the fact that it is aged may be the only similarity between the two products.

Some varieties of rice vinegar are sweetened or otherwise seasoned with spices or other added flavorings.

Coconut

Coconut vinegar, made from fermented coconut water, is used extensively in Southeast Asian cuisine (particularly in the Philippines, a major producer, where it is called suka ng niyog), as well as in some cuisines of India. Coconut water is the clear liquid inside young coconuts (fruits of the coconut palm) not to be confused with Coconut milk. A cloudy white liquid, it has a particularly sharp, acidic taste with a slightly yeasty note.

Palm

Palm vinegar (sukang paombong)

Palm vinegar, made from the fermented sap from flower clusters of the nipa palm (also called attap palm), is used most often in the Philippines, where it is produced, and where it is called sukang paombong. Nypa fruticans, known as the Attap Palm ( Singapore) Nipa Palm ( Philippines) and Mangrove Palm or Nipah palm

Cane

Cane vinegar, made from sugar cane juice, is most popular in India (भारत) and in the Ilocos Region of the northern Philippines (where it is called sukang iloko), although it is also produced in France and the United States. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae The Ilocos Region or Region I ( Ilokano: Rehion ti Ilokos, Pangasinan: Rihiyon na Sagor na Baybay na Luzon) of the Philippines It ranges from dark yellow to golden brown in color and has a mellow flavor, similar in some respects to rice vinegar, though with a somewhat "fresher" taste. Contrary to expectation, it is not sweeter than other vinegars, containing no residual sugar. In the Philippines, it is often labeled as sukang maasim, although this is simply a generic term meaning "sour vinegar. "

Raisin

Raisin vinegar produced in Turkey

Vinegar made from raisins, called khal 'anab (خل عنب) in Arabic, is used in cuisines of the Middle East, and is produced in Turkey. Raisins are dried Grapes They are produced in many regions of the world such as the United States, Australia, Chile, Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language It is cloudy and medium brown in color, with a mild flavor. ^photo

Date

Vinegar made from dates is a traditional product of the Middle East. The Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, extensively cultivated for its edible Fruit. [1]

Beer

A bottle of German beer vinegar

Vinegar made from beer is produced in Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Although its flavor depends on the particular type of beer from which it is made, it is often described as having a malty taste. That produced in Bavaria is a light golden color, with a very sharp and not overly complex flavor. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12

Honey

Vinegar made from honey is rare, though commercially available honey vinegars are produced in Italy and France. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

East Asian black

Chinese black vinegar is an aged product made from rice, wheat, millet, or sorghum, or a combination thereof. Rice vinegar is a Vinegar made from fermented Rice or Rice wine in China, Korea, and Japan. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. The millets are a group of small- Seeded Species of Cereal crops or grains widely grown around the world for Food and Fodder Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are used as Fodder plants either cultivated or as part It has an inky black color and a complex, malty flavor. There is no fixed recipe and thus some Chinese black vinegars may contain added sugar, spices, or caramel color. The most popular variety, Chinkiang vinegar, originated in the city of Zhenjiang, in the eastern coastal province of Jiangsu, China^[7] and is also produced in Tianjin and Hong Kong. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Zhenjiang administers 6 county-level divisions, including 3 districts and 3 county-level cities ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders

A somewhat lighter form of black vinegar, made from rice, is also produced in Japan, where it is called kurozu. Since 2004 it has been marketed as a healthful drink; its manufacturers claim that it contains high concentrations of amino acids. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this

Flavored vinegars

Cantonese red vinegar

Popular fruit-flavored vinegars include those infused with whole raspberries, blueberries or figs (or else from flavorings derived from these fruits). Cantonese ( Yue) cuisine comes from Guangdong Province in Southern China, or specifically from Guangzhou (Canton The raspberry (plural raspberries) is the edible Fruit of a multitude of plant species in the subgenus Idaeobatus of the genus Rubus Blueberries are Flowering plants in the genus Vaccinium, sect Ficus is a Genus of about 850 Species of woody Trees Shrubs Vines Epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes in the family Some of the more exotic fruit-flavored vinegars include blood orange and pear. The blood orange is a variety of orange ( Citrus sinensis) with crimson Blood -colored flesh A pear is a pomaceous Fruit produced by a tree of Genus Pyrus.

Herb vinegars are flavored with herbs, most commonly Mediterranean herbs such as thyme or oregano. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like Thyme (ˈtaɪm is a well known herb in common usage the name may refer to either the any or all members of the plant Genus Thymus, Oregano or ( Origanum vulgare) is a species of Origanum, native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia Such vinegars can be prepared at home by adding sprigs of fresh or dried herbs to store-bought vinegar; generally a light-colored, mild tasting vinegar such as that made from white wine is used for this purpose.

Sweetened vinegar is of Cantonese origin and is made from rice wine, sugar and herbs including ginger, cloves and other spices. Cantonese ( Yue) cuisine comes from Guangdong Province in Southern China, or specifically from Guangzhou (Canton

Spiced vinegar, from the Philippines (labeled as spiced sukang maasim), is flavored with chili peppers, onions, and garlic.

Job's Tears

In Japan, an aged vinegar is also made from Job's Tears; it is similar in flavor to rice vinegar. Job 's Tears ( Coix lacryma-jobi) Coixseed, adlay, or adlai, is a tall grain-bearing Tropical Plant of the

Kombucha

Kombucha vinegar is made from kombucha, a symbiotic culture of yeast and bacteria. Kombucha is the Western name for sweetened tea or Tisane that has been fermented using a macroscopic solid mass of microorganisms called a "kombucha colony" The bacteria produce a complex array of nutrients and populate the vinegar with bacteria which some claim promote a healthy digestive tract, though no scientific studies have shown this to date. A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment Kombucha vinegar is primarily used to make a vinaigrette and flavored by adding strawberries, blackberries, mint, or blueberries at the beginning of fermentation. Vinaigrette is a mixture of Vinegar (or sometimes citrus juice and oil often flavored with Herbs Spices and other ingredients

Culinary uses

Vinegar is commonly used in food preparation, particularly in pickling processes, vinaigrettes, and other salad dressings. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Pickling, also known as brining or corning, is the process of preserving Food by Anaerobic fermentation in Brine (a solution Vinaigrette is a mixture of Vinegar (or sometimes citrus juice and oil often flavored with Herbs Spices and other ingredients Salad is a mixture of cold foods usually including vegetables and/or fruits often with a dressing occasionally nuts or Croutons, and sometimes with the addition of It is an ingredient in sauces such as mustard, ketchup, and mayonnaise. Mustard is a thick yellowish-brown paste with a sharp taste made from the ground seeds of a Mustard plant (white or yellow mustard Sinapis hirta Ketchup (also spelled catsup or catchup) also known as tomato ketchup, tomato sauce, red sauce, Tommy sauce, Mayonnaise (sometime abbreviated to mayo in American English and other languages is a thick Condiment made primarily from Vegetable oil and Egg Vinegar is an essential component of chutneys. Chutney ( Hindi: चटनी Urdu: چٹنی) (British spelling or chatni is a term for a variety of sweet and spicy Condiments, usually It is often used as a condiment. A condiment is a prepared edible substance or Mixture, often preserved or fermented (usually a liquid that is added in relatively small Marinades often contain vinegar. Marination, also known as marinating, is the process of soaking foods in a seasoned often acidic liquid before cooking

• Condiment for fish and chips - Britons commonly use malt vinegar (or non-brewed condiment) on chips; it may be used in other territories where British-style fish and chips are served. Fish and chips (sometimes written " fish ’n’ chips " is a popular Take-away food originating from the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located French fries ( North American English; sometimes not capitalized chips ( British English) fries or French-fried potatoes (formal The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

• Flavoring for potato chips - many American manufacturers of pre-packaged potato chips/crisps feature a variety flavored with vinegar and salt. A potato chip or crisp is a thin slice of Potato, deep fried or baked until Crisp.

• Condiment for french fries, particularly in the UK, Northeastern United States and universally across Canada (white or malt vinegar). The Northeast is a region of the United States. As defined by the U

• Vinegar pie - is a North American dessert made with a vinegar to one's taste. Dessert is a course that typically comes at the end of a meal usually consisting of sweet Food but sometimes of a strongly-flavored one such as some Cheeses The

• Pickling - any vinegar can be used to pickle foods. Pickling, also known as brining or corning, is the process of preserving Food by Anaerobic fermentation in Brine (a solution

• Cider vinegar and sauces - cider vinegar is not usually suitable for use in delicate sauces.

• Substitute for lemon juice - cider vinegar can usually be substituted for lemon juice in recipes and obtain a pleasing effect.

• Saucing roast lamb - pouring cider vinegar over the meat when roasting lamb, especially when combined with honey or when sliced onions have been added to the roasting pan, produces a tasty sauce.

• Sweetened vinegar is used in the dish of Pork Knuckles and Ginger Stew which is made among Chinese people of Cantonese backgrounds to celebrate the arrival of a new child. ^[8]

• Sushi rice - Japanese use rice vinegar as an essential ingredient for sushi rice. In Japanese cuisine, is Vinegared Rice, usually topped with other ingredients including fish various meats and vegetables Rice vinegar is a Vinegar made from fermented Rice or Rice wine in China, Korea, and Japan.

• Red vinegar - Sometimes used in Chinese soups

Medicinal uses

Many remedies and treatments have been ascribed to vinegar over millennia in many different cultures. However, few have been verifiable using controlled medical trials and several that are effective to some extent have significant risks and side effects.

Cholesterol

A scientific study published in 2006 concluded that a test group of rats fed with acetic acid (the main component of vinegar) had "significantly lower values for serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerols", among other health benefits. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste ^[9]

Blood glucose control and diabetic management

Small amounts of vinegar (approx. 20 ml or two tablespoons of domestic vinegar) added to food, or taken along with a meal, have been shown by a number of medical trials to reduce the glycemic index of carbohydrate food for people with and without diabetes. The Glycemic index (also glycaemic index) or GI is a measure of the effects of Carbohydrates on Blood glucose levels ^[10][11][12] This has also been expressed as lower glycemic index ratings in the region of 30%. ^[13][14]

Diet control

Multiple trials indicate that taking vinegar with food increases satiety (the feeling of fullness) and so reduces the amount of food consumed. ^[15][16] Even a single application of vinegar can lead to reduced food intake for a whole day. ^[17]

Treatment for jellyfish stings

Applying vinegar to jellyfish stings deactivates the nematocysts. Jellyfish are free-swimming members of the phylum Cnidaria. They have several different basic morphologies that represent several different cnidarian classes including the A cnidocyte, cnidoblast or nematocyte, is a type of Venomous cell unique to the Phylum Cnidaria ( Corals However, placing the affected areas in hot water is a more effective treatment because the venom is deactivated by heat. The latter requires immersion in 45 degrees Celsius (113 F) water for at least four minutes for the pain to be reduced to less than what would be accomplished using vinegar. ^[18] However, vinegar should not be applied to Portuguese man o' war stings, since their venom is different and vinegar can actually cause the nematocysts to discharge their venom, making the pain worse. The Portuguese Man O' War ( Physalia physalis) also known as the blue bubble, blue bottle, man-of-war, or the Portuguese man of war A cnidocyte, cnidoblast or nematocyte, is a type of Venomous cell unique to the Phylum Cnidaria ( Corals ^[19] The hot water immersion or cold ice pack treatments have been shown to be the best for treatment of Portuguese man o' war stings. The Portuguese Man O' War ( Physalia physalis) also known as the blue bubble, blue bottle, man-of-war, or the Portuguese man of war ^[20]

Traditional and anecdotal treatments

• Hippocrates prescribed vinegar for many ailments, from skin rash to ear infection. Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca A rash is a change of the Skin which affects its color appearance or Texture. Otitis is a general term for inflammation or infection of the ear in both humans and other animals

• Vinegar is a folk medicine used in China to prevent the spread of viruses such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and other pneumonia outbreaks:

• In February 2003, an outbreak in China's Guangdong province of an atypical pneumonia caused massive demand and soaring prices for vinegar, isatis root, and other medicines believed to be useful in killing the infectious agent. The term traditional medicine ( Indigenous medicine or folk medicine) describes medical knowledge systems which developed over centuries within various societies China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Isatis ( ''Í-sa-tis'') is a genus of about 30 species of Flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, native to the Mediterranean Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the ^[21]

• The therapeutic use of vinegar is recorded in the second verse of the nursery rhyme “Jack and Jill”: “Went to bed and bound his head/With vinegar and brown paper. Jack and Jill is a classic Nursery rhyme of the English speaking world. ” As with some nursery rhymes, there is truth in the story. The vinegar used would likely have been cider vinegar.

• Apple cider vinegar in particular is often touted as a medical aid, from cancer prevention to alleviation of joint pain to weight loss. ^[22] Claims of its benefits go back at least to Hippocrates. Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca In 1958, D. C. Jarvis made the remedy popular with a bestseller that has sold over one million copies. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. DeForest Clinton Jarvis (b Plattsburg, New York, March 15,

• Many people used to believe the popular urban myth that vinegar was also a cure to mild to moderate sunburn when soaked on the area with a towel or in a bath much like covering a burn with butter.

• Vinegar is also claimed to be a solution to dandruff, in that the acid in the vinegar kills the fungus Malassezia furfur (formerly known as Pityrosporum ovale) and restores the chemical balance of the skin. Dandruff (also called scurf and historically termed Pityriasis capitis) is due to the excessive shedding of dead skin cells from the Scalp. Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of related Fungi, classified as Yeasts naturally found on the skin surfaces of many

• Apple cider vinegar is used as a household remedy for common warts. A wart (also known as verruca) is generally a small rough Tumor, typically on hands and feet but often other locations that can resemble a Cauliflower ^[23][24]

• Vinegar can be effective in relieving heartburn. ^[25]

Veterinary treatment

Vinegar mixed with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is used in the livestock industry to kill bacteria and viruses before refrigeration storage. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 is a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution slightly more Viscous than water Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A chemical mixture of peracetic acid is formed when acetic acid is mixed with hydrogen peroxide. Peracetic acid ( peroxyacetic acid, or PAA) is a Chemical in the Organic peroxide family Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste It is being used in some Asian countries by aerosol sprays for control of pneumonia. Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal A mixture of five-percent acetic acid and three-percent hydrogen peroxide is commonly used.

Dangers of Cider Vinegar

There was a reported adverse event (Esophageal Injury by Apple Cider Vinegar Tablets) recorded by members of Department of Human Environmental Science (Human Nutrition), University of Arkansas and available on Pubmed as an abstract of a paper submitted to the Journal of the American Dietetic Association: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15983536. There is also a paper reporting on a woman in whom chronic ingestion of excessive amounts of cider vinegar caused serious health problems - Hypokalemia, Hyperreninemia and Osteoporosis in a Patient Ingesting Large Amounts of Cider Vinegar, available from http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Doi=45180.

Cleaning uses

White vinegar is often used as a natural household cleaning agent. With most such purposes dilution with water is recommended for safety, reduced risk of damaging certain surfaces, and budgetary reasons. It is especially useful for cleaning mineral deposits on glass, inside a coffee maker, or other smooth surfaces. A coffeemaker is a Kitchen appliance used to brew Coffee without having to boil water in a separate container Vinegar is an excellent solvent for cleaning epoxy resin and epoxy hardener. In Chemistry, epoxy or polyepoxide is a Thermosetting Epoxide Polymer that cures (polymerizes and crosslinks when mixed with a It will even clean epoxy that is starting to harden. In Chemistry, epoxy or polyepoxide is a Thermosetting Epoxide Polymer that cures (polymerizes and crosslinks when mixed with a Care should be taken not to allow contact with the eyes (if such contact occurs, the eyes should be flushed immediately and persistently with warm water) or skin (the affected skin area should be washed thoroughly after use). See household chemicals.

Diluted apple cider vinegar can be used to deep clean dreadlocks, removing residue and even beeswax. One method involves spraying a mixture of one part vinegar to four parts water onto the hair, letting it soak in, rinsing with water, and repeating this process as many times as necessary.

A few tablespoons of white vinegar mixed with a few teaspoons of common table salt makes an excellent cleanser for cleaning badly-stained stainless cookware. This vinegar and salt mixture can also remove oxidation from copper-clad cookware and make it shine with practically no rubbing required.

One cup of white vinegar to four cups of water (for a stronger solution, one cup of white vinegar to one cup of water works) makes a fine window-washing fluid, substituting for Windex. Windex is a Trademark for a Glass and light-duty Hard surface cleaner manufactured since 1933 (currently by S If windows appear streaky after washing with vinegar, add a half-teaspoon of liquid soap to the mix. This removes the waxy, streak-causing residue left over by commercial window cleaners.

Drains can be cleaned by using a combination of vinegar and baking soda. Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 Pour one-half cup baking soda down the drain, followed by half a cup of white vinegar. Let sit for a while. Cover the drain while it works, then pour a tea kettle full of boiling water down the drain. This is a good way to prevent build-up in the drain.

Vinegar also works well as a fabric softener; just add half a cup to the rinse cycle. Fabric softener (also called Fabric Conditioner) is used to prevent Static cling and make fabric softer

Add a cup of vinegar to an empty dishwasher and run through the washing cycle to remove mineral deposits and odors. You can also put it in the rinse dispenser instead of Jet Blue.

Removing odors using commercial cleaners often causes damage to surfaces. Vinegar can act as a very effective odor-remover especially in situations involving sensitive surfaces.

Agricultural and horticultural uses

As a herbicide

Vinegar can be used as a herbicide as shown by scientific trials reported by the US Dept of Agriculture in 2002. A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed ^[26] Vinegar made from natural products classifies as organic and so there is interest in its being used on farms/orchards/gardens certified as organic. Organic certification is a certification process for producers of Organic food and other organic agricultural products The trials showed that a number of common weeds could be effectively controlled using vinegar with 5% to 20% acetic acid. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste The lower concentration is less effective. A crop of corn can be sprayed with vinegar at 20% strength without causing harm to that crop so it can be used to help keep a corn crop clear of weeds. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica In Fall 2007, the EPA registered the world's first organic vinegar based weed and grass killer, named Weed Pharm. The product's active ingredient is 200 grain “food grade” vinegar.

Acetic acid is not absorbed into root systems so vinegar will kill top growth but perennial plants will reshoot. A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than ^[27]

Commercial vinegar available to consumers for household use does not exceed 5% and solutions above 10% need careful handling since they are corrosive and damaging to skin. Stronger solutions (i. e. , greater than 5%) that are labeled for use as herbicides are available from some retailers. ^[28]

Miscellaneous

• When a bottle of vinegar is opened, mother of vinegar may develop. Mother of vinegar is a substance composed of a form of Cellulose and Acetic acid bacteria that develops on fermenting Alcoholic liquids which It is considered harmless and can be removed by filtering. Colloquially collected knowledge recommends an expiration/shelf life of 12-18 months,^[29] though no reference explicitly states its toxicity. Various records can be found warning of decomposition of flavoring elements, such as whole leaves, prepared in the vinegar.

• When vinegar is added to sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), it produces a volatile mixture of carbonic acid rapidly decomposing into water and carbon dioxide bubbles, making the reaction "fizz". Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3 It is exemplified as the typical acid-base reaction in school science experiments. The salt that is formed is sodium acetate. Sodium acetate, (also sodium ethanoate) is the Sodium salt of Acetic acid. This also serves as a qualitative test for some carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H

• Vinegar is a very effective way to remove rust from metals. Rust is a general term for a series of Iron oxides, usually red oxides formed by the reaction of Iron with Oxygen in the presence of water or air

• Vinegar can be used to clean speed-skates and tracks.

• Some countries, Canada as an example, prohibit the selling of vinegar over a certain percentage acidity.

• According to the Sahih Muslim, vinegar is one of the best condiments. ^[30]

• Lord Byron would consume vast quantities of white vinegar in an attempt to keep his complexion pale.

• Some people also believe that vinegar can be used as a detoxification agent for marijuana, but this is myth. Detoxification, or detox for short is the removal of Toxic substances from the body Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a ^[31][32]

• Posca, a Roman legionaries' basic drink was vinegar mixed with water and optional honey. Posca may also refer to the character on HBO's ''Rome''. Posca was a type of beverage popular among the Roman legions. ^[33]

• According to legend, in France during the Black Plague, four thieves were able to rob houses of plague victims without being infected themselves. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia When finally caught, the Judge offered to grant the men their freedom, on the condition that they revealed how they managed to stay healthy. They claimed that a medicine woman sold them a potion, made of garlic soaked in soured red wine. Variants of the recipe, called Four Thieves Vinegar, have been passed down for hundreds of years and are a staple of New Orleans Hoodoo practices. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana

References

See also

• Food additive
• Acetic acid

External links

• Vinegar For Organic Weed Control
• Review of Apple Cider Vinegar
• The Vinegar Institute
• Pesticides Database - Acetic Acid
• Medscape - Vinegar: Medicinal Uses and Antiglycemic Effect
• Vinegar Connoisseurs International
• Vinegar.org
• Apple Cider Vinegar Overview
• Freeze Distillation of Vinegar "jacking" to increase concentration