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The Vijayanagara Empire (Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ, Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము) was a South Indian empire based in the Deccan Plateau. The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE Origin The origin of the word “Pandya” has been a subject of much speculation Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Vijayanagara (ವಿಜಯನಗರ is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Harihara I, (1336-1356 CE also called Hakka ಹಕ್ಕ and Vira Harihara I, was the founder of the Vijayanagara empire. Sriranga III (1642-1652 CE was the last ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, who came to power in 1642 following the death of his uncle Venkata III. The Sangama Dynasty was the first dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. Harihara I, (1336-1356 CE also called Hakka ಹಕ್ಕ and Vira Harihara I, was the founder of the Vijayanagara empire. Bukka ಬುಕ್ಕ್ (1356-1377 CE(also known as Bukka Raya I was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Harihara II (1377-1404 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Virupaksha Raya (1404-1405 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Bukka Raya II (1405 – 1406 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Deva Raya I (1406-1422 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Ramachandra Raya (1422-1422 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya (1422-1424 CE or Vijaya Raya was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Deva Raya II (1424-1446 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Mallikarjuna Raya (1446-1465 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Virupaksha Raya II (1465-1485 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Praudha Raya (also known as Praudha Devaraya) was an unpopular king of Vijayanagara Empire who ruled for a very short period of time being driven out of the capital The Saluva Dynasty was created by the Saluvas who by historical tradition were natives of the Kalyani region of northern Karnataka Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya (1485&ndash1491 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Saluva Dynasty. Thimma Bhupa (1491 was the elder son of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, the King of Vijayanagara Empire. Narasimha Raya II (r1491-1505 or Immadi Narasimha or Dhamma Tammaraya was the second son of King Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya. See Tuluva The Dynasty is the third dynasty which ruled Vijayanagara empire. Tuluva Narasa Nayaka (1491-1503 CE was the able commander of the Vijayanagar army under the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya and the de-facto sovereign Viranarasimha Raya (1505-1509 CE became the king of Vijayanagar empire after the death of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka Sri Krishnadevaraya ( Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣದೇವರಾಯ Telugu:శ్రీకృష్ణదేవరాయ (1509-1529 CE was the most famous Achyuta Raya (1529-1542 CE was a ruler of a Vijayanagara Empire of South India. Sadasiva Raya was a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, a powerful South Indian empire based in the Deccan in 16th century India. The Aravidu Dynasty was the fourth and last Hindu dynasty which ruled Vijayanagara Empire in South India. Rama Raya, (1542-1565 CE popularly known as "Aliya" Rama Raya was the progenitor of the "Aravidu" dynasty of Vijayanagar Empire. Tirumala Deva Raya (1565-1572 CEwas the first Coronated King of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Aravidu Dynasty. Sriranga I (aka Sriranga Deva Raya (1572-1586 CE was the king of Vijayanagara empire, from 1572-1586 Venkata II,(aka Venkatapathi Raya)(1586-1614 CE the younger brother of Sriranga I became the King of Vijayanagara Empire from 1586-1614 Sriranga II (aka Sriranga Chika Raya) (1614-1614 CE was nominated in 1614 by King Venkata II to succeed him as king of the Vijayanagara Empire in Southern Rama Deva Raya, (aka Vira Rama Deva Raya) (1617-1632 CE ascended the throne after a gruesome war in 1617 as the King of Vijayanagara Empire. Venkata III (aka Peda Venkata Raya),the grandson of Aliya Rama Raya became the King of Vijayanagara Empire from 1632-1642 Sriranga III (1642-1652 CE was the last ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, who came to power in 1642 following the death of his uncle Venkata III. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union Established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I, it lasted until 1646 although its power declined after a major military defeat in 1565 by the Deccan sultanates. Harihara I, (1336-1356 CE also called Hakka ಹಕ್ಕ and Vira Harihara I, was the founder of the Vijayanagara empire. Bukka ಬುಕ್ಕ್ (1356-1377 CE(also known as Bukka Raya I was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim -ruled late medieval kingdoms–- Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose impressive ruins surround modern Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in modern Karnataka, India. Vijayanagara (ವಿಜಯನಗರ is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The writings of medieval European travelers such as Domingo Paes, Fernao Nuniz and Niccolò Da Conti and the literature in local vernaculars provide crucial information about its history. Domingo Paes (16th cent was a Portuguese traveller who visited the Vijayanagara Empire around the year 1520. Fernao Nuniz was a Portuguese traveller chronicler and horse trader who spent three years in Vijayanagara, capital of the Vijayanagara Empire in the time period 1535 Niccolò Da Conti (also Nicolò de' Conti) (1395&ndash1469 was a Venetian merchant and explorer born in Chioggia, who traveled to India and Archaeological excavations at Vijayanagara have revealed the empire's power and wealth.
The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known being the group at Hampi. Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The Vijayanagara Architecture (ವಿಜಯನಗರ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ of the period ( 1336 - 1565CE was a notable building idiom evolved by the The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Secular royal structures show the influence of the Northern Deccan Sultanate architecture. The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies like water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in the languages of Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Carnatic music (also spelled Karnatak music or Karnatik music, and originally called Karṇāṭaka sangīta or Karṇāṭaka sangītam in India The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent.
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History
Differing theories have been proposed regarding the Vijayanagara empire's origins. The origin of Vijayanagara empire is associated with controversy The Ancient City of Vijayanagara was the urban core of the imperial city and the surrounding Principalities of the capital of the Vijayanagar empire Raichur is a small town in the south Indian state of Karnataka. The Battle of Talikota Kannada ತಾಳಿಕೋಟೆ(or Tellikota) ( January 26, 1565) a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Some claim that Harihara I and Bukka Raya I, the founders of the empire, were Telugu people first associated with the Kakatiya kingdom who took control of the northern parts of the Hoysala Empire during its decline. Harihara I, (1336-1356 CE also called Hakka ಹಕ್ಕ and Vira Harihara I, was the founder of the Vijayanagara empire. Bukka ಬುಕ್ಕ್ (1356-1377 CE(also known as Bukka Raya I was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga [1] Other historians propose they were Kannadigas and commanders in the army of the Hoysala Empire stationed in the Tungabhadra region to ward off Muslim invasions from the Northern India. Kannadiga ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ | masculine|) or Kannadati ( Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡತಿ | feminine|) refers to populations The Tungabhadra River is a sacred river in Southern India that flows through the states of Karnataka and part of Andhra Pradesh to merge with the larger [2][3][4][5] Irrespective of their origin, historians agree the founders were supported and inspired by Vidyaranya, a saint at the Sringeri monastery to fight the Muslim invasion of South India. Sringeri ( Kannada: ಶೃಂಗೇರಿ also written as Shringeri, Śŗngeri and Śŗngagiri is a taluk located in Chikmagalur district in [6][7] Writings by foreign travelers during the late medieval era combined with recent excavations in the Vijayanagara principality have uncovered much-needed information about the empire's history, fortifications, scientific developments and architectural innovations. [8][9]
Before the early 14th century rise of the Vijayanagara empire, the Hindu kingdoms of the Deccan, the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal, the Pandya Kingdom of Madurai, and the tiny kingdom of Kampili had been repeatedly invaded by Muslims from the north, and by 1336 they had all been defeated by Alla-ud-din Khilji and Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Sultans of Delhi. Name of the dynasty The Seuna dynasty claimed descent from the Yadavas and are often referred to as the "Yadavas of Devagiri" The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian Dynasty that ruled parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh, India from 1083CE to 1323CE This article is about the kingdom of Pandya in Indian epic literature Kampili was a tiny kingdom on the banks of the Tungabhadra river in present day Karnataka state during the 13th century A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Ala-ud-din Khilji ( Pashto / Arabic: علاء الدين الخلجي) (real name Juna Khan) (b Muhammad bin Tughluq (محمد بن تغلق (c1300&ndash 1351 also Prince Juna Khan was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351 The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए The Hoysala Empire was the sole remaining Hindu kingdom in the path of the Muslim invasion. [10] After the death of Hoysala Veera Ballala III during a battle against the Sultan of Madurai in 1343, the Hoysala empire merged with the growing Vijayanagara empire. Veera Ballala III (1291-1343 CE was the last great king of the Hoysala Empire that ruled over what is now the South Indian state of Karnataka.
In the first two decades after the founding of the empire, Harihara I gained control over most of the area south of the Tungabhadra river and earned the title of Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara ("master of the eastern and western seas"). By 1374 Bukka Raya I, successor to Harihara I, had defeated the chiefdom of Arcot, the Reddy dynasty of Kondavidu, the Sultan of Madurai and gained control over Goa in the west and the Tungabhadra-Krishna River doab in the north. The Reddy dynasty (1325-1424 CE was established in southern India by 'Pantakapu' clan which used the title "Reddy" The Madurai Sultanate (or the Ma'bar Sultanate was a short lived kingdom based in the city of Madurai in Tamil Nadu, India during the 14th century CE Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. This article is about an Indian river For other meanings of this river names see Krishna (disambiguation and Krishnaveni. A Doab ( Persian, Urdu: dō, "two" + āb, "water" or "river" is a term used in India and [11][12] The island of Lanka paid tributes and ambassadors were exchanged with the Ming Dynasty of China. Lanka ( Sanskrit: लंका lankā means "island" is the name given in Hindu mythology to the island fortress capital of the The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [13][14] The original capital was in the principality of Anegondi on the northern banks of the Tungabhadra River in today's Karnataka. A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince Anegondi ಆನೆಗೊಂದಿ which literally means elephant pit in Kannada is a small village in Koppal district of Karnataka state Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India It was later moved to nearby Vijayanagara on the river's southern banks during the reign of Bukka Raya I.
With the Vijayanagara Kingdom now imperial in stature, Harihara II, the second son of Bukka Raya I, further consolidated the kingdom beyond the Krishna River and brought the whole of South India under the Vijayanagara umbrella. Harihara II (1377-1404 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. This article is about an Indian river For other meanings of this river names see Krishna (disambiguation and Krishnaveni. [15] The next ruler, Deva Raya I, emerged successful against the Gajapatis of Orissa and undertook important works of fortification and irrigation. Deva Raya I (1406-1422 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Gajapatis were a medieval Hindu dynasty that ruled over Kalinga (modern Orissa) parts of Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. [16] Deva Raya II (called Gajabetekara)[17] succeeded to the throne in 1424 and was possibly the most capable of the Sangama dynasty rulers. Deva Raya II (1424-1446 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. The Sangama Dynasty was the first dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. [18] He quelled rebelling feudal lords as well as the Zamorin of Calicut and Quilon in the south. Saamoothirippādu or Saamoothiri, anglicised Zamorin, is the used by the Nair rulers of the erstwhile state of Kozhikode (anglicised WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the district with the same name see Kozhikode District. Kollam ( Malayalam:കൊല്ലം) (known to the Portuguese as Quilon, pronounced koy-lon) is a city and a Municipal corporation He invaded the island of Lanka and became overlord of the kings of Burma at Pegu and Tanasserim. Lanka ( Sanskrit: लंका lankā means "island" is the name given in Hindu mythology to the island fortress capital of the Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Bago, formerly Pegu, is a city and the capital of Bago Division in Burma (or Myanmar Tanintharyi Division, better known by the old name Tenasserim (Thaiตะนาวศรี is a division of Myanmar, covering the long narrow southern [19][20][21] The empire declined in the late 15th century until the serious attempts by commander Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya in 1485 and by general Tuluva Narasa Nayaka in 1491 to reconsolidate the empire. Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya (1485&ndash1491 CE was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Saluva Dynasty. Tuluva Narasa Nayaka (1491-1503 CE was the able commander of the Vijayanagar army under the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya and the de-facto sovereign After nearly two decades of conflict with rebellious chieftains, the empire eventually came under the rule of Krishnadevaraya, the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka. [22]
In the following decades the Vijayanagara empire dominated all of Southern India and fought off invasions from the five established Deccan Sultanates. The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim -ruled late medieval kingdoms–- Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar [23][24] The empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. Sri Krishnadevaraya ( Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣದೇವರಾಯ Telugu:శ్రీకృష్ణదేవరాయ (1509-1529 CE was the most famous [25] The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south. Kalinga was a Kingdom in central-eastern India, which comprised most of the modern state of Orissa, as well as some northern areas of the bordering state [26] Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishnadevaraya. [27]
Krishnadevaraya was followed by Achyuta Raya in 1530 and in 1542 by Sadashiva Raya while the real power lay with Aliya Rama Raya, the son-in-law of Krishnadevaraya, whose relationship with the Deccan Sultans who allied against him has been debated. Achyuta Raya (1529-1542 CE was a ruler of a Vijayanagara Empire of South India. Sadasiva Raya was a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, a powerful South Indian empire based in the Deccan in 16th century India. Rama Raya, (1542-1565 CE popularly known as "Aliya" Rama Raya was the progenitor of the "Aravidu" dynasty of Vijayanagar Empire. [28]
The sudden capture and killing of Aliya Rama Raya in 1565 at the Battle of Talikota, against an alliance of the Deccan sultanates, after a seemingly easy victory for the Vijayanagara armies, created havoc and confusion in the Vijayanagara ranks, which were then completely routed. Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. The Battle of Talikota Kannada ತಾಳಿಕೋಟೆ(or Tellikota) ( January 26, 1565) a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara The Sultanates' army later plundered Hampi and reduced it to the ruinous state in which it remains; it was never re-occupied. Tirumala Raya, the sole surviving commander, left Vijayanagara for Penukonda with vast amounts of treasure on the back of 550 elephants. [29]
The empire went into a slow decline regionally, although trade with the Portuguese continued, and the British were given a land grant for the establishment of Madras. [30][31] Tirumala Deva Raya was succeeded by his son Sriranga I later followed by Venkata II who made Chandragiri his capital, repulsed the invasion of the Bahmani Sultanate and saved Penukonda from being captured. Tirumala Deva Raya (1565-1572 CEwas the first Coronated King of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Aravidu Dynasty. Sriranga I (aka Sriranga Deva Raya (1572-1586 CE was the king of Vijayanagara empire, from 1572-1586 Venkata II,(aka Venkatapathi Raya)(1586-1614 CE the younger brother of Sriranga I became the King of Vijayanagara Empire from 1586-1614 WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Chandragiri is a small town near Tirupati in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh The Bahmani Sultanate (Also called the Bahmanid Empire was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms Penukonda (Telugu Big Hill is a small town in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, India [32] His successor, Ramadeva, took power and ruled till 1632 after whose death, Venkata III became king and ruled for about ten years after which Vellore was made the capital. Rama Deva Raya, (aka Vira Rama Deva Raya) (1617-1632 CE ascended the throne after a gruesome war in 1617 as the King of Vijayanagara Empire. Venkata III (aka Peda Venkata Raya),the grandson of Aliya Rama Raya became the King of Vijayanagara Empire from 1632-1642 Vellore ( Tamil: வேலூர் pronounced Veluur) is a city and headquarters of Vellore district in the Indian state of The empire was finally conquered by the Sultanates of Bijapur and Golkonda. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 Golkonda (or Golconda) Telugu గోల్కొండ, a ruined city of south-central India is situated west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad [32] The largest feudatories of the Vijayanagar empire — the Mysore Kingdom, Keladi Nayaka, Nayaks of Madurai, Nayaks of Tanjore, Nayakas of Chitradurga and Nayak Kingdom of Gingee — declared independence and went on to have a significant impact on the history of South India in the coming centuries. The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 The Nayaka clan Chaudappa ( 1499 - 1530) from Keladi was the earliest chieftain to rule the area surrounding Shivamogga Prelude Decline of Pandya Rule Muslim Invasion and Vijayanagar Domination Early in the fourteenth century a dispute arose over the succession to the Pandya throne Origins of Nayak rule With the demise of the Chola dynasty in 1279 Thanjavur was ruled by various small chieftains until the Vijayanagara Empire conquered Origin The earliest chieftens of the kingdom trace their origins as local chiefs ( Dandanayakas) of the Hoysalas during their rule over Karnataka WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Gingee is a Panchayat town in Viluppuram district (erstwhile South Arcot district These Nayaka kingdoms lasted into the 18th century while the Mysore Kingdom remained a princely state until Indian Independence in 1947 although they came under the British Raj in 1799 after the death of Tipu Sultan. India 's Independence Day is celebrated on August 15 to commemorate its independence from the British rule and its birth as a Sovereign nation For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British [33]
Governance
The rulers of the Vijayanagara empire maintained the well-functioning administrative methods developed by their predecessors, the Hoysala, Kakatiya and Pandya kingdoms, to govern their territories and made changes only where necessary. Vijayanagara (ವಿಜಯನಗರ is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. [34] The King was the ultimate authority, assisted by a cabinet of ministers (Pradhana) headed by the prime minister (Mahapradhana). Other important titles recorded in inscriptions were the chief secretary (Karyakartha or Rayaswami) and the imperial officers (Adhikari). All high ranking ministers and officers were required to have military training. [35] A secretariat near the king's palace employed scribes and officers to maintain records made official by using a wax seal imprinted with the ring of the king. Scribes is a programmers' text editor for GNOME with a simple design A seal can mean a wax seal bearing an impressed figure or an embossed figure in paper with the purpose of authenticating a document but the term can also mean any device for [36] At the lower administrative levels, wealthy feudal landlords (Goudas) supervised accountants (Karanikas or Karnam) and guards (Kavalu). The palace administration was divided into 72 departments (Niyogas), each having several female attendants chosen for their youth and beauty (some imported or captured in victorious battles) who were trained to handle minor administrative matters and to serve men of nobility as courtesans or concubines. [37]
The empire was divided into five main provinces (Rajya), each under a commander (Dandanayaka or Dandanatha) and headed by a governor, often from the royal family, who used the native language for administrative purposes. [38] A Rajya was divided into regions (Vishaya Vente or Kottam), and further divided into counties (Sime or Nadu) themselves subdivided into municipalities (Kampana or Sthala). Hereditary families ruled their respective territories and paid tribute to the empire while some areas, such as Keladi and Madurai, came under the direct supervision of a commander. Keladi ( Kannada:ಕೆಳದಿ is a temple town in Shimoga district of the state of Karnataka in India. Madurai
On the battlefields, the king's commanders led the troops. The empire's war strategy rarely involved massive invasions; more often it employed small scale methods such as attacking and destroying individual forts. The empire was among the first in India to use long range artillery commonly manned by foreign gunners. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine (Gunners from present day Turkmenistan were considered the best). Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. [39] Army troops were of two types: The king's personal army directly recruited by the empire and the feudal army under each feudatory. King Krishnadevaraya's personal army consisted of 100,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalrymen and over 900 elephants. This number was only a part of the army numbering over 1. 1 million soldiers, a figure that varied as an army of two million has also been recorded along with the existence of a navy as evidenced by the use of the term Navigadaprabhu (commander of the navy). [40] The army recruited from all classes of society (supported by the collection of additional feudal tributes from feudatory rulers), and consisted of archers and musketeers wearing quilted tunics, shieldmen with swords and poignards in their girdles, and soldiers carrying shields so larges that no armour was necessary. Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has A musket is a muzzle -loaded Smoothbore Long gun, which is intended to be fired from the shoulder A tunic is any of several types of Clothing for the body with or without Sleeves and of various lengths reaching from the hips to the ankles A poignard, or poniard, originally a French word is a lightweight Dagger employed in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The horses and elephants were fully armoured and the elephants had knives fastened to their tusks to do maximum damage in battle. [41]
The capital city was completely dependent on the water supply systems constructed to channel and store water, and ensure a consistent supply throughout the year. The remains of these hydraulic systems have given historians a picture of the prevailing surface water distribution methods in use at that time in South India's semiarid regions. Surface water Hydrology is a field that encompasses all surface waters of the globe (overland flows rivers lakes wetlands estuaries oceans etc [42] Contemporary inscriptions and notes of foreign travelers describe how huge tanks were constructed by labourers. [43] Excavations have uncovered the remains of a well-connected water distribution system existing solely within the royal enclosure and the large temple complexes (suggesting it was for the exclusive use of royalty, and for special ceremonies) with sophisticated channels using gravity and siphons to transport water through pipelines. A siphon (also spelled syphon) is a continuous tube that allows liquid to drain from a reservoir through an intermediate point that is higher than the reservoir the flow being Water transportation is the intentional movement of Water over large distances Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. [44] The only structures resembling public waterworks are the remains of large water tanks that collected the seasonal monsoon water and then dried up in summer except for the few fed by springs. In the fertile agricultural areas near the Tungabhadra River, canals were dug to guide the river water into irrigation tanks. The Tungabhadra River is a sacred river in Southern India that flows through the states of Karnataka and part of Andhra Pradesh to merge with the larger An irrigation tank or tank in India refers to an artificial lake or Reservoir of any size These canals had sluices that were opened and closed to control the water flow. A sluice is a water channel that is controlled at its head by a gate In other areas the administration encouraged the digging of wells monitored by administrative authorities. Large tanks in the capital city were constructed with royal patronage while smaller tanks were funded by wealthy individuals to gain social and religious merit.
Economy
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The empire's economy was largely dependent on agriculture. The recorded history of Karnataka goes back more than two millennia Karnataka is an Indian state Several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka The Kadamba Dynasty ( Kannada:ಕದಂಬರು (345 - 525 CE was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present The Western Ganga Dynasty (350 – 1000 CE ( Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central The Rashtrakuta Dynasty ( Sanskrit: राष्ट्रकूट rāṣṭrakūṭa, Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ was a royal The Western Chalukya Empire ( Kannada: ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South Origin of Kalachuris Natives of Central India Historians such as Dr The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga The Bahmani Sultanate (Also called the Bahmanid Empire was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 The political history of medieval Karnataka spans the 4th to the 16th centuries when the empires that evolved in the Karnataka region of India made a The Kingdom of Mysore/State of Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ was both a Kingdom (1399-1799 CE and a Princely state (1799-1947 The Unification of Karnataka refers to the formation of the Indian state of Karnataka, then called as Mysore State, in 1956 when several Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. Corn (jowar), cotton and pulse legumes grew in semi arid regions, while sugarcane, rice and wheat thrived in rainy areas. Pulses are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve Grains or Seeds of variable size shape and color within a Pod, according Betel leaves, areca (for chewing), and coconut were the principal cash crops, and large scale cotton production supplied the weaving centers of the empire's vibrant textile industry. The Betel ( Piper betle) is the leaf of a vine belonging to the Piperaceae family which includes pepper and Kava) Areca is a Genus of about 50 species of single-stemmed palms in the family Arecaceae, found in humid Tropical forests Spices such as turmeric, pepper, cardamom and ginger grew in the remote Malnad hill region and were transported to the city for trade. Turmeric ( Curcuma longa) is a Rhizomatous Herbaceous Perennial plant of the Ginger family Zingiberaceae The name cardamom (or cardamon is used for herbs within two genera of the Ginger family Zingiberaceae, namely Elettaria and Amomum Malnad ( Kannada: ಮಲೆನಾಡು (an English word for Malenadu in Kannada, male means 'hill' and nadu means 'land' is a region The empire's capital city was a thriving business centre that included a burgeoning market in large quantities of precious gems and gold. [45] Prolific temple-building provided employment to thousands of masons, sculptors, and other skilled artisans. The craft of stonemasonry has existed since the dawn of Civilization - creating Buildings structures and Sculpture using stone from the earth
Land ownership was important. Most of the growers were tenant farmers and were given the right of part ownership of the land over time. A tenant farmer is one who resides on and farms land owned by a Landlord. Tax policies encouraging needed produce made distinctions between land use to determine tax levies. For example, the daily market availability of rose petals was important for perfumers, so cultivation of roses received a lower tax assessment. [46] Salt production and the manufacture of salt pans were controlled by similar means. Salt evaporation ponds are shallow man-made Ponds designed to produce Salt from Sea water. The making of ghee (clarified butter), which was sold as an oil for human consumption and as a fuel for lighting lamps, was profitable. Ghee ( Hindi घी ghī, Urdu گھی ghī, Punjabi ਘਿਉ/گھیو ghiu, Kashmiri ग्याव/گیاو [47] Exports to China intensified and included cotton, spices, jewels, semi-precious stones, ivory, rhino horn, ebony, amber, coral, and aromatic products such as perfumes. Large vessels from China made frequent visits, some captained by the Chinese Admiral Cheng Ho, and brought Chinese products to the empire's 300 ports, large and small, on the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Zheng He ( Birth name 馬三寶 / 马三宝; Arabic / Persian name حجّي محمود شمس Hajji Mahmud Shams) (1371&ndash1433 was a Hui The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. The ports of Mangalore, Honavar, Bhatkal, Barkur, Cochin, Cannanore, Machilipatnam and Dharmadam were the most important. Mangalore ( Kannada:, Mangalūru; Tulu: Kudla, ಕುಡ್ಲ Konkani: Kodial, ಕೊಡಿಯಾಲ್ WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Honavar or Honnavar (Kannada ಹೊನ್ನಾವರ is a Port Town in WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhatkal ( Kannada - ಭಟ್ಕಲ) is a Port town in Uttara Kannada Barkur is a Village in Udupi district of the Karnataka state in South India. For the district with the name Kannur see Kannur District. For town with same name in Karnataka, see Kannur Dakshina Kannada Machilipatnam (మచిలిపట్నం is a city and a special grade Municipality in Krishna district in the Indian state of Andhra Dharmadam is a small village in Kannur District of Kerala, south India. [48]
When merchant ships docked, the merchandise was taken into official custody and taxes levied on all items sold. The security of the merchandise was guaranteed by the administration officials. Traders of many nationalities (Arabs, Persians, Guzerates, Khorassanians) settled in Calicut, drawn by the thriving trade business. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Gujar Khan ( گوجرخان) is a city located in Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan. Greater Khorasan (خراسان بزرگ (also written Khorasaan, Khurasan and Khurasaan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the district with the same name see Kozhikode District. [48] Ship building prospered and keeled ships of 1000–1200 bahares (burden) were built without decks by sewing the entire hull with ropes rather than fastening them with nails. In boats and ships keel can refer to either of two parts a structural element or a hydrodynamic element A hull is the body of a Ship or Boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the Buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking Ships sailed to the Red Sea ports of Aden and Mecca with Vijayanagara goods sold as far away as Venice. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the The empire's principal exports were pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, myrobalan, tamarind timber, anafistula, precious and semi-precious stones, pearls, musk, ambergris, rhubarb, aloe, cotton cloth and porcelain. The Cherry plum ( Prunus cerasifera, syn P divaricata) also called Myrobalan (plum and Purple leaf plum, is a species of Plum This article refers to the tree For other uses see Tamarindo (disambiguation. "Cassia fistula" redirects here This Taxon can also refer to other Species; see below. [48] Cotton yarn was shipped to Burma and indigo to Persia. Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Chief imports from Palestine were copper, quicksilver (mercury), vermilion, coral, saffron, coloured velvets, rose water, knives, coloured camlets, gold and silver. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Camlet, also commonly known as camelot or camblet, is a woven fabric that might have originally been made of camel or Goat 's hair Persian horses were imported to Cannanore before a two week land trip to the capital. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Silk arrived from China and sugar from Bengal. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang
East coast trade hummed, with goods arriving from Golkonda where rice, millet, pulse and tobacco were grown on a large scale. Golkonda (or Golconda) Telugu గోల్కొండ, a ruined city of south-central India is situated west of Hyderabad, capital of ancient Hyderabad Dye crops of indigo and chay root were produced for the weaving industry. Oldenlandia umbellata (called chay root or choy root, from its Tamil name is a low-growing plant native to India. A mineral rich region, Machilipatnam was the gateway for high quality iron and steel exports. Machilipatnam (మచిలిపట్నం is a city and a special grade Municipality in Krishna district in the Indian state of Andhra Diamond mining was active in the Kollur region. [49] The cotton weaving industry produced two types of cottons, plain calico and muslin (brown, bleached or dyed). Calico is a plain-woven Textile. In the United Kingdom, "calico" refers to fabric made from unbleached and often not fully processed Cotton Cloth printed with coloured patterns crafted by native techniques were exported to Java and the Far East. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. Golkonda specialised in plain cotton and Pulicat in printed. Pulicat (Pazhaverkadu is a town which lies in the Thiruvallur District, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The main imports on the east coast were non-ferrous metals, camphor, porcelain, silk and luxury goods. [50]
Culture
Social life
Most information on the social life in Vijayanagara empire comes from the writings of foreign visitors and evidence that research teams in the Vijayanagara area have uncovered. Nāga ( नाग, IAST: nāgá, Indonesian: naga, Javanese: nogo, Khmer: neak) is The Hindu caste system was prevalent and rigidly followed, with each caste represented by a local body of elders who represented the community. Caste (Sanskrit Gyati ज्ञाति, Hindi Biradari बिरादरी samaj समाज jati जाति etc, Urdu Zat ज़ात) is an Endogamous group These elders set the rules and regulations that were implemented with the help of royal decrees. Untouchability was part of the caste system and these communities were represented by leaders (Kaivadadavaru). The Muslim communities were represented by their own group in coastal Karnataka. [51] The caste system did not, however, prevent distinguished persons from all castes from being promoted to high ranking cadre in the army and administration. In civil life, by virtue of the caste system, Brahmins enjoyed a high level of respect. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. With the exception of a few who took to military careers, most Brahmins concentrated on religious and literary matters. Their separation from material wealth and power made them ideal arbiters in local judicial matters, and their presence in every town and village was a calculated investment made by the nobility and aristocracy to maintain order. [52] However, the popularity of low-caste scholars (such as Molla and Kanakadasa) and their works (including those of Vemana and Sarvajna) is an indication of the degree of social fluidity in the society. This page is about a Telugu poet See Molla for other meanings Kanaka Dasa ದಾಸ ( 1509 – 1609) was great poet philosopher musician and composer from Karnataka. Vemana ( Telugu: వేమన was a Telugu poet He composed numerous poems in Telugu in Aata Veladhi metre which consists of four Sarvajña ( Sanskrit for "all-knowing" Kannada: kn ಸರ್ವಜ್ಞ was a poet in the Kannada language
The practice of Sati was common, though voluntary, and mostly practiced among the upper classes. Satī ( Devanagari: सती, the feminine of sat "true" (also suttee) is a Funeral practice among some Over fifty inscriptions attesting to this have been discovered in the Vijayanagara principality alone. These inscriptions are called Satikal (Sati stone) or Sati-virakal (Sati hero stone). Hero stone ( viirakkal in Tamil or virgallu in Kannada is an Indian Memorial commemorating the honorable death of a hero in battle in India Satikals commemorated the death of a woman by entering into fire after the death of her husband while Sati-virakals were made for a woman who performed Sati after her husband's heroic death. Either way, the woman was raised to the level of a demi-goddess and proclaimed by the sculpture of a Sun and crescent moon on the stone. [53]
The socio-religious movements of the previous centuries, such as Lingayatism, provided momentum for flexible social norms to which women were expected to abide. Lingayatism or Veerashaivism is a Hindu religious sect in India but a Dharma. By this time South Indian women had crossed most barriers and were actively involved in matters hitherto considered the monopoly of men, such as administration, business and trade, and involvement in the fine arts. South India is the area encompassing India 's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union [54] Tirumalamba Devi who wrote Varadambika Parinayam and Gangadevi who wrote Madhuravijayam were among the notable women poets of the era. Tirumalamba, a poet of the Vijayanagara Empire (1335-1565 AD wrote "Varadambica Parinayam" the story of marriage of King Achyuta Deva Raya, in Sanskrit Gangadevi also known as Gangambika was a Poet in the Vijayanagara Empire during the 14th century and chronicled the story of the victory of her husband [55] Early Telugu women poets like Tallapaka Timmakka and Atukuri Molla became popular during this period. Tallapaka Tirumalamma (15th Century was a famous Telugu poet who wrote Subhadra Kalyanam in Telugu The court of the Nayaks of Tanjore is known to have patronised several women poets. Origins of Nayak rule With the demise of the Chola dynasty in 1279 Thanjavur was ruled by various small chieftains until the Vijayanagara Empire conquered The Devadasi system existed, as well as legalised prostitution relegated to a few streets in each city. The term devadasi originally described a Hindu religious practice in which girls were "married" and dedicated to a deity ( deva or Devi) [56] The popularity of harems amongst men of the royalty is well known from records.
Well-to-do men wore the Pethaor Kulavi, a tall turban made of silk and decorated with gold. The turban (from Persian fa دلبند or دولبند dulband via the Turkish tr tülbent) is a headdress consisting of a long As in most Indian societies, jewellery was used by men and women and records describe the use of anklets, bracelets, finger-rings, necklaces and ear rings of various types. During celebrations, men and women adorned themselves with flower garlands and used perfumes made of rose water, civet, musk or sandalwood. thumb|right|250px|Rose water Rose water or rose syrup (گلاب Golâb, Gül suyu ماء ورد Māʾ ward, Urdu: گلاب رس Civets are small lithe-bodied mostly arboreal Mammals native to the tropics of Africa and Asia Musk is the name originally given to a substance with a penetrating Odor obtained from a Gland of the male Musk deer, which is situated between its for the film industry in India see Cinema of Karnataka Sandalwood is the name for several fragrant Woods and their Essential [57] In stark contrast to the commoners whose lives were modest, the lives of the empire's kings and queens were full of ceremonial pomp in the court. Queens and princesses had numerous attendants who were lavishly dressed and adorned with fine jewellery, their daily duties being light. [58]
Physical exercises were popular with men and wrestling was an important male preoccupation for sport and entertainment. Even women wrestlers are mentioned in records. [59] Gymnasiums have been discovered inside royal quarters and records speak of regular physical training for commanders and their armies during peace time. [60] Royal palaces and market places had special arenas where royalty and common people alike amused themselves by watching matches such as cock fights, ram fights and wrestling between women. [60] Excavations within the Vijayanagara city limits have revealed the existence of various types of community-based activities in the form of engravings on boulders, rock platforms and temple floors, implying these were places of casual social interaction. Some of these games are in use today and others are yet to be identified. [61]
Religion
Although the empire was built to shield Hindu dharma from the onslaughts of the Mughal Empire and the Deccan sultanates, the Vijayanagara kings were tolerant of all religions and sects as writings by foreign visitors show. The Haridasa ( Kannada: ಹರಿದಾಸ) devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. Narasimha ( IAST Narasiṃha Sanskrit नरसिंह (other spellings are Narasingh, Narasinga) is an Avatara of Vishnu Avatar or Avatara (अवतार IAST Avatāra) is often inaccurately translated into English as incarnation For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. Rama ( IAST: rāma Devanāgarī: राम Khmer: Phreah Ream Thai: Phra Ram Lao: Phra Lam Tagalog: Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most [62] The kings used titles such as Gobrahamana Pratipalanacharya ("protector of cows") and Hindurayasuratrana ("upholder of Hindu faith") that testified to their intention of protecting Hinduism. The Empire's founders Harihara I and Bukka Raya I were devout Shaivas (worshippers of Shiva), but made grants to the Vaishnava order of Sringeri with Vidyaranya as their patron saint, and designated Varaha (the boar, an avatar of Vishnu) as their emblem. Shaivism, also spelled "Saivism" names the oldest of the four sects of Hinduism. Vaishnavism is a tradition of Hinduism, distinguished from other schools by its worship of Vishnu or its associated avatars principally as Rama and Sringeri ( Kannada: ಶೃಂಗೇರಿ also written as Shringeri, Śŗngeri and Śŗngagiri is a taluk located in Chikmagalur district in For Madhvacharya the proponent of Dvaita philosophy see Madhvacharya. In Hinduism, Varaha (वाराह is the third Avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a Boar. Avatar or Avatara (अवतार IAST Avatāra) is often inaccurately translated into English as incarnation For other meanings see Vishnu (disambiguation. Vishnu ( IAST viṣṇu Devanagari विष्णु (honorific An emblem is a pictorial Image, abstract or representational that epitomizes a Concept — e [63] The later Saluva and Tuluva kings were Vaishnava by faith, but worshipped at the feet of Lord Virupaksha (Shiva) at Hampi as well as Lord Venkateshwara (Vishnu) at Tirupati. The Saluva Dynasty was created by the Saluvas who by historical tradition were natives of the Kalyani region of northern Karnataka The Tuluvas ( Tulu: ತುಳುವ are speakers of the Tulu language. Venkateshwara ( Telugu వెంకటేశ్వరుడు, వెంకన్న Sanskrit: sa वेंकटेश्वर also known as Venkatachalapathy Tirupati ( Telugu: తిరుపతి is the richest pilgrimage city (of any religious faith in the world located in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India A Sanskrit work, Jambavati Kalyanam by King Krishnadevaraya, called Lord Virupaksha Karnata Rajya Raksha Mani ("protective jewel of Karnata Empire"). The Karnata Empire or Karnataka Empire ( Karnata Rajya) is an alternate name for the Vijayanagara Empire. [64] The kings patronised the saints of the dvaita order (philosophy of dualism) of Madhvacharya at Udupi. Dvaita ( Kannada: ದ್ವೈತ Devanagari:द्बैत is a dualist school of Vedanta Hindu philosophy. For Madhavacharya the Advaita saint see Madhava Vidyaranya. Shri Madhvacharya (ಶ್ರೀ ಮಧ್ವಾಚಾರ್ಯರು Udupi ( Kannada, Tulu: ಉಡುಪಿ Odipu, Konkani - उडुपी) is a city and the headquarters of the Udupi District in [65]
The Bhakti (devotional) movement was active during this time, and involved well known Haridasas (devotee saints) of that time. Bhakti ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion. The Haridasa ( Kannada: ಹರಿದಾಸ) devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. Like the Virashaiva movement of the 12th century, this movement presented another strong current of devotion, pervading the lives of millions. Lingayatism or Veerashaivism is a Hindu religious sect in India but a Dharma. The haridasas represented two groups, the Vyasakuta and Dasakuta, the former being required to be proficient in the Vedas, Upanishads and other Darshanas, while the Dasakuta merely conveyed the message of Madhvacharya through the Kannada language to the people in the form of devotional songs (Devaranamas and Kirthanas). Vyasakuta was one of two divisions (the other being the Dasakuta) of Haridasas a group within the Bhakti movement, one of the Monotheistic Dasakuta was one of two divisions (along with Vyasakuta) of Haridasas a group within the Bhakti movement, one of the Monotheistic Hindu "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद् IAST: upaniṣad also spelled "Upanisad" are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya The philosophy of Madhvacharya was spread by eminent disciples such as Naraharitirtha, Jayatirtha, Vyasatirtha, Sripadaraya, Vadirajatirtha and others. Sri Naraharitirtha (?-1333 CE a disciple of Madhvacharya is considered by some as the founder of the Haridasa ( Hindu Vaishnava) movement Seer Jayateertharu (c 1365 – c 1388 was the sixth pontiff of Sri Madhvacharya Peetha Vyasatirtha ( Kannada:ವ್ಯಾಸತೀರ್ಥ (1460-1539 also called Vyasaraja or Vyasaraya, was acclaimed as one on the three spiritual lights Sripadaraya, (Kannada ಶ್ರೀಪಾದ ರಾಯರು a Haridasa, is also known as Sripadaraja or Lakshminarayana Tirtha (1404 &ndash 1502 Sri Vadirajatirtha (Tulu/Kannada ಶ್ರೀ ವಾದಿರಾಜ ತೀರ್ಥರು 1480 - 1600,a Haridasa, is said to have been a Shivalli [66] Vyasatirtha, the guru (teacher) of Vadirajatirtha, Purandaradasa (Father of Carnatic music[67][68]) and Kanakadasa[69] earned the devotion of King Krishnadevaraya. Purandara Dāsa (1484 - 1564 (sometimes spelled as a single word ( Kannada: ಪುರಂದರ ದಾಸ was one of the most prominent composers of Carnatic Kanaka Dasa ದಾಸ ( 1509 – 1609) was great poet philosopher musician and composer from Karnataka. [70][71][72] The king considered the saint his Kuladevata (family deity) and honoured him in his writings. [73] During this time, another great composer of early carnatic music, Annamacharya composed hundreds of Kirthanas in Telugu at Tirupati in present day Andhra Pradesh. Sri Tallapaka Annamacharya (శ్రీ తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమాచార్య (1408-1503 the mystic saint composer Tirupati ( Telugu: తిరుపతి is the richest pilgrimage city (of any religious faith in the world located in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India [74]
The defeat of the Jain Western Ganga Dynasty by the Cholas in early 11th century and the rising numbers of followers of Vaishnava Hinduism and Virashaivism in the 12th century was mirrored by a decreased interest in Jainism. Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. The Western Ganga Dynasty (350 – 1000 CE ( Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಗಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka [75] Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Vijayanagara territory were Shravanabelagola and Kambadahalli. Shravanabelagola (ಶ್ರವಣಬೆಳಗೊಳ is a city located in the Hassan district, in the Indian state of Karnataka. Kambadahalli is a village in Mandya district of Karnataka state in southwestern India.
Islamic contact with South India began as early as the 7th century, a result of trade between the Southern kingdoms and Arab lands. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Jumma Masjids existed in the Rashtrakuta empire by the 10th century[76] and many mosques flourished on the Malabar coast by the early 14th century. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger The Malabar Coast also known as the Malabarian Coast, is a long and narrow south-western shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent. [77] Muslim settlers married local women; their children were known as Mappillas (Moplahs) and were actively involved in horse trading and manning shipping fleets. The interactions between the Vijayanagara empire and the Bahamani Sultanates to the north increased the presence of Muslims in the south. The introduction of Christianity began as early as the 8th century as shown by the finding of copper plates inscribed with land grants to Malabar Christians. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Indian copper plate inscriptions play an important role in the reconstruction of the history of India. Christian travelers wrote of the scarcity of Christians in South India in the Middle Ages, promoting its attractiveness to missionaries. [78] The arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century and their connections through trade with the empire, the propagation of the faith by Saint Xavier (1545) and later the presence of Dutch settlements fostered the growth of Christianity in the south. The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west Saint Francis Xavier ( Konkani / Konknni: Sam Fransisku Xavier/ Sanv Fransisk Xavier Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa Spanish: San Francisco The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands.
Literature
During the rule of the Vijayanagar Empire, poets, scholars and philosophers wrote in Sanskrit and the regional languages, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil and covered such subjects as religion, biography, Prabhanda (fiction), music, grammar, poetry and medicine. The rule of Vijayanagara Empire was a golden age of literature in South India in general The Telugu language became a popular literary medium, reaching its peak under the patronage of Krishnadevaraya. Sri Krishnadevaraya ( Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣದೇವರಾಯ Telugu:శ్రీకృష్ణదేవరాయ (1509-1529 CE was the most famous
Most Sanskrit works were commentaries either on the Vedas or on the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics, written by well known figures such as Sayana and Vidyaranya that extolled the superiority of the Advaita philosophy over other rival Hindu philosophies. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki Sāyaṇa ( सायण, with honorific Sāyaṇācārya;died 1387 was an important commentator on the Vedas He flourished under King Bukka I Advaita Vedanta ( IAST Advaita Vedānta; Sanskrit अद्वैत वेदान्त əd̪vait̪ə veːd̪ɑːnt̪ə is a sub-school of the [79] Other writers were famous Dvaita saints of the Udupi order such as Jayatirtha (earning the title Tikacharya for his polemicial writings), Vyasatirtha who wrote rebuttals to the Advaita philosophy and of the conclusions of earlier logicians, and Vadirajatirtha and Sripadaraya both of whom criticised the beliefs of Adi Sankara. Dvaita ( Kannada: ದ್ವೈತ Devanagari:द्बैत is a dualist school of Vedanta Hindu philosophy. Udupi ( Kannada, Tulu: ಉಡುಪಿ Odipu, Konkani - उडुपी) is a city and the headquarters of the Udupi District in Adi Shankara ( Malayalam: ആദി ശങ്കരന് Devanāgarī: आदि शङ्कर Ādi Śaṅkara, aːd̪i ɕaŋkərə (see below [80] Apart from these saints, noted Sanskrit scholars adorned the courts of the Vijayanagara kings and their feudatory chiefdoms. Many kings of the dynasty were themselves litterateurs and authored classics such as King Krishnadevaraya's Jambavati Kalyana, a poetic and dramatically skillful work. [81]
The Kannada poets and scholars of the empire produced important writings supporting the Vaishnava Bhakti movement heralded by the Haridasas (devotees of Vishnu), Brahminical and Virashaiva (Lingayatism) literature. Kannada literature in the Vijayanagara Empire refers to the body of literature composed in the Kannada language of South India during the ascendancy of the Vijayanagar Bhakti ( Devanāgarī: भक्ति) is a word of Sanskrit origin meaning devotion. The Haridasa ( Kannada: ಹರಿದಾಸ) devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Lingayatism or Veerashaivism is a Hindu religious sect in India but a Dharma. The Haridasa poets celebrated their devotion through songs called Devaranama (lyrical poems) in the ragale metre. The Haridasa ( Kannada: ಹರಿದಾಸ) devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. Their inspirations were the teachings of Madhvacharya and Vyasatirtha. Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa are considered the foremost among many Dasas (devotees) by virtue of their immense contribution. [82] Kumara Vyasa, the most notable of Brahmin scholars wrote Gadugina Bharata, a translation of the epic Mahabharata. Kumara Vyasa (ಕುಮಾರವ್ಯಾಸ is the pen name of Gadhugina Veera Naranappa ( Kannada: ಗದುಗಿನ ವೀರ ನಾರಣಪ್ಪ a classical This work marks a transition of Kannada literature from old Kannada to modern Kannada. [83] Chamarasa was a famous Virashaiva scholar and poet who had many debates with Vaishnava scholars in the court of Devaraya II. Chamarasa was an eminent Virashaiva poet unsurpassed in the Kannada literature during the Vijayanagar Empire, a powerful empire in Southern India His Prabhulinga Lile, later translated into Telugu and Tamil, was a eulogy of Saint Allama Prabhu (the saint was considered an incarnation of Lord Ganapathi while Parvati took the form of a princess of Banavasi). Allama Prabhu ( Kannada:ಅಲ್ಲಮ ಪ್ರಭು) ( 1150 CE was a mystic Veerashaiva saint and poet of the 12th century Ganesha ( Sanskrit: sa गणेश Gaṇeśa) also spelled Ganesa or Ganesh and also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, and Pillaiyar Parvati ( Sanskrit: Pārvatī sa [[wiktपार्वती पार्वती]] sometimes spelled Parvathi or Parvathy, is a Hindu [84]
At this peak of Telugu literature, the most famous writing in the Prabhanda style was Manucharitamu. Telugu people refer to the group of peoples who natively speak the Telugu language. King Krishnadevaraya was an accomplished Telugu scholar and wrote the celebrated Amuktamalyada. [85] In his court were the eight famous scholars regarded as the pillars (Ashtadiggajas) of the literary assembly, the most famous being Allasani Peddana honoured with the title Andhrakavitapitamaha (father of Telugu poetry) and Tenali Ramakrishna, Krishnadevaraya's court jester who authored several acclaimed works. Astadiggajas (అష్టదిగ్గజులు is the collective title given to the eight telugu Poets in the court of the emperor Sri Krishnadevaraya Allasani Peddana ( Telugu:అల్లసాని పెద్దన (15th and 16th centuries CE) was a famous Telugu Poet and was ranked as Garlapati Tenali Ramakrishna (తెనాలి రామకృష్ణుడు popularly known as Tenali Rama and Vikata Kavi, was a court- Poet of [86] This was the age of Srinatha, the greatest of all Telugu poets in legend, who wrote books like Marutratcharitamu and Salivahana-sapta-sati. Srinatha (1365--1441 was a well known 15th century Telugu Poet who popularised the Prabandha style of composition He was patronised by King Devaraya II and his stature was equal to the most important ministers in the court. [87]
Though much of the Tamil literature from this period came from Tamil speaking regions ruled by the feudatory Pandya who gave particular attention on the cultivation of Tamil literature, some poets were patronised by the Vijayanagara kings. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Svarupananda Desikar wrote an anthology of 2824 verses, Sivaprakasap-perundirattu, on the Advaita philosophy. Svarupananda Desikar was a noted Tamil scholar during the late 14th century – early 15th century His pupil the ascetic, Tattuvarayar, wrote a shorter anthology, Kurundirattu, that contained about half the number of verses. Tattuvarayar was an ascetic scholar and disciple of Svarupananda Desikar in the late 14th century - early 15th century time Krishnadevaraya patronised the Tamil Vaishnava poet Haridasa whose Irusamaya Vilakkam was an exposition of the two Hindu systems, Vaishnava and Shaiva, with a preference for the former. [88]
Notable among secular writings on music and medicine were Vidyaranya's Sangitsara, Praudha Raya's Ratiratnapradipika, Sayana's Ayurveda Sudhanidhi and Lakshmana Pandita's Vaidyarajavallabham. For Madhvacharya the proponent of Dvaita philosophy see Madhvacharya. Praudha Raya (also known as Praudha Devaraya) was an unpopular king of Vijayanagara Empire who ruled for a very short period of time being driven out of the capital Sāyaṇa ( सायण, with honorific Sāyaṇācārya;died 1387 was an important commentator on the Vedas He flourished under King Bukka I Lakshmana Pandita was the author of Vaidyarajavallabha (also known as Vaidyavallabha a Sanskrit book on Indian medicine written during the Vijayanagara Empire [89]
Architecture
Vijayanagara architecture is a vibrant combination of the Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya and Chola styles, idioms that prospered in previous centuries. The Vijayanagara Architecture (ವಿಜಯನಗರ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ of the period ( 1336 - 1565CE was a notable building idiom evolved by the Vijayanagara (ವಿಜಯನಗರ is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. Shivamogga District ( Kannada: ಶಿವಮೊಗ್ಗ is a district in the Karnataka state of India. Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. Hampi ( Kannada: ಹಂಪೆ is a village in northern Karnataka state India. The Chalukya dynasty ( Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು ʧaːɭukjə was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and Central The Hoysala Empire ( Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ( pronunciation: in Kannada was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga Origin The origin of the word “Pandya” has been a subject of much speculation [90][91] Its legacy of sculpture, architecture and painting influenced the development of the arts long after the empire came to an end. Its stylistic hallmark is the ornate pillared Kalyanamantapa (marriage hall), Vasanthamantapa (open pillared halls) and the Rayagopura (tower). A column in Structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural Artisans used the locally available hard granite because of its durability since the kingdom was under constant threat of invasion. While the empire's monuments are spread over the whole of Southern India, nothing surpasses the vast open air theatre of monuments at its capital at Vijayanagara, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Vijayanagara (ವಿಜಯನಗರ is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [92]
In the 14th century the kings continued to build Vesara or Deccan style monuments but later incorporated dravida-style gopurams to meet their ritualistic needs. Vesara is a type of Indian architecture primarily used in temples A Gopuram or gopura (also known as a vimanam) is a monumental tower usually ornate at the entrance of a temple especially in Southern India. The Prasanna Virupaksha temple (underground temple) of Bukka Raya I and the Hazare Rama temple of Deva Raya I are examples of Deccan architecture. Bukka ಬುಕ್ಕ್ (1356-1377 CE(also known as Bukka Raya I was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. [93] The varied and intricate ornamentation of the pillars is a mark of their work. [94] At Hampi, though the Vitthala temple is the best example of their pillared Kalyanamantapa style, the Hazara Ramaswamy temple is a modest but perfectly finished example. [95] A visible aspect of their style is their return to the simplistic and serene art developed by the Chalukya dynasty. [96] A grand specimen of Vijayanagara art, the Vitthala temple, took several decades to complete during the reign of the Tuluva kings. [97]
Another element of the Vijayanagara style is the carving of large monoliths such as the Sasivekalu (mustard) Ganesha and Kadalekalu (Ground nut) Ganesha at Hampi, the Gomateshwara statues in Karkala and Venur, and the Nandi bull in Lepakshi. Ganesha ( Sanskrit: sa गणेश Gaṇeśa) also spelled Ganesa or Ganesh and also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, and Pillaiyar Gomateshwara is a monolithic statue standing at above a hill in a place called Shravanabelagola in the Hassan district of Karnataka state India Karkala ( Kannada / Tulu -ಕಾರ್ಕಳ Konkani - कार्कल is a peaceful silent town and also the headquarters of Karkala Taluk in Udupi Venur or Venoor is a small village on he banks of the Gurupur river in the South Kanara of Karnataka, India. Lepakshi is a small village located in the Anantapur District, in Andhra Pradesh, India. The Vijayanagara temples of Bhatkal, Kanakagiri, Sringeri and other towns of coastal Karnataka, as well as Tadpatri, Lepakshi, Ahobilam, Tirupati and Srikalahasti in Andhra Pradesh, and Vellore, Kumbakonam, Kanchi and Srirangam in Tamil Nadu are examples of this style. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bhatkal ( Kannada - ಭಟ್ಕಲ) is a Port town in Uttara Kannada Kanakagiri is Historical place of India, situated in Karnataka State 20 km North West to Gangavati town Sringeri ( Kannada: ಶೃಂಗೇರಿ also written as Shringeri, Śŗngeri and Śŗngagiri is a taluk located in Chikmagalur district in WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Tadpatri is a city and a Municipality in Anantapur district in the Indian state Lepakshi is a small village located in the Anantapur District, in Andhra Pradesh, India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ahobilam or Ahobalam is a major center of pilgrimage in South India. Tirumala Venkateswara Temple (తిరుమల వేంకటేశ్వర దేవాలయం also known as Tirupati Venkateswara Temple is a famous Hindu temple WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Srikalahasti is a town and a Municipality near Tirupati in the Indian state Vellore ( Tamil: வேலூர் pronounced Veluur) is a city and headquarters of Vellore district in the Indian state of WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Kumbakonam (கும்பகோணம் is a town and a Municipality in the Thanjavur district Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram is a city and a Municipality in Kanchipuram district in the Indian state of This article is about a notable Hindu pilgrimage location in Tamil Nadu, India. Tamil Nadu ( Tamil:, Country of the Tamils, t̪ɐmɨɻ n̪aːɽɯ is one of the 28 states of India. Vijayanagara art includes wall-paintings such as Dasavathara (ten avatars of Vishnu) and Girijakalyana (marriage of Goddess Parvati) in the Virupaksha temple at Hampi, the Shivapurana paintings (tales of Shiva) at the Virabhadra temple at Lepakshi, and those at the Jain basadi (temple) and the Kamaskshi and Varadaraja temple at Kanchi. Avatar or Avatara (अवतार IAST Avatāra) is often inaccurately translated into English as incarnation Parvati ( Sanskrit: Pārvatī sa [[wiktपार्वती पार्वती]] sometimes spelled Parvathi or Parvathy, is a Hindu Virabhadra (Veerabhadra ( Sanskrit: वीरभद्र IAST: Vīrabhadra) was a super being created by the wrath of Rudra ( Shiva Lepakshi is a small village located in the Anantapur District, in Andhra Pradesh, India. [98] This mingling of the South Indian styles resulted in a richness not seen in earlier centuries, a focus on reliefs in addition to sculpture that surpasses that previously in India. A relief is a Sculptured Artwork where a modeled form is raised (or alternatively lowered from a flattened background without being disconnected from it [99]
An aspect of Vijayanagara architecture that shows the cosmopolitanism of the great city is the presence of many secular structures bearing Islamic features. While political history concentrates on the ongoing conflict between the Vijayanagara empire and the Deccan Sultanates, the architectural record reflects a more creative interaction. There are many arches, domes and vaults that show these influences. An arch is a structure that spans a space while supporting weight (e A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. A Vault (French voute Italian volta German Gewölbe Polish sklepienie, Spanish The concentration of structures like pavilions, stables and towers suggests they were for use by royalty. Chhatris are elevated dome-shaped pavilions used as an element in Indian architecture, or funerary sites in India which have such structures built over them A stable is a Building in which Livestock, especially Horses are kept Towers are tall human-made Structures that are always taller than they are wide usually by a significant Margin. [100] The decorative details of these structures may have been absorbed into Vijayanagara architecture during the early 15th century, coinciding with the rule of Deva Raya I and Deva Raya II. These kings are known to have employed many Muslims in their army and court, some of whom may have been Muslim architects. Mughal architecture, an amalgam of Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture, is the distinctive style developed by the Mughal Empire This harmonious exchange of architectural ideas must have happened during rare periods of peace between the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms. [101] The "Great Platform" (Mahanavami dibba) has relief carvings in which the figures seem to have the facial features of central Asian Turks who were known to have been employed as royal attendants. [102]
Language
Kannada, Telugu and Tamil were used in their respective regions of the empire. Over 7000 inscriptions (Shasana) including 300 copper plate inscriptions (Tamarashasana) have been recovered, almost half of which are in Kannada, the remaining in Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit. [103][104] Bilingual inscriptions had lost favour by the 14th century. [105] The empire minted coins at Hampi, Penugonda and Tirupati with Nagari, Kannada and Telugu legends usually carrying the name of the ruler. [106][107] Gold, silver and copper were used to issue coins called Gadyana, Varaha, Pon, Pagoda, Pratapa, Pana, Kasu and Jital. [108] The coins contained the images of various Gods including Balakrishna (infant Krishna), Venkateshwara (the presiding deity of the temple at Tirupati), Goddesses such as Bhudevi and Sridevi, divine couples, animals such as bulls and elephants and birds. Venkateshwara ( Telugu వెంకటేశ్వరుడు, వెంకన్న Sanskrit: sa वेंकटेश्वर also known as Venkatachalapathy Bhūma Devī or Bhūmi-Devī or Bhū Devī is the divine wife of Lord Varaha, an Avatar of Lord Vishnu. The earliest coins feature Hanuman and the Garuda (divine eagle), the vehicle of Lord Vishnu. Hanuman (हनुमत् sa-Latn '''Hanumat''' nominative singular sa हनुमान् sa-Latn ''Hanumān'' known also as ' Anjaneya' (son of Anjana is one of the GARUDA is India's Grid Computing initiative connecting 17 cities across the country Kannada and Telugu inscriptions have been deciphered and recorded by historians of the Archaeological Survey of India. The Archaeological Survey of India is an Indian government agency in the Department of Culture that is responsible for archaeological studies and the preservation of [109][110]
Notes
- ^ Robert Sewell (A Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar: A Contribution to the History of India, 1901), Nilakanta Sastri (1955), N. Ventakaramanayya (The Early Muslim expansion in South India, 1942) and B. Surya Narayana Rao (History of Vijayanagar, 1993) in Kamath (2001) pp157–160.
- ^ Historians such as P. B. Desai (History of Vijayanagar Empire, 1936), Henry Heras (The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara, 1927), B.A. Saletore (Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire, 1930), G. Pandurangrao Bhimrao Desai 1910 - 1974 is a renowned Epigraphist and historian and archaeologist Henry Heras ( 11 September 1888, Barcelona, Spain - 14 December 1955, Bombay, India) was a Spanish BA Saletore (1902 - 1963 or Bhaskar Anand Saletore a well known Indian historian was born in Karnataka in 1902 S. Gai (Archaeological Survey of India), William Coelho (The Hoysala Vamsa, 1955) and Kamath ( Kamath 2001, pp157–160)
- ^ Karmarkar (1947), p30
- ^ Kulke and Rothermund (2004), p188
- ^ Rice (1897), p345
- ^ Nilakanta Sastry (1955), p216
- ^ Kamath (2001), p160
- ^ Portuguese travelers Barbosa, Barradas and Italian Varthema and Caesar Fredericci in 1567, Persian Abdur Razzak in 1440, Barani, Isamy, Tabataba, Nizamuddin Bakshi, Ferishta and Shirazi and vernacular works from the 14th century to the 16th century. Firishta ( Persian: فرشته) or Ferishta, full name Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (Persian محمد قاسم ہندو شاه) was (Kamath 2001, pp157–158)
- ^ Fritz & Michell (2001) pp1–11
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p216
- ^ Kamath (2001), p162
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p317
- ^ Indicated by records of the Ming dynasty (Kamath 2001, p162)
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p241
- ^ The success was probably also due to the peaceful nature of Muhammad II Bahmani, according to Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p242
- ^ From the notes of Portuguese Nuniz. Robert Sewell notes that a big dam across was built the Tungabhadra and an aqueduct 15 miles (24 km) long was cut out of rock (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p243).
- ^ Also deciphered as Gajaventekara, a metaphor for "great hunter of his enemies", or "hunter of elephants" (Kamath 2001, p163).
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p244
- ^ From the notes of Persian Abdur Razzak. Writings of Nuniz confirms that the kings of Burma paid tributes to Vijayanagara empire (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p245)
- ^ Kamath (2001), p164
- ^ From the notes of Abdur Razzak about Vijayanagara: a city like this had not been seen by the pupil of the eye nor had an ear heard of anything equal to it in the world (Hampi, A Travel Guide 2003, p11)
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p250
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p239
- ^ Kamath (2001), p159
- ^ From the notes of Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes about Krishnadevaraya: A king who was perfect in all things (Hampi, A Travel Guide 2003, p31)
- ^ The notes of Portuguese Barbosa during the time of Krishnadevaraya confirms a very rich and well provided Vijayanagara city (Kamath 2001, p186)
- ^ Most monuments including the royal platform (Mahanavami Dibba) were actually built over a period spanning several decades (Dallapiccola 2001, p66)
- ^ Dr. P. B. Desai asserts that Rama Raya's involvement often was at the insistence of one Sultan or the other (Kamath 2001, p172).
- ^ Some scholars say the war was actually fought between Rakkasagi and Tangadigi in modern Bijapur district, close to Talikota, and the battle is also called "Battle of Rakkasa-Tangadi". Bijapur (ವಿಜಾಪುರ is a district in the state of Karnataka in southern India. Shervani claimed that the actual venue of the battle was Bannihatti (Kamath 2001, p170)
- ^ The Telugu work Vasucharitamu refers to Aravidu King Tirumala Raya (1570) as the reviver of the Karnata Empire. The Karnata Empire or Karnataka Empire ( Karnata Rajya) is an alternate name for the Vijayanagara Empire. (Ramesh 2006)
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p268
- ^ a b Kamath (2001), p174
- ^ Kamath (2001), p220, p226, p234
- ^ A war administration, (K. M. Panikkar in Kamath 2001, p174)
- ^ From the notes of Persian Abdur Razzak and research by B. A. Saletore (Kamath 2001, p175)
- ^ From the notes of Nuniz (Kamath 2001, p175)
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p286
- ^ From the notes of Duarte Barbosa (Kamath 2001, p176). However, the kingdom may have had nine provinces (T. V. Mahalingam in Kamath 2001, p176)
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p287
- ^ From the notes of Abdur Razzaq and Paes respectively (Kamath 2001, p176)
- ^ From the notes of Nuniz (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p288)
- ^ Davison-Jenkins (2001), p89
- ^ From the notes of Domingo Paes and Nuniz (Davison-Jenkins 2001, p98)
- ^ Davison-Jenkins (2001), p90
- ^ From the notes of Duarte Barbosa (Kamath 2001, p181).
- ^ From the notes of Abdur Razzak in Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p298
- ^ From the notes of Abdur Razzak in Nilakanta Sastry (1955), p299
- ^ a b c From the notes of Abdur Razzak in Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p304
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p305
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p306
- ^ Kamath (2001), p179
- ^ According to Sir Charles Elliot, the intellectual superiority of Brahmins justified their high position in society (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p289)
- ^ Verghese (2001), p41
- ^ B. A. Saletore in Kamath (2001), p179
- ^ Kamath (2001), p162
- ^ Kamath, p180
- ^ Kamath (2001), p. 180
- ^ From the writings of Portuguese Domingo Paes (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p. 296)
- ^ Kamath (2001), p179
- ^ a b Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p296
- ^ Mack (2001), p39
- ^ From the notes of Duarte Barbosa (Kamath 2001, p178)
- ^ Kamath (2001), p177
- ^ Fritz & Michell, p14
- ^ Kamath (2001), p177–178
- ^ Shiva Prakash in Ayyappapanicker (1997), p192, pp194–196
- ^ Iyer (2006), p93
- ^ Owing to his contributions to carnatic music, Purandaradasa is known as Karnataka Sangita Pitamaha. (Kamat, Saint Purandaradasa)
- ^ Shiva Prakash (1997), p196
- ^ Shiva Prakash (1997), p195
- ^ Kamath (2001), p178
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p324
- ^ Pujar, Narahari S. ; Shrisha Rao and H. P. Raghunandan. Sri Vyasa Tirtha. Dvaita Home Page. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Kamath (2001), p185
- ^ Kamath (2001), pp. 112, 132
- ^ From the notes of Arab writer Al-Ishtakhri (Nilakanta Sastry 1955, p396)
- ^ From the notes of Ibn Batuta (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p396)
- ^ From the notes of Jordanus in 1320–21 (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p397)
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p321
- ^ Nilakanta Sastry (1955), p324
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p318
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p365
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p364
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p363
- ^ During the rule of Krishnadevaraya, encouragement was given to the creation of original Prabhandas (stories) from Puranic themes (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p372)
- ^ Like the Nine gems of King Vikramaditya's court, the Ashtadiggajas of Krishnadevara's court are famous in legend (Nilakanta Sastri 1955, p372)
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p370
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p347
- ^ Prasad (1988), pp. For other meanings see Purana (disambiguation. The Puranas ( Sanskrit: sa पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times" 268–270
- ^ Art critic, Percy Brown calls Vijayanagar architecture a blossoming of Dravidian style (Kamath 2001, p182)
- ^ Arthikaje, Literary Activity
- ^ "So intimate are the rocks and the monuments they were used for make, it is was sometimes impossible to say where nature ended and art began" (Art critic Percy Brown, quoted in Hampi, A Travel Guide, p64)
- ^ Fritz & Michell, p9
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri about the importance of pillars in the Vijayanagar style in Kamath (2001), p183
- ^ "Drama in stone" wrote art critic Percy Brown, much of the beauty of Vijayanagara architecture came from their pillars and piers and the styles of sculpting (Hampi, A Travel Guide, p77)
- ^ About the sculptures in Vijayanagara style, see Kamath (2001), p184
- ^ Several monuments are categorised as Tuluva art (Fritz & Michell 2001, p9)
- ^ Some of these paintings may have been redone in later centuries (Rajashekhar in Kamath 2001, p184)
- ^ Historians and art critics K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, A. L. Basham, James Fergusson and S. K. Saraswathi have commented about Vijayanagara architecture (Arthikaje Literary Activity).
- ^ Fritz & Michell (2001), p10
- ^ Philon (2001), p87
- ^ Dallapiccola (2001), p69
- ^ G. S. Gai in Kamath (2001), p10, 157.
- ^ Arthikaje, Mangalore. The Vijayanagar Empire. 1998–2000 OurKarnataka. Com, Inc. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Thapar (2003), pp 393–95
- ^ Vijayanagara Coins. Government Museum Chennai. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Prabhu, Govindaraya S. . Catalogue, Part one. Vijayanagara, the forgotten empire. Prabhu'S Web Page On Indian Coinage. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Harihariah Oruganti. Coinage. Catalogue. Vijayanagara Coins. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Ramesh, K. V. . "Stones 1-25", South Indian Inscription, Volume 16: Telugu Inscriptions from Vijayanagar Dynasty. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Sastry & Rao, Shama & Lakshminarayan. "Miscellaneous Inscriptions, Part II", South Indian Inscription, Volume 9: Kannada Inscriptions from Madras Presidency. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
References
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External links
- Biography of Hakka and Bukka
- Hampi - History and Tourism
- www.Hampi.in - Photos, descriptions & maps of the Hampi Ruins.
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