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Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima. A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or This is a list of Spanish Monarchs &mdashthat is rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Blasco Núñez Vela ( 1490 - January 18, 1546) was the first Spanish Viceroy of Peru, from May 15, 1544 to José de la Serna e Hinojosa (1770 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain &mdash1832 Cádiz, Spain was a Spanish general and colonial official The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries Vilcabamba was a city founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last refuge of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572 signalling the end The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last and most shortlived Viceroyalty created by Spain in 1776 At the time of the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and the degradation of the Royal power took place and under the attack of Buenos Aires armies in Upper Peru Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking The Viceroyalty of Peru was the more powerful of the two Spanish Viceroyalties in America from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system
However, the Spanish did not resist the Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian. Portugal was the leading country in the European exploration of the world in the 15th century The Treaty of Tordesillas was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while Spain controlled Portugal. The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas) signed at Tordesillas (now in The creation of Viceroyalties of New Granada and Rio de la Plata (at the expense of Peru's territory) reduced the importance of Lima and shifted trade to Caracas and Buenos Aires, while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last and most shortlived Viceroyalty created by Spain in 1776 Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern Eventually, the district would dissolve with much of the Spanish empire when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the 1800s.
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History
Exploration and Settlement (1542-1643)
After the Spanish conquest of Peru (1532–37), the first Audiencia was constituted. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was a process through which a group of forty (40 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro succeeded in toppling the Inca For the modern court see Audiencia Nacional of Spain. The Royal Audiencia and Chancellery ( Spanish: Real audiencia y chancillería In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castilla, that shortly afterwards would be called the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1544, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) named Blasco Núñez Vela Peru's first viceroy, but the viceroyalty was not organized until the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Blasco Núñez Vela ( 1490 - January 18, 1546) was the first Spanish Viceroy of Peru, from May 15, 1544 to Francisco de Toledo Count of Oropesa, ( July 10, 1515, Oropesa Spain &mdash1584 Seville) was Spanish viceroy of Peru from Toledo made an extensive tour of inspection of the colony.
Francisco de Toledo, "one of the great administrators of human times",[1] established the Inquisition and promulgated laws that applied to both Indians and Spanish alike, breaking the power of the encomenderos and reducing the old system of mita, or forced native labor. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and The encomienda system is a Trusteeship labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the He improved the safety in the viceroyalty with fortifications, bridges and la Armada del Mar del Sur (the Southern Fleet) against the pirates. Francisco de Toledo also ended the indigenous state of Vilcabamba, executing the Inca Tupac Amaru, and promoted economic development from the commercial monopoly and the mineral extraction, mainly, from silver mines of Potosí. Vilcabamba was a city founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last refuge of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572 signalling the end Túpac Amaru (Thupaq Amaru in modern Quechua) (d 1572 was the last indigenous leader of the Inca state in Peru. Potosí is a city the capital of the department of Potosí in Bolivia.
The Amazon basin and some large adjoining regions had been considered Spanish territory since the Treaty of Tordesillas and explorations such as that by Francisco de Orellana, but the Treaty of Tordesillas was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while Spain controlled Portugal. The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas) signed at Tordesillas (now in Francisco de Orellana ( Trujillo, Spain, 1511 - Amazon River, November 1546 was a Spanish Explorer and Conquistador. However, Luis Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera sent out the third expedition to explore the Amazon River, under Cristóbal de Acuña. Luis Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera Bobadilla Cerda y Mendoza cuatro conde de Chinchón (1589 Madrid &mdash October 28, 1647, Madrid was a Spanish nobleman The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers There is an earlier Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha. Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña (1597 &ndash c (This was part of the return leg of the expedition of Pedro Teixeira. Pedro Teixeira (b Cantanhede, unknown date d 1640 was a Portuguese Explorer commissioned by the governor of Maranhão to explore the )
Many Pacific islands were visited by Spanish ships in the sixteenth century, but they made no effort to trade with or colonize them. These included New Guinea (by Yñigo Ortiz de Retez in 1545), the Solomon Islands (by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1568) and the Marquesas Islands (by Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira in 1595). New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known Yñigo Ortiz de Retez ( ''fl'' 1545 was a 16th-century Spanish maritime explorer, who navigated the northern coastline of the Pacific - The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1532 - 1592 was a Spanish explorer author historian astronomer scientist and humanist Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira or Neyra (1542 - October 1595 was a Spanish Navigator.
The first Jesuit reduction to convert and "civilize" the Indigenous population was founded in 1609, but some areas were occupied by Brazilians as Bandeirantes gradually extended their activities throughout much of the basin and adjoining Matto Grosso in the 17th and 18th centuries. Related article Indian Reductions The Jesuit Reductions were a particular version of the general Catholic strategy used in the 17th The Bandeirantes were Portuguese colonial Scouts who took part in the Bandeiras exploration expeditions Mato Grosso ('matu 'gɾosu is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest in area, located in the western part of the country These groups had the advantage of remote geography and river access from the mouth of the Amazon (which was in Portuguese territory) making it impossible for the Spanish authorities to control them. One famous attack upon a Spanish mission in 1628 resulted in the enslavement of 60 000 indigenous people. [2] In fact as time passed they were used as a self funding occupation force by the Portuguese authorities in what was effectively a low level war of territorial conquest. Finally the reality of the situation was recognized with the transfer of sovereignty over the much of the basin and surrounding areas to Portugal in the Treaty of Madrid (1750). The Treaty of Madrid was a document signed by Ferdinand VI of Spain and John V of Portugal on January 13 1750, concerning their empires and status This settlement led to the Guarani War of 1756. The Guarani War (Guerra Guaranítica of 1756, also called the War of the Seven Reductions, was between the Guarani tribes of seven Jesuit Reductions In 1617, Francisco de Borja y Aragón divided the government of Río de la Plata into two, Buenos Aires and Paraguay, both dependencies of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Francisco de Borja y Aragón conde de Rebolledo príncipe de Esquilache (1581 Madrid &mdash September 26, 1658, Madrid was a Spanish writer official
Viceroy Borja y Aragón also established the Tribunal del Consulado, a special court and administrative body for commercial affairs in the viceroyalty. Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar reformed the fiscal system and stopped the interfamily rivalry that was bloodying the domain. Diego Fernández de Córdoba Marquis of Guadalcázar and Count of Posadas ( Spanish, in full Diego Fernández de Córdoba y López de las Roelas Benavides y Melgarejo
Other viceroys, such as Fernando Torres, Borja y Aragón, Fernández de Cabrera or Fernández Córdoba also expanded the colonial navy and fortified the ports to fight against pirate attacks, as those lead by the Englishman Thomas Cavendish. Fernando Torres de Portugal y Mesía Venegas y Ponce de León primer conde de Villadompardo was Spanish viceroy of Peru from 1584 to November 20, 1589. Sir Thomas Cavendish (or Candish) (1560-1592 was known as "the Navigator" because he was the first who deliberately set out to circumnavigate Fernández de Cabrera suppressed an insurrection of the Uru and Araucano Indians. The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina.
The last Spanish Habsburgs (1643–1713)
Viceroys had to protect the Pacific coast from French contraband and English and Dutch pirates. They expanded the naval forces, fortified the ports of Valdivia, Valparaíso, Arica and Callao and constructed city walls in Lima (1686) and Trujillo) (1685–1687). CorralFortJPG|thumb|right|250px|General view of the fort in Corral]]The Fort System of Valdivia are a series of Spanish colonial fortifications at Corral Bay, Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile Callao in Perupng see image description page at http//enwikipedia Trujillo, in northwestern Peru, is the capital of the La Libertad Region, and the third largest city in Peru. Nevertheless, the famous English privateer Henry Morgan took Chagres and captured and sacked the city of Panama in the early part of 1670. Admiral Sir Henry Morgan (Hari Morgan in Welsh) ( ca 1635 &ndash August 25, 1688) was a Welsh Privateer, who made a name Chagres, a village of the Republic of Panama in the Colón Province. Panama City (Ciudad de Panamá is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Panama. Also Peruvian forces repelled the attacks by Edward David (1684 and 1686), Charles Wager and Thomas Colb (1708) and Woldes (1709–1711). Sir Charles Wager (1666 &ndash 1743 was a British Admiral and First Lord of the Admiralty between 1733 and 1742 The Peace of Utrecht allowed the British to send ships and merchandise to the fair at Portobello. The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch Portobelo (formerly Puerto Bello, also Porto Belo) is a port city in Colón Province, Panama.
In this period, revolts were common. Around 1656, Pedro Bohórquez crowned himself Inca (emperor) of the Calchaquí Indians, inciting the indigenous population to revolt. Pedro Chamijo (1602 Granada, Spain &mdash January 3, 1667, Lima, Peru) more commonly known as Pedro Bohórquez The Calchaquí were a tribe of South American Indians of the Diaguita group now extinct who formerly occupied northern Argentina. From 1665 until 1668, the rich mineowners José and Gaspar Salcedo revolted against the colonial government. The clergy were opposed to the nomination of prelates from Spain. Viceroy Diego Ladrón de Guevara had to take measures against an uprising of slaves at the hacienda of Huachipa de Lima. Doctor Diego Ladrón de Guevara Orozco Calderón (1641 Cifuentes, Spain &mdash September 9, 1718) was a Roman Catholic bishop and Spanish colonial Hacienda is a Spanish word for an estate usually but not always a vast Ranch. There were terrible earthquakes (1655, 1687) and epidemics, too.
During Baltasar de la Cueva Enríquez's administration, the laws of the Indies were compiled. Open"' Baltasar de la Cueva Enríquez y Saavedra conde del Castellar marqués de Malagón (sometimes Baltasar de la Cueva Henríquez Arias de Saavedra) (1626 [3]. Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva issued the Ordenanza de Obrajes (Ordenance of Manufactures) in 1664 and Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva introduced the papel sellado (literally, sealed paper). Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva octavo conde de Santisteban del Puerto marques de Solera (sometimes Diego Benavides y de la Cueva conde de Santisteban del Puerto) (1607 Pedro Álvarez de Toledo (1484—1553 was viceroy of Naples Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva primer marqués de Mancera (c In 1683 Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull reestablished the Lima mint, which had been closed since 1572. Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull duque de de la Palata príncipe de Massa (sometimes Melchor de Navarra y Rocaful) (1626 Aragon &mdash April 13 Viceroy Diego Ladrón de Guevara increased the production of silver in the mines of Potosí, and stimulated production in other mines at San Nicolás, Cojatambo and Huancavelica. Doctor Diego Ladrón de Guevara Orozco Calderón (1641 Cifuentes, Spain &mdash September 9, 1718) was a Roman Catholic bishop and Spanish colonial Potosí is a city the capital of the department of Potosí in Bolivia. San Nicolas or San Nicolás (" Saint Nicholas " may refer to: San Nicolás de los Arroyos, in the province of Buenos Aires Huancavelica ( Wankawillka in Quechua) is a city in Peru. It is the Capital of the Huancavelica region and has a Population He limited the manufacture of aguardiente from sugar cane to authorized factories, which he taxed heavily. Aguardiente ( Spanish) aguardente ( Portuguese) or augardente ( Galician) is the generic name for alcoholic drinks between 29 and 45 Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae
The Churches of Los Desamparados (1672), La Buena Muerte and the convent of Mínimos de San Francisco de Paula were finished and opened. The Hospital of Espiritu Santo in Lima and San Bartolomé hospital were built.
The Bourbon Reforms (1713–1806)
In 1717 the Viceroyalty of New Granada was created in northern Peru, from the Audiencias of Bogotá, Quito and Panamá. The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America For the modern court see Audiencia Nacional of Spain. The Royal Audiencia and Chancellery ( Spanish: Real audiencia y chancillería Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Quito, officially San Francisco de Quito, is the Capital of Ecuador in northwestern South America. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. This establishment lasted only until 1724, but it was reestablished in 1740. Year 1724 ( MDCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a With the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (now Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay) in 1776, the Buenos Aires was similarly lost. The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last and most shortlived Viceroyalty created by Spain in 1776 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Treaty of Tordesillas was superseded by the 1750 Treaty of Madrid which granted Portugal control of the lands it occupied in South America. The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas) signed at Tordesillas (now in The Treaty of Madrid was a document signed by Ferdinand VI of Spain and John V of Portugal on January 13 1750, concerning their empires and status Manuel de Amat y Juniet organized an expedition to Tahiti. Manuel de Amat y de Junyent, in Catalan Manuel d'Amat i de Junyent (March 1707 Vacarisses (near Barcelona) Spain,&mdash February 14 Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the Viceroy Teodoro de Croix also decentralized the government through the creation of seven intendencias. Teodoro de Croix ( June 20, 1730, Prévoté Castle near Lille, France &mdash1792 Madrid) was a Spanish soldier and colonial The title of intendant (intendant Spanish intendente) has been used in a number of countries through history Francisco Gil de Taboada reincorporated the region of Puna into the Viceroyalty of Peru. Francisco Gil de Taboada y Lemos (in full Francisco Gil de Taboada y de Lemos y Villa Marín) (ca
 1534 |
 1789 |
José de Armendáriz stimulated the production of silver and took steps against fraud, corruption and smuggling. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas) signed at Tordesillas (now in The Treaty of Madrid was a document signed by Ferdinand VI of Spain and John V of Portugal on January 13 1750, concerning their empires and status José de Armendáriz y Perurena primer marqués de Castelfuerte (sometimes marqués de Castel-Fuerte) (b Amat y Juniet established the first Regulation of Commerce and Organization of Customs rules, which led to the building of the customshouse in Callao. [4] Teodoro de Croix collaborated in the creation of the Junta Superior de Comercio and the Tribunal de Minería (1786). Year 1786 ( MDCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
An earthquake demolished Lima and Callao, in 1746. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Callao in Perupng see image description page at http//enwikipedia Year 1746 ( MDCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Viceroy Amat y Juniet constructed various public works in Lima, including the first bull ring. Manuel de Guirior also improved the medical care at ten hospitals in Lima and established a foundling home. Manuel de Guirior (in full Manuel de Guirior y Portal de Huarte y Edozain marqués de Guirior) (1708&mdash November 25, 1788) was a Spanish
War between Spain and Britain again broke out (the War of Jenkins' Ear, 1739-1748). The War of Jenkins' Ear was a conflict between Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748 Amat y Juniet constructed the fortress of Real Felipe in Callao in 1774. Callao in Perupng see image description page at http//enwikipedia
Nevertheless, throughout this period, the Inca were not entirely suppressed. In the eighteenth century alone, there were fourteen large uprisings, the most important of which were that of Juan Santos Atahualpa in 1742, and the Sierra Uprising of Tupac Amaru II in 1780. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Juan Santos Atahualpa (also Atahualpa Apu-Inca) was a leader of an indigenous rebellion in the Andean jungle provinces of Tarma and Jauja, near what was Year 1742 ( MDCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (1780 - c 1783 (sources vary was an uprising of Incan {Fact|date=June 2008}} peasants against the Bourbon reforms in Peru Túpac Amaru II (José Gabriel Túpac Amaru b March 19, 1742 in Tinta Cusco, Peru &ndash executed in Cusco May 18, 1781 Year 1780 ( MDCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Comunero Revolt broke out in Paraguay from 1721 to 1732). The Revolt of the Comuneros (Revolución Comunera is a series of uprisings by settlers in Paraguay against the Spanish authorities lasting from 1721 to Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1732 ( MDCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from the colony. Year 1767 ( MDCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order
End of the Viceroyalty (1806-1824)
Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa promoted educational reforms, reorganized the army, and stamped out local rebellions. José Fernando Abascal y Sousa, marqués de la Concordia (sometimes spelled Souza) ( June 3, 1743, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain During his administration, the Inquisition of Lima was temporarily abolished as a result of the reforms taken by the Cortes in Spain. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and
When the wars of independence broke out in 1810, Peru was the center of Royalist reaction. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Abascal reincorporated the provinces of Córdoba, Potosí, La Paz, Charcas, Chile and Quito (Ecuador) into the Viceroyalty of Peru. Córdoba is a province of Argentina, located in the center of the country The department of Potosí is in southwestern Bolivia. It comprises 118218 km² with 709013 inhabitants (2001 census The La Paz Department of Bolivia comprises with a 2001 Census population of 2350466 inhabitants Location Charcas province is one of sixteen provinces in the Potosí Department Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Quito, officially San Francisco de Quito, is the Capital of Ecuador in northwestern South America.
In 1812 occurred the great fire of Guayaquil that destroyed half the city. Guayaquil (waʝaˈkil officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest and the most populous City in Ecuador, as well as that nation's main port
Lord Thomas Cochrane, in command of the newly created Chilean Navy, unsuccessfully attacked Guayaquil and El Callao, but on 4 February he captured Valdivia, called at the time The Key of the South Seas and the Gibraltar of the Pacific, due to its huge fortifications. Admiral Lord Sir Thomas Alexander Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Marquês do Maranhão GCB, RN (14 December The Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile is the naval force of Chile. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons The Capture of Valdivia was a battle in the Chilean War of Independence between Spanish forces commanded by Colonel Manuel Montoya and the Chilean CorralFortJPG|thumb|right|250px|General view of the fort in Corral]]The Fort System of Valdivia are a series of Spanish colonial fortifications at Corral Bay, However the viceroyalty managed to defend Chiloé Island until 1826. Chiloé Island ( Spanish: "Isla de Chiloé" also known as' Isla Grande de Chiloé "Greater Island of Chiloé", is the largest island For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display
On September 8, 1820, the Expedición Libertadora of Peru, organized in Chile, landed on the beach at Paracas, near the city of Pisco, Peru. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Pisco is a city located in the Ica Region of Peru, the capital of the Pisco Province. The army was under the command of José de San Martín. José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín ( 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850) was an Argentine After fruitless negotiations with the viceroy, San Martín occupied the Peruvian capital of Lima on July 21, 1821. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The independence of Peru was proclaimed on July 28, 1821. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Viceroy José de la Serna e Hinojosa, still in command of a sizable military force, retired to Jauja, and later to Cusco. José de la Serna e Hinojosa (1770 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain &mdash1832 Cádiz, Spain was a Spanish general and colonial official Jauja is a town of 25000 people in central Peru, capital of a province with a population of 105000 ||} Cusco (also spelled Cuzco, and in the local Quechua language as Qusqu 'qos
On July 26, 1822, San Martín and Simón Bolívar met in Guayaquil to define a strategy for the liberation of the rest of Peru. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Guayaquil (waʝaˈkil officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest and the most populous City in Ecuador, as well as that nation's main port The meeting was secret, and exactly what occurred is not known. However, afterwards San Martín returned to Argentina while Bolívar prepared to launch an offensive against the remaining royalist forces in Alto Peru. In September 1823 Bolívar arrived in Lima with Antonio José de Sucre to plan the offensive. Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá ( February 3 1795 &ndash June 4 1830) was a South American independence leader
In February 1824 the royalists briefly regained control of Lima. Having regrouped in Trujillo, Bolívar in June led his rebel forces south to confront the Spanish under Field Marshal José de Canterac. Trujillo, in northwestern Peru, is the capital of the La Libertad Region, and the third largest city in Peru. For other meanings see Field Marshal (disambiguation Field marshal is a military officer rank José de Canterac (1779 - Madrid, April 13, 1835) was a Spanish General of French origin who fought in the South American The two armies met on the plains of Junín on August 6, 1824, and the Peruvians were victorious in a battle fought entirely without firearms. The Battle of Junín was a military engagement of the Peruvian War of Independence, fought in the highlands of the Junín Region on August 6 1824 Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Spanish troops subsequently evacuated Lima for a second time.
As a result of a decree of the Congress of Gran Colombia, Bolívar turned over command of the rebel troops to Sucre on October 7, 1824. Gran Colombia ( Spanish for Great Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831 Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year
Royalist control was now reduced to a small area around the city of Ayacucho, located in the south-central highlands. The Battle of Ayacucho was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. Ayacucho ( Ayacuchu in Quechua) is the capital city of Huamanga Province, Ayacucho Region, Peru. It was there that the final battle for the independence of Peru would be fought.
On 9 December 1824, the Battle of Ayacucho, or Battle of La Quinua, took place at Pampa de La Quinua, a few kilometers away from Ayacucho, near the town of Quinua. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year This battle — between royalist (Spanish) and nationalist (republican) troops — sealed the independence of Peru and South America. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty The victorious nationalist forces were led by Antonio José de Sucre, Bolívar's lieutenant. Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá ( February 3 1795 &ndash June 4 1830) was a South American independence leader Viceroy Serna was wounded and taken prisoner. The Spanish army had 2,000 dead and wounded and lost 3,000 prisoners, with the remainder of the army entirely dispersed. After the battle, Serna signed the final capitulation whereby the Spaniards agreed to leave Peru. Serna was released soon afterwards and sailed for Europe.
Spain made futile attempts to regain its former colonies, such as at the Battle of Callao, but in 1879 it finally recognized Peru's independence. The Battle of Callao (in Spanish, sometimes called el Combate del Dos de Mayo in South America or Guerra del Pacífico in Spain occurred on Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Politics
The town of Lima, founded by Pizarro on January 18, 1535 as the "Ciudad de los Reyes" (City of Kings), became the seat of the new viceroyalty. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor It grew into a powerful city, with jurisdiction over all of Spanish South America except for Portuguese-dominated Brazil. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld All of the colonial wealth of South America passed through Lima on its way to the Isthmus of Panama and from there to Seville, Spain. The Isthmus of Panama, also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien, is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. The rest of the country was dependent upon Lima, in a pattern that persists until today in Peru. On the local level, Spanish encomenderos depended on local chieftains (curacas) to control even the most remote settlements, in a rigorous hierarchy. By the eighteenth century, Lima had become a distinguished and aristocratic colonial capital, seat of a university and the chief Spanish stronghold in the Americas.
Administrative divisions
The Viceroyalty of Peru was divided into audiencias, or administrative divisions. For the modern court see Audiencia Nacional of Spain. The Royal Audiencia and Chancellery ( Spanish: Real audiencia y chancillería Each of these was governed by a regional governor who was controlled by the Viceroy of Peru. These divisions included the following (with dates of creation):
1. Lima (1543)
2. La Plata de los Charcas (1559)
3. The Royal Audience and Chancellery of la Plata de los Charcas (Sp Quito (1563)
4. The Royal Audience of Quito ( Spanish: Audiencia Real de Quito, sometimes referred to as la Presidencia de Quito or el Reino de Quito) was Santa Fe de Bogotá (1548)
5. Chile (1563-1573; 1606)
6. The Real Audiencia of Chile were two Spanish colonial-era government courts of appeals with regional political authority under the administrative oversight by the Viceroy of Peru Panamá (1538)
Later Subdivisions
Economy
Once the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, gold and silver from the Andes enriched the conquerors, and Peru became the principal source of Spanish wealth and power in South America. Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1786 ( MDCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1787 ( MDCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Potosí is a city the capital of the department of Potosí in Bolivia. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The first coins minted for Peru (and indeed for South America) appeared between 1568 and 1570. Viceroy Manuel de Oms y de Santa Pau was able to send back an enormous sum of money (1,600,000 pesos) to the king to cover some of the costs of the War of the Spanish Succession. Manuel de Oms y de Santa Pau primer marqués de Castelldosrius (sometimes marqués de Castell dos Rius) (* 1651 Barcelona, † 24 April 1710 In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting This was possible in part because of the discovery of the mines in Caraboya. The silver from mines at Potosí circulated around the world.
Luis Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera prohibited direct trade between Peru and New Spain (Mexico) and the persecution of Portuguese Jews, the principal traders in Lima. Luis Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera Bobadilla Cerda y Mendoza cuatro conde de Chinchón (1589 Madrid &mdash October 28, 1647, Madrid was a Spanish nobleman The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking
Demographics
A census taken by the last Quipucamayoc indicated that there were 12 million inhabitants of Inca Peru; 45 years later, under viceroy Toledo, the census figures amounted to only 1,100,000 Indians. While the attrition was not an organized attempt at genocide, the results were similar. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group Inca cities were given Spanish Christian names and rebuilt as Spanish towns, each centered around a plaza with a church or cathedral facing an official residence. Plaza ( / latin america) is a Spanish word related to "field" which describes an open urban Public space, such as a City square. A few Inca cities like Cuzco retained native masonry for the foundations of their walls. Other Inca sites, like Huanuco Viejo, were abandoned for cities at lower altitudes more hospitable to the Spanish.
Viceroy José de Armendáriz reestablished the system whereby Inca nobles who could prove their ancestry were recognized as hijosdalgos of Castile. José de Armendáriz y Perurena primer marqués de Castelfuerte (sometimes marqués de Castel-Fuerte) (b A hidalgo or fidalgo was a member of the Spanish and Portuguese Nobility. This led to a frenzy on the part of the Indigenous nobility to legitimate their status.
In the 1790s Viceroy Francisco Gil de Taboada ordered the first official census of the population.
The last cargo of black slaves in Peru was landed in 1806. At that time an adult male slave sold for 600 pesos.
Culture
Viceroy Francisco de Borja y Aragón reorganized the University of San Marcos and Luis Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera founded two chairs of medicine. Major National University of Saint Mark (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos UNMSM is a public university in Lima, Peru. Luis Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera Bobadilla Cerda y Mendoza cuatro conde de Chinchón (1589 Madrid &mdash October 28, 1647, Madrid was a Spanish nobleman In the 1710s, Viceroy Diego Ladrón de Guevara established a chair of anatomy. Doctor Diego Ladrón de Guevara Orozco Calderón (1641 Cifuentes, Spain &mdash September 9, 1718) was a Roman Catholic bishop and Spanish colonial Teodoro de Croix and Francisco Gil de Taboada founded anatomy centers. Teodoro de Croix ( June 20, 1730, Prévoté Castle near Lille, France &mdash1792 Madrid) was a Spanish soldier and colonial In 1810 the medical school of San Fernando was founded.
On the death of the Peruvian astronomer Doctor Francisco Ruiz Lozano, Viceroy Melchor Liñán y Cisneros (with the approval of the Crown) gave mathematics a permanent position in the University of San Marcos. Francisco Ruiz Lozano (1607 Oruro, Alto Perú &mdash1677 Mexico City) was a Peruvian soldier astronomer mathematician and educator Melchor Liñán y Cisneros (sometimes Melchor de Liñán y Cisneros) (1629 Madrid &mdash1708 Lima, Peru) was a Spanish Prelate Mathematics was attached to the chair of cosmography. Doctor Juan Ramón Koening, a Belgian by birth, was named to the chair. [2]. Viceroy Manuel de Guirior created two new chairs at the university.
Luis Enríquez de Guzmán, conde de Alba de Liste founded the Naval Academy of the colony. Luis Enríquez de Guzmán 9th Count of Alba de Liste and Marquis of Villaflor ( Spanish: Luis Enríquez de Guzmán noveno conde de Alba de Liste y marqués de Villaflor Francisco Gil de Taboada supported the navigation school. Teodoro de Croix began the Botanic Garden of Lima. Teodoro de Croix ( June 20, 1730, Prévoté Castle near Lille, France &mdash1792 Madrid) was a Spanish soldier and colonial
Francisco de Borja y Aragón also founded, in Cuzco, the Colegio del Príncipe for sons of the Indigenous nobility and the Colegio de San Francisco for sons of the conquistadors. ||} Cusco (also spelled Cuzco, and in the local Quechua language as Qusqu 'qos Manuel de Amat y Juniet founded the Royal College of San Carlos.
The first books printed in Peru were produced by Antonio Ricardo, a printer from Turin who settled in Lima. Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva built the first theater in Lima. Manuel de Oms y de Santa Pau founded a literary academy in 1709 and promoted weekly literary discussions in the palace that attracted some of Lima's best writers. Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year These included the famous Criollo scholar Pedro Peralta y Barnuevo and several Indigenous poets. Oms introduced French and Italian fashions in the viceroyalty. The Italian musician Rocco Cerruti (1688-1760) arrived in Peru. Francisco Gil de Taboada supported the foundation of the newspaper El Mercurio Peruano in 1791 and founded the Academy of Fine Arts.
Jesuit Barnabé de Cobo (1582-1657), who explored Mexico and Peru, brought the cinchona bark from Lima to Spain in 1632, and afterwards to Rome and other parts of Italy. Bernabé Cobo (born at Lopera in Spain 1582 died at Lima, Peru, 9 October[[ 657]] was a Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer
In 1737 Jorge Juan y Santacilia and Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish scientists sent by the French Academy on a scientific mission to measure a degree of meridian at the equator, arrived in the colony. Jorge Juan y Santacilia ( January 5, 1713 – June 21, 1773) was a Spanish Mathematician, scientist naval officer and Antonio de Ulloa ( January 12, 1716 &ndash July 3, 1795) was a Spanish general explorer author Astronomer, colonial L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The French Geodesic Mission (also called the Geodesic Mission to Peru, First Geodesic Mission and the Spanish-French Geodesic Mission) was an 18th-century They also had the mission of reporting on disorganization and corruption in the government and smuggling. Their report was published later, under the title Noticias Secretas de América (Secret News From America).
Manuel de Guirior assisted the scientific expedition of Hipólito Ruiz López, José Antonio Pavón and Joseph Dombey, sent to study the flora of the viceroyalty. Hipólito Ruiz López ( August 8, 1754, Belorado, Burgos, Spain &mdash1816 Madrid) or Hipólito Ruiz, José Antonio Pavón Jiménez or José Antonio Pavón ( April 22, 1754, Casatejada, Cáceres, Spain &mdash1840 was a The expedition lasted from 1777 to 1788. Their findings were later published as La flora peruana y chilena (The Flora of Peru and Chile). Again a major concern was stimulating the economy, which Guirior did by adopting liberal measures in agriculture, mining, commerce and industry.
Another French influence on science in the colony was Louis Godin, another member of the meridian expedition. Louis Godin ( February 28, 1704 – September 11, 1760) was a French Astronomer. He was appointed cosmógrafo mayor by Viceroy Mendoza. [3] The duties of cosmógrafo mayor included publishing almanacs and sailing instructions. Another French scientist in Peru at this time was Charles Marie de La Condamine. Charles Marie de La Condamine ( January 28, 1701 - February 4, 1774) was a French Explorer, Geographer, and
The Balmis Expedition arrived in Lima on May 23, 1806. Balmis Expedition was a three year mission to the Americas led by Dr Francisco Javier de Balmis with the aim of giving thousands the Smallpox vaccine. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common At the same time these viceroys adopted rigorous measures to suppress the thought of the Encyclopedists and revolutionaries in the United States and France.
On 1671, Saint Rose of Lima was canonized by Pope Clement X. Saint Rose of Lima, ( April 20, 1586 – August 24, 1617) the first Catholic saint of the Americas, was born in Lima Pope Clement X ( July 13, 1590 &ndash July 22, 1676) born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, was Pope from April 29 Rose was the first native-born American to become a Catholic saint. Pope Benedict XIII elevated another two important Peruvian saints, Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo and Francisco de Solano. Pope Benedict XIII ( February 2, 1649 &ndash February 21, 1730) born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Vincenzo Maria Orsini Saint Turibius de/of Mo(ngrovejo or Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo ( 16 November 1538 &ndash 23 March 1606) was a Spanish Francis Solanus (Francisco Solano ( 10 March 1549 – 14 July 1610) was a Spanish missionary in South America belonging to the
Diego Quispe Tito was a famous artist before the age of Independence. Diego Quispe Tito (1611-1681 was a Peruvian painter. He is considered the leader of the Cuzco School of painting
References
- ^ Mabry, Donald J. , Colonial Latin America. Coral Springs, Fla. : Llumina Press, 2002.
- ^ An early bandeira in 1628, led by Antônio Raposo Tavares), composed of 2. 000 allied Indians, 900 Mamluks (Mestizos) and 69 white Paulistanos, to find precious metals and stones and / or to capture Indians for slavery. This expedition alone was responsible for the destruction of most of the Jesuit missions of Spanish Guairá and the enslavement of over 60. 000 indigenous people. In response the missions that followed were militarized.
- ^ Follow this link.
- ^ [1]
See also
- Colonialism
- List of Viceroys of Peru
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
- Spanish Empire
- Viceroyalty of New Spain
| Spanish Empire | ||
|---|---|---|
 |
Viceroyalties: New Spain · Peru · New Granada · Rio de la Plata | |
| Real Audiencias: Mexico · Guadalajara · Guatemala · Manila · Santo Domingo | ||
| Lima · Cusco · Chile · Bogota · Panama · Caracas · Quito · Buenos Aires · Charcas | ||
| Captancies General: Philippines · Cuba · Yucatán · Guatemala · Venezuela · Chile · Puerto Rico | ||
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