Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. Magnetic tape is a medium for Magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of Plastic. This focuses on Motion picture film For Still photography film see Photographic film.
In most cases, a helical scan video head rotates against the moving tape to record the data in two dimensions, because video signals have a very high bandwidth, and static heads would require extremely high tape speeds. Helical scan is a method of recording high bandwidth signals onto Magnetic tape. Video tape is used in both video tape recorders (VTRs or, more common, video cassette recorders (VCRs)) and video cameras. PLEASE BEAR IN MIND THAT THIS IS A GENERAL ARTICLE ABOUT VCRs/VIDEOCASSETTE RECORDERS A camcorder is a portable Consumer electronics device for recording Video and audio using a built-in recorder unit Tape is a linear method of storing information, and since nearly all video recordings made nowadays are digital, it is expected to gradually lose importance as non-linear/random access methods of storing digital video data are becoming more common.
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Early formats
The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Harry Lillis “Bing” Crosby ( May 3, 1903 &ndash October 14, 1977) was an Academy Award winning American Popular Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. John T "Jack" Mullin (1913&ndash1999 was an American pioneer in the field of Magnetic tape sound recording and made significant contributions to many Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as "blurred and indistinct" images, using a modified Ampex 200 tape recorder and standard quarter-inch (0. Ampex ( is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M 6 cm) audio tape moving at 360 inches (9. 1 m) per second. [1] A year later, an improved version, using one-inch (2. 6 cm) magnetic tape, was shown to the press, who reportedly expressed amazement at the quality of the images, although they had a "persistent grainy quality that looked like a worn motion picture. " Overall, the picture quality was still considered inferior to the best kinescope recordings on film. Kinescope (ˈkɪnɨskoʊp originally referred to the Cathode ray tube used in Television receivers as named by inventor Vladimir Zworykin in 1929 [2] Bing Crosby Enterprises hoped to have a commercial version available in 1954, but none came forth. [3] BCE demonstrated a color model in February 1955, using a longitudinal recording on half-inch (1. 3 cm) tape, essentially similar to what RCA had demonstrated in 1953 (see below). RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 CBS, RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system (see below). CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. [4]
RCA demonstrated the magnetic tape recording of both black-and-white and color programs at its Princeton laboratories on December 1, 1953. RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 See also Princeton Township New Jersey, Borough of Princeton New Jersey Princeton Borough New Jersey Princeton Township New Jersey this [5] The high-speed longitudinal tape system, called Simplex, in development since 1951, could record and play back only a few minutes of a program. The color system used half-inch (1. 3 cm) tape to record five tracks—one each for red, blue, green, synchronization, and audio. The black-and-white system used quarter-inch (1. 9 cm) tape with two tracks, one for picture and one for sound. Both systems ran at 360 inches (9. 1 m) per second. [6] RCA-owned NBC first used it on the The Jonathan Winters Show on October 23, 1956, when a pre-recorded song sequence by Dorothy Collins in color was included in the otherwise live program. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Dorothy Collins ( November 18 1926 &ndash July 21 1994) was a popular U [7]
The BBC experimented from 1952 to 1958 with a high-speed linear videotape system called VERA, but this was ultimately unfeasible. VERA (Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus was an early Videotape format developed by the BBC beginning in 1952 It utilized 1/2 inch (1. 27 cm) tape traveling at 200 inches (5. 08 m) per second.
Broadcast video
Quad
The first practical professional videotape machines were the Quadruplex machines introduced by Ampex in the United States on April 14, 1956. Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor 2 inch Quadruplex (also called 2″ Quad, or just quad, for short was the first practical and commercially successful Videotape format Ampex ( is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Quad employed a transverse (scanning the tape across its width) four-head system on a two-inch (5. 08 cm) tape, and linear heads for the soundtrack. CBS first used the Ampex Mark IV at its Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956 to play a delayed broadcast of Douglas Edwards and the News from New York to the Pacific Time Zone. [8]
Although Quad became the industry standard for 20 years, it had drawbacks such as an inability to freeze pictures, no picture search, and in early machines, a tape could only reliably be played back using the same set of hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad could produce excellent images. Unfortunately, very few early videotapes still exist. The high cost of early videotapes meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than the previous kinescope technology, which recorded television pictures onto photographic film. Kinescope (ˈkɪnɨskoʊp originally referred to the Cathode ray tube used in Television receivers as named by inventor Vladimir Zworykin in 1929 It was the four time zones of the continental United States which had made the system very desirable in the first place. However, some early broadcast videotapes have survived, including The Edsel Show, broadcast live in 1957, and 1958's An Evening With Fred Astaire, the oldest color videotape of an entertainment program known to exist (the oldest color videotape is the May 1958 dedication of the WRC-TV studios in Washington, DC). The Edsel Show was an hour-long Television special broadcast live on CBS in the United States on October 13, 1957, An Evening with Fred Astaire was a one-hour Television special starring Fred Astaire, broadcast on NBC on October 17, 1958 WRC-TV, channel 4 is the NBC owned and operated Television station in Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D In 1976, NBC's 50th anniversary special included an excerpt from a 1957 color special starring Donald O'Connor; despite some obvious technical problems, the color tape was remarkably good. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Donald David Dixon Ronald O’Connor ( August 28, 1925 &ndash September 27, 2003) was an American Dancer, Singer Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) on to the tape.
Type C & Type B
The next format to gain widespread usage was the 1" (2.54 cm) Type C format from 1976 onward. 1 inch Type C (designated Type C by SMPTE) is a professional Helical scan open-reel Videotape format co-developed and introduced by Ampex and It introduced features such as shuttling and still framing, but the sound and picture reproduction attainable on the format were of just slightly lower quality than Quad (although 1" Type C's quality was still quite high). However, unlike Quad, 1" Type C machines required much less maintenance, took up less space, and consumed much less electrical power.
In Europe a similar tape format was developed, called Type B. 1 inch type B VTR (designated Type B by SMPTE) is an open-reel videotape format developed by the Bosch Fernseh devision of Bosch in Germany in Type B machines (also known as BCN) used the same 1" tape as Type C but they lacked C's shuttle and slow-motion options. The picture quality was slightly better, though. Type B was the broadcast norm in continental Europe for most of the 1980s. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989.
Cassette formats
In 1969, Sony introduced a prototype for the first widespread video cassette, the 3/4" (1. is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with 905 cm) composite U-matic system, which Sony introduced commercially in September 1971 after working out industry standards with other manufacturers. Composite video is the format of an Analog television (picture only signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF U-matic is the name of a Videocassette Sony later refined it to Broadcast Video U-matic or BVU.
Sony continued its hold on the professional market with its ever-expanding 1/2" (1. 27 cm) component video Betacam family (introduced in 1982), which, in its digital variants, is still among the professional market leaders. This article is about analog component video for the processing of color components in digital video see Digital video, Chroma subsampling and YCbCr Betacam is a family of half-inch professional Videotape products developed by Sony from 1982 onwards
Panasonic had some limited success with its MII system, but never could compare to Betacam in terms of market share. This article discusses the MII video tape format For information on the game console by Panasonic please see Panasonic M2 MII is a professional
The next step was the digital revolution. A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for Among the first digital video formats Sony's D-1, which featured uncompressed digital component recording. Because D-1 was extremely expensive, the composite D-2 and D-3 (by Sony and Panasonic, respectively) were introduced soon after. Ampex introduced the first compressed component recording with its DCT series in 1992. DCT is a Digital component Videocassette format developed and introduced by Ampex in 1992 Panasonic trumped D-1 with its D-5 format, which was uncompressed as well, but much more affordable.
DV standard debuted in 1996 and has become widely used both in its native form and in more robust forms such as Sony's DVCAM and Panasonic's DVCPRO as an acquisition and editing format. Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor However, due to concerns by the entertainment industry about the format's lack of copy protection, only the smaller MiniDV cassettes used with camcorders became commonplace, with the full-sized DV cassettes restricted entirely to professional applications. Copy protection, also known as content protection, copy prevention, or copy restriction, is a technology for preventing the unauthorised reproduction
For camcorders, Sony adapted the Betacam system with its Digital Betacam format, later following it up with the more low-cost Betacam SX and MPEG IMX formats, and the semiprofessional DV-based DVCAM system. Betacam is a family of half-inch professional Videotape products developed by Sony from 1982 onwards Betacam is a family of half-inch professional Videotape products developed by Sony from 1982 onwards Betacam is a family of half-inch professional Videotape products developed by Sony from 1982 onwards Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor Panasonic used its DV variant DVCPRO for all professional cameras, with the higher end format DVCPRO50 being a direct descendant. Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor JVC developed the competing D9/Digital-S format, which compresses video data in a way similar to DVCPRO but uses a cassette similar to S-VHS media. ( usually referred to as JVC, is an International consumer and professional electronics Corporation based in Yokohama, Japan which was founded D-9 or Digital S as it was originally known is a professional digital videotape format created by JVC in 1995 Introduced in Japan in 1987, S-VHS ( Super VHS) is an improved version of the VHS standard for consumer Video cassette recorders
High definition
The introduction of HDTV production necessitated a medium for storing high-resolution video information. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition In 1997, Sony bumped its Betacam series up to HD with the HDCAM standard and its higher-end cousin HDCAM SR. HDCAM, introduced in 1997, is an HD version of Digital Betacam, using an 8-bit DCT compressed 311 recording in 1080i -compatible HDCAM, introduced in 1997, is an HD version of Digital Betacam, using an 8-bit DCT compressed 311 recording in 1080i -compatible Panasonic's competing format for cameras was based on DVCPRO and called DVCPRO HD. Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it D-5 HD. D-5 is a professional Digital video format introduced by Panasonic in 1994
Home video
VCRs
The first domestic videocassette recorders were launched in 1971 (based around U-matic technology), but it was not until Sony's Betamax (1975) and JVC's VHS (1976) were launched that videotape moved into the mass market, resulting in what came to be known as the "videotape format war", which VHS finally won. PLEASE BEAR IN MIND THAT THIS IS A GENERAL ARTICLE ABOUT VCRs/VIDEOCASSETTE RECORDERS U-matic is the name of a Videocassette ---- Betamax is a home Videocassette tape recording format developed by Sony, and released on May 10, 1975. The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or " Format war " of incompatible models of Video cassette recorders (VCR in the late 1970s and VHS is still the leading consumer VCR format, since its follow-ups S-VHS, W-VHS and D-VHS never caught up in popularity. PLEASE BEAR IN MIND THAT THIS IS A GENERAL ARTICLE ABOUT VCRs/VIDEOCASSETTE RECORDERS Introduced in Japan in 1987, S-VHS ( Super VHS) is an improved version of the VHS standard for consumer Video cassette recorders W-VHS is a high definition analog Video tape format created by JVC. D-VHS is a Digital video format developed by JVC, in collaboration with Hitachi, Matsushita, and Philips. It has, however, been displaced in the prerecorded video market by the nonlinear and disc based DVD, although like vinyl records may not become completely obsolete owing to the large number of videocassettes owned by consumers. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is A gramophone
The size of a standard VHS tape cassette is 1" x 4" x 7 1/2". Following in the footsteps of standard VHS came other consumer videotape formats such as 8mm video, Hi8, and digital 8, VHS-C (compact) and S-VHS-C.
With the recent popularity of the DVD format, many people have started considering their videotapes obsolete and are happy to sell them off for considerably cheap prices at venues such as flea market or car boot sales etc. Car boot sales are a mainly British form of Market in which private individuals come together to sell Household and garden goods The term refers
Camcorders
Left to right: DVCAM-L, DVCPRO-M, MiniDV
Early consumer camcorders used full-size VHS or Betamax tapes. A camcorder is a portable Consumer electronics device for recording Video and audio using a built-in recorder unit Later models switched to more compact formats like 8 mm video format (later replaced by Hi8 and Digital8) and VHS-C (later replaced by Super VHS-C) tape. The 8 mm video format refers informally to three related Videocassette formats for the NTSC and PAL / SECAM television systems The 8 mm video format refers informally to three related Videocassette formats for the NTSC and PAL / SECAM television systems Digital8 (or D8) is a consumer digital videotape format developed by Sony, and introduced in 1999 VHS-C is the compact VHS format introduced in 1982 and used primarily for consumer-grade compact Camcorders.
Presently, MiniDV is the most popular format for tape-based consumer camcorders, providing near-broadcast quality video and sophisticated nonlinear editing capability on consumer equipment; however, though intended as a digital successor to VHS, MiniDV VCRs are not widely available outside professional circles. Digital Video (DV is a Digital video format created by Sony JVC Panasonic and other video camera procuers and launched in 1995 and in its smaller tape Form factor
Sony introduced a new camcorder cassette format with MicroMV, but consumer interest was low due to the proprietary nature of the format and limited support for anything but low-end Windows video editors, and Sony shipped the last MicroMV unit in 2005. MicroMV was a videotape format introduced in 2001 by Sony. This cassette is physically smaller than a Digital8 or DV cassette
For high definition, the most promising system seems to be HDV, which uses MiniDV media to store a roughly broadcast-quality HDTV data stream. HDV is a High-definition_video format that uses MPEG2 compression to record HD content onto tapes originally designed for standard definition DV recording High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition
The latest trend in consumer camcorders is to switch from tape-based to tapeless solutions, like built-in HDDs, optical disks and solid-state media.
References
- ^ "Tape Recording Used by Filmless 'Camera'," New York Times, Nov. 12, 1951, p. 21. Eric D. Daniel, C. Denis Mee, and Mark H. Clark (eds. ), Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years, IEEE Press, 1998, p. 141. ISBN 0-070-41275-8
- ^ "Tape-Recorded TV Nears Perfection," New York Times, Dec. 31, 1952, p. 10.
- ^ "New Deal on TV Seen at Parley," New York Times, May 1, 1953, p. 30.
- ^ Daniel et al. , p. 148. BCE was acquired by 3M Company in 1956. 3M Company ( formerly Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company until 2002 is an American multinational conglomerate corporation with a worldwide
- ^ "Magnetic Tape Used By RCA to Photograph Television Program," The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 2, 1953, p. 1.
- ^ Stewart Wolpin, The Race to Video, Invention & Technology, Fall 1994.
- ^ Ed Reitan, RCA-NBC Firsts in Color Television (commented).
- ^ Ampex Corporation, Ampex Chronology.
See also
External links
- The Loss of Early Video Recordings
- History of Recording Technology (WayBack Machine)
- History of Magnetic Tape (WayBack Machine)
Dictionary
videotape
-noun
- magnetic tape used to record both video images and sound for subsequent playback or broadcasting
-verb
- To make a recording of something on videotape.
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