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The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish: Virreinato de Nueva España) was the name given to the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, Central America, the Caribbean and the Asia-Pacific region. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The peso ( sign: $; code: MXN) is the currency of Mexico. The symbol used for the peso is " $ " basically A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Asia-Pacific or APAC is the area generally regarded as encompassing Littoral East Asia, Southeast Asia and Australasia near the It was also one of the four viceroyalties that Spain created to govern its conquered lands in the New World. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia.
The majority of the dependencies of New Spain were in what was known then as América Septentrional (roughly, Northern America) [1][2][3][4]. In 1821, Mexico and Central America achieved their independence after over 300 years of Spanish Rule. The Mexican War of Independence (1810 - 1821 was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 16 1810 However, the most of the Spanish Caribbean—Cuba and Puerto Rico—and the Spanish East Indies (including the Philippines and the Mariana Islands) remained a part of the Spanish crown until the Spanish–American War in 1898. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Spanish East Indies ( Indias Orientales Españolas) was a term used to describe Spanish possessions in Asia-Pacific which lasted over three centuries The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning
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History
Exploration and Settlement (1519–1643)
After the Spanish conquest of Mexico between 1519 to 1521, the Council of the Indies was formed in 1524 and the first, mainland Audiencia was created in 1527 in order to encourage further exploration and settlements of New Spain. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The Council of the Indies, officially the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (In Spanish " el Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias " was the For the modern court see Audiencia Nacional of Spain. The Royal Audiencia and Chancellery ( Spanish: Real audiencia y chancillería In 1535, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V of Spain named Antonio de Mendoza as the first viceroy of New Spain. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Charles V (24 February 1500 &ndash 21 September 1558 was Antonio Hurtado de Mendoza (Antonio de Mendoza (1495 Granada &ndash July 21, 1552, Lima) was the first viceroy of New Spain (An earlier Audiencia had been established in Santo Domingo in 1526 to deal with the Caribbean settlements. The Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo was the first Court of the Spanish crown in America. )
Mendoza encouraged the exploration of Spain's new territories, as he commissioned the expeditions of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado into the American Southwest in 1540-1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo along the western coast of Alta California in 1542 to 1543, and Ruy López de Villalobos to the Philippine Islands in 1542 to 1543. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján (Born in 1510 &ndash Died on September 22 1554 was a Spanish Conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (ca 1499 &ndash January 3 1543 was a Portuguese explorer known as João Rodrigues Cabrilho in Portuguese noted for his exploration Alta California (Upper California was formed in 1804 when the Province of the Californias, then a part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas in the Ruy López de Villalobos (b 1500 - d 1544 was a Spanish explorer who sailed the Pacific from Mexico ( New Spain) to establish a
During the 16th century, many Spanish cities were established in North and Central America. Spain attempted to establish missions in what is now the United States including the mission to Georgia and South Carolina between 1568 to 1587. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish missions in Georgia comprise a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics in order to spread the Christian doctrine The Spanish missions in the Carolinas were part of a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics in order to spread the Christian Despite the effort, the Spaniards were only successful in what is now the region of Florida, where they founded St. Augustine in 1565. St Augustine is the County seat of St Johns County, Florida, in the United States.
Seeking to develop trade between the East Indies and the Americas across the Pacific Ocean, Miguel López de Legazpi established the first Spanish settlement in the Philippine Islands in 1565, which became the town of San Miguel. The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Miguel López de Legazpi ( 1502 &ndash August 20, 1572) also known as El Adelantado (The Governor and El Viejo (The Elder The City of Cebu ( Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Sugbo, Filipino: Lungsod ng Cebu) is the capital of Andrés de Urdaneta discovered an efficient sailing route from the Philippine Islands returning to Mexico. Andrés de Urdaneta ( Ordizia, November 30[[ 498]] - June 3, 1568, Mexico City) was an Augustinian Friar, sail-captain In 1570, the native city of Manila was conquered and trade soon began in the Manila-Acapulco Galleons. The City of Manila The Manila galleons or Manila-Acapulco galleons ( Galeones de Manila-Acapulco) were Spanish trading Ships that sailed once or twice The Manila-Acapulco galleons shipped products gathered from both Asia-Pacific and the Americas, such as silk, spice, silver, gold, slaves, and other Asian and Pacific products between Asia and the Americas.
Products brought from Asia-Pacific were sent to Veracruz and shipped to Spain and, via trading, to the rest of Europe. Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico. There were attacks on these shipments in the Gulf of Mexico by British and Dutch pirates or privateers led by Francis Drake in 1586 and Thomas Cavendish in 1587. The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, (c 1540 &ndash 27 January 1595 was an English Privateer, navigator, Slaver, and politician Sir Thomas Cavendish (or Candish) (1560-1592 was known as "the Navigator" because he was the first who deliberately set out to circumnavigate In addition, the cities of Huatulco (Oaxaca) and Barra de Navidad in Jalisco were sacked. Huatulco (waˈtulko wah-TOOL-coe) ("Bahías de Huatulco" centered around the town of La Crucecita Barra de Navidad is a small town located on the western coast-line of the Mexican state of Jalisco. Jalisco is a state in Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is the city of Guadalajara. Lope Díez de Armendáriz, the first American-born viceroy of New Spain, formed the Armada de Barlovento, based in Veracruz, to patrol the coastal regions and protect the forts and the trade organization from pirates and privateers. Lope Díez de Armendáriz marqués de Cadereyta (sometimes Lope Díaz de Armendáriz) (born 1575 in Quito, Viceroyalty of Peru, died after Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping
In 1591, Luis de Velasco pacified many of the semi-nomadic Chichimeca tribes of northern Mexico. Luis de Velasco marqués de Salinas (known as Luis de Velasco hijo to distinguish him from his father (c Chichimeca was the name that the Nahuas generically applied to a wide range of semi- Nomadic peoples who inhabited the north of modern-day Mexico, and carried In 1598, Juan de Oñate founded the San Juan colony on the Rio Grande and pioneered the grandly named El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. Don Juan de Oñate Salazar ( 1552 &ndash 1626) was an explorer colonial governor of the New Spain (present-day Mexico province of New San Juan is a Census-designated place (CDP in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States. El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail is a part of the United States National Historic Trail system The Native Americans at Acoma revolted against this Spanish encroachment and faced severe suppression. Oldest buildings in America Acoma Pueblo (ˈækəmə Western Keresan: Aa'ku; Zuni: Hakukya) Haak'ooh in Navajo, also In 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno sailed as far north as Monterey Bay, Alta California. Sebastián Vizcaíno (1548-1624 was a Spanish soldier entrepreneur explorer and diplomat whose varied roles took him to New Spain, the Philippines, the Baja This article is about the bay near Monterey CA For other uses see Monterey Bay Aquarium, California State University Monterey Bay Alta California (Upper California was formed in 1804 when the Province of the Californias, then a part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas in the In 1609, Pedro de Peralta, a later governor of the Province of New Mexico, established the settlement of Santa Fe at the region of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The following is a list of governors of the Province of New Mexico under the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Santa Fe ( Navajo: Yootó is the Capital of the state of New Mexico. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains ( Spanish for " Blood of Christ " are the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains.
The last Spanish Habsburgs (1643–1713)
The presidios (military towns), pueblos (civilian towns) and the misiones (missions) were the three major agencies employed by the Spanish crown to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial territories in these territories. Pueblos are traditional communities of Native Americans in the southwestern United States of America. The Spanish established various missions throughout the New World as they colonized it often slightly varying in nature due to regional differences
The U. S. (modern day New Mexico) town of Alburquerque was founded in 1660, the Mexican towns of Paso del Norte (now known as Ciudad Juárez) was founded in 1667, Santiago de la Monclova in 1689, Panzacola, Texas in 1681 or San Francisco de Cuéllar (now the city of Chihuahua) in 1709. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Ciudad Juárez, also known as just Juárez, is a city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua formerly known as El Paso del Norte. Santiago de la Monclova, more commonly known as just Monclova in everyday speech is a city as well as the surrounding municipality From 1687, Father Eusebio Francisco Kino founded over twenty missions in the areas between the Mexican state of Sonora and the state of Arizona in the United States. Eusebio Francisco Kino SJ ( August 10, 1644 &ndash March 15, 1711) was a Catholic priest who became famous in what The Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert are a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Jesuits and other orders to spread The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Sonora is one of the 31 federal states of Mexico and is located in the northwest of the country The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the From 1697, Jesuits established other 18 missions throughout the Baja California Peninsula. The Spanish missions in California comprise a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between In 1668 Padre San Vitores established the first mission in the Mariana Islands (now Guam). Venerable Diego Luis de San Vitores (1627-1672 was a Spanish Jesuit Missionary who founded the first Catholic church on the island of Guam The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated Between 1687 and 1700 several Missions were founded in Trinidad, but only four survived as Amerindian villages throughout the eighteenth century. Spanish Missions were established in the New World as part of the Spanish colonisation of its new possessions In 1691, explorers and missionaries visited the interior of Texas and came upon a river and Amerindian settlement on June 13, the feast day of St. Anthony, and named the location and river "San Antonio" in his honor. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Saint Anthony ( August 15, 1195 – June 13, 1231) also venerated as Saint Anthony of Lisbon and Saint Anthony of Padua,
Immersed in a low intensity war with Great Britain (mostly over the Spanish ports and trade routes harassed by British pirates), the defenses of Veracruz and San Juan de Ulúa, Jamaica, Cuba and Florida were strengthened. Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico. San Juan de Ulúa, also known as Castle of San Juan de Ulúa is a large complex of Fortresses, prisions and one former palace on an island overlooking the Santiago de Cuba (1662), St. Augustine Spanish Florida (1665) or Campeche 1678 were sacked by the British. Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba St Augustine is the County seat of St Johns County, Florida, in the United States. Spanish Florida ( Spanish: La Florida) refers to the Spanish Colony of Florida. The Tarahumara Indians were in revolt in the mountains of Chihuahua for several years. The Tarahumara are an indigenous people of northern Mexico, renowned for their long-distance running ability In 1670 Chichimecas invaded Durango, and the governor, Francisco González, abandoned its defense. Chichimeca was the name that the Nahuas generically applied to a wide range of semi- Nomadic peoples who inhabited the north of modern-day Mexico, and carried Durango (duˈɾaŋgo is one of the constituent States of Mexico. In 1680, 25,000 previously subjugated Indians in 24 pueblos of New Mexico rose against the Spanish and killed all the Europeans they encountered. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. In 1685, after a revolt of the Chamorros, the Marianas islands were incorporated to the New Spain. "Chamoru" redirects here For the language see Chamorro language. In 1695, this time with the British help, the viceroy Gaspar de la Cerda attacked the French who had established a base on the island of Española. Gaspar de la Cerda Sandoval Silva y Mendoza 8th conde de Galve ( January 11, 1653, Spain &mdash March 12, 1697, Santa María
Early in the Queen Anne's War, in 1702, the English captured and burned Spanish-held St. Augustine, Florida. Queen Anne's War ( 1702 &ndash 1713) was the second in a series of four French and Indian Wars fought between France and England (later St Augustine is the County seat of St Johns County, Florida, in the United States. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the However, the English were unable to take the main fortress of St. Augustine, resulting in the campaign being condemned by the English as a failure. The Spanish maintained St. Augustine and Pensacola for more than a century after the war, but their mission system in Florida was destroyed and the Apalachee were decimated in what became known as the Apalachee Massacre of 1704. Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle and the County seat of Escambia County. In 1704 the viceroy Francisco Fernández de la Cueva suppressed a rebellion of the Pima Indians in Nueva Vizcaya. Francisco Fernández de La Cueva Enríquez Marqués de Cuéllar 10º Duque de Alburquerque (c The Akimel O'odham or Pima are a group of American Indians living in an area consisting of what is now central and Southern Arizona ( USA Nueva Vizcaya was the first province in the north of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( Mexico) to be explored and settled by the Spanish
Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas reformed the postal service and the marketing of mercury. Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas (c 1608, Coruña, Galicia, Spain &mdash October 17, 1673, Puebla, In 1701 the Tribunal de la Acordada (literally, Court of Agreement), an organization of volunteers intended to capture and quickly try bandits, was founded. The church of Virgin of Guadalupe, patron of Mexico, was finished in 1702. Our Lady of Guadalupe, also called the Virgin of Guadalupe (Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe or Virgen de Guadalupe is a 16th century Roman Catholic Mexican
The Bourbon Reforms (1713–1806)
Unlike in the Viceroyalty of Peru, the new Bourbon kings did not split the New Spanish viceroyalty into smaller ones. The Bourbon Reforms were a series of economic and political measures taken by the Spanish Crown in the 18th century (under the House of Bourbon) intended The prime innovation was the introduction of intendancies, and institution borrowed from France. The title of intendant (intendant Spanish intendente) has been used in a number of countries through history They were first introduced on a large scale in New Spain, by the minister of the Indies, José de Gálvez, in the 1780s, who originally envisioned that they would replace the viceregal system all together. José de Gálvez y Gallardo marqués de Sonora (1720 Macharavialla Spain &mdash1787 Aranjuez, Spain was a Spanish lawyer and colonial official in New With broad powers over tax collection and the public treasury and with a mandate to help foster economic growth over their districts, intendants encroached on the traditional powers of viceroys, governors and local officials, such as the corregidores, which were phased out as intendancies were established. The Crown saw the intendants as a check on these other officers. Over time accommodations were made. For example, after a period of experimentation in which an independent intendant was assigned to Mexico City, the office was thereafter given to the same person who simultaneously held the post of viceroy. Nevertheless, the creation of scores of autonomous intendancies throughout the Viceroyalty, created a great deal of decentralization, and in the Captaincy General of Guatemala, in particular, the intendancy laid the groundwork for the future independent nations of the 19th century. The Captaincy General of Guatemala (Capitanía General de Guatemala also known as the Kingdom of Guatemala (Spanish Reino de Guatemala) was an administrative division
The focus on the economy (and the revenues it provided to the royal coffers) was also extended to society at large. Economic associations were promoted, such as the the Economic Society of Friends of the Country Governor-General José Basco y Vargas established in the Philippines in 1781. The Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País (Economic Societies of Friends of the Country were private associations established in various cities throughout Enlightenment José Basco y Vargas was the 44th governor of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule, from 1778 to 1787. Year 1781 ( MDCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Similar "Friends of the Country" economic societies were established throughout the Spanish world, including Cuba and Guatemala. [5]
A secondary feature of the Bourbon Reforms was that it was an attempt to end the significant amount of local control that had crept into the bureaucracy under the Habsburgs, especially through the sale of offices. The Bourbons sought a return to the monarchical ideal of having "outsiders," who in theory should be disinterested, staff the higher echelons of regional government. In practice this meant that there was a concerted effort to appoint mostly peninsulares, usually military men with long records of service (as opposed to the Habsburg preference for prelates), who were willing to move around the global empire. "Peninsular" redirects here For the geographical formation see Peninsula. The intendancies were one new office that could be staffed with peninsulares, but throughout the 18th century significant gains were made in the numbers of governors-captain generals, audiencia judges and bishops, in addition to other posts, who were Spanish-born.
18th Century Military Conflicts
- See also: Louisiana (New Spain)
The the first century that saw the Bourbons on the Spanish throne coincided with series of global conflicts that pitted primarily France against Great Britain. Louisiana was the name of an administrative district of New Spain from 1764 to 1803 that represented territory west of the Mississippi River The Second Hundred Years' War is a phrase used by some Historians ref>Buffinton Arthur H Spain as an ally of Bourbon France was drawn into these conflicts. In fact part of the motivation for the Bourbon Reforms was the percieved need to prepare the empire administratively, economically and militarily for what was the next expected war. The Seven Years' War proved to be catalyst for most of the reforms in the overseas possessions, just like the War of the Spanish Succession had been for the reforms on the Peninsula.
In 1720, the Villasur expedition from Santa Fe met and attempted to parley with French- allied Pawnee in what is now Nebraska. The Villasur expedition of 1720 was a Spanish military expedition intended to check the growing French presence on the Great Plains of central North Santa Fe de Nuevo México (shortened to Nuevo México or Nuevo Méjico, translated as New Mexico) was a province of New Spain that existed French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western The Pawnee (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the Platte, Loup and Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Negotiations were unsuccessful, and a battle ensued; the Spanish were badly defeated, with only 13 managing to return to New Mexico. Although this was a small engagement, it is significant in that it was the deepest penetration of the Spanish into the Great Plains, establishing the limit to Spanish expansion and influence there. The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada
The War of Jenkins’s Ear broke out in 1739 between the Spanish and British and was confined to the Caribbean and Georgia. The War of Jenkins' Ear was a conflict between Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748 The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The major action in the War of Jenkins' Ear was a major amphibious attack launched by the British under Admiral Edward Vernon in March, 1741 against Cartagena de Indias, one of Spain's major gold-trading ports in the Caribbean (today Colombia). The Battle of Cartagena de Indias was the decisive battle of a massive amphibious expedition by the forces of Britain under Vice-Admiral Edward The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Although this episode is largely forgotten, it ended in a decisive victory for Spain, who managed to prolong its control of the Caribbean and indeed secure the Spanish Main until the 19th century. The Spanish Main was the mainland coast of the Spanish Empire around the Caribbean.
Following the French and Indian War/Seven Years War, the British troops invaded and captured the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba and Manila in the Philippines in 1762. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The City of Manila The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Spain control over the New France Louisiana Territory including New Orleans, Louisiana creating a Spanish empire that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, but Spain also ceded Florida to Great Britain to regain Cuba, which the British occupied during the war. The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Louisiana Territory was a historic Organized territory of the United States from July 4, 1805 until December 11, 1812. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Louisiana settlers, hoping to restore the territory to France, in the bloodless Rebellion of 1768 forced the Louisiana Governor Antonio de Ulloa to flee to Spain. The Rebellion of 1768 was an attempt by Creole and German settlers around New Orleans Louisiana to stop the handover of the New France Colonial period (French and Spanish governors See also List of colonial governors of Louisiana United States territorial period Antonio de Ulloa ( January 12, 1716 &ndash July 3, 1795) was a Spanish general explorer author Astronomer, colonial The rebellion was crushed in 1769 by the next governor Alejandro O'Reilly who executed five of the conspirators. Alejandro O'Reilly (1722-1794 (originally Alexander O'Reilly) was a highly respected military reformer and Inspector-General of Infantry for the Spanish Empire The Louisiana territory was to be administered by superiors in Cuba with a governor onsite in New Orleans.
The 21 northern Missions in present–day Alta California (U.S.) were established along California's El Camino Real from 1769. The Spanish missions in California comprise a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between El Camino Real ( Spanish for The Royal Road, also known as The King's Highway) usually refers to the 600- Mile (966- Kilometer) In an effort to exclude Britain and Russia from the eastern Pacific, King Charles III of Spain sent forth from Mexico a number of expeditions to explore the Pacific Northwest between 1774 and 1791. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Charles III ( January 20, 1716 – December 14, 1788) was King of Spain 1700–88 (as Carlos III King of Naples and The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Spanish claims to Alaska dated to the papal bull of 1493, which divided the entire globe into Spanish and Portuguese hemispheres for the purpose of establishing colonies
Spain entered the American Revolutionary War as an ally of France in June 1779, a renewal of the Bourbon Family Compact. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" This should not be confused with the historical Family Compact of Upper Canada A series of 18th century alliances between France In 1781, a Spanish expedition during the American Revolutionary War left St. Louis, Missouri (then under Spanish control) and reached as far as Fort St. Joseph at Niles, Michigan where they captured the fort while the British were away. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Fort Saint Joseph was a fort originally established on land granted to the Jesuits by King Louis XIV located on what is now the south side of the present day town of Niles Michigan Niles is a city near South Bend, Indiana in Berrien County in the U On May 8, 1782, Count Bernardo de Gálvez, the Spanish governor of Louisiana, captured the British naval base at New Providence in the Bahamas. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1782 ( MDCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid Viscount of Galveston and Count of Gálvez (Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid vizconde de Gálveztown y conde de Gálvez ( July 23, 1746 The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America New Providence is the most populous island in the Bahamas. While the first European visitors to the Bahama Islands were Bermudian salt rakers gathering The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and On the Gulf Coast, the actions of Gálvez led to Spain acquiring East and West Florida in the peace settlement, as well as controlling the mouth of the Mississippi River after the war—which would prove to be a major source of tension between Spain and the United States in the years to come. The Gulf Coast region of the United States comprises the coasts of states which border the Gulf of Mexico. East Florida was originally a part of Spanish Florida. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763, which ended the Seven Years' War, Spain ceded West Florida was a region on the north shore of the Gulf of Mexico, which underwent several boundary and sovereignty changes during its history
Government Printing Office, 1912 Map No. 4.
In the second Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the American Revolution, Britain ceded West Florida back to Spain to regain The Bahamas, which Spain had occupied during the war. The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, formally Spain then had control over the river south of 32°30' north latitude, and, in what is known as the Spanish Conspiracy, hoped to gain greater control of Louisiana and all of the west. These hopes ended when Spain was pressured into signing Pinckney's Treaty in 1795. Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, France reacquired 'Louisiana' from Spain in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800. The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (formally titled the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain Concerning the Aggrandizement The United States bought the territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. For the film see Louisiana Purchase (film. The Louisiana Purchase (French Vente de la Louisiane "Louisiana Sale"
The Nootka Convention (1791) resolved the dispute between Spain and Great Britain about the British settlements in Oregon to British Columbia. For other uses of the word Nootka see Nootka (disambiguation.
End of the Viceroyalty (1806-1821)
Spanish Florida would ultimately be acquired by the United States in 1819 under the Adams-Onís Treaty. The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain.
After priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's Grito de Dolores (call for independence), the insurgent army began an eleven-year war that would culminate in triumph by the Mexicans, who then offered the crown of the new Mexican Empire to Ferdinand VII or to a member of the nobility that he would designate. Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla Gallaga Mondarte Villaseñor ( May 8 1753 &ndash July 30 1811) also known as Miguel The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores" was the Battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence, uttered on September 16, 1810 by Miguel The Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico on two non-consecutive occasions in the 19th century when it was ruled by an Emperor. Early life In his youth he occupied the painful position of an heir apparent who was jealously excluded from all share in government by his parents and the royal favorite After the refusal of the Spanish monarchy to recognize the independence of Mexico the ejército Trigarante (Army of the Three Guarantees) cut all political and economic ties with the Kingdom of Spain. At the end of the Mexican War of Independence, the Army of the Three Guarantees ( Ejército Trigarante or Ejercito de las Tres Garantías) was the name
However, Cuba, the Philippine Islands, Guam and Puerto Rico remained a part of the Spanish empire until the Spanish–American War in 1898.
Politics
The Viceroyalty of New Spain was organized into several subdivisions, including New Spain proper (central Mexico), Nueva Extremadura, Nueva Galicia, Nueva Vizcaya and Nuevo Santander, as well as the Captaincies General of Guatemala, Cuba, Santo Domingo and the Philippine Islands. Nueva Extremadura was a region in the north of New Spain. It was named after Extremadura ( Spain) El Nuevo Reino de Galicia ( The New Kingdom of Galicia) or Nueva Galicia was a region of New Spain. Nueva Vizcaya was the first province in the north of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( Mexico) to be explored and settled by the Spanish Nuevo Santander ( New Santander) was a region of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, corresponding generally to the modern Mexican state of Tamaulipas A captaincy is a historical Administrative division of the former Spanish and Portuguese Colonial empires Each was governed by a Captain The Captaincy General of Guatemala (Capitanía General de Guatemala also known as the Kingdom of Guatemala (Spanish Reino de Guatemala) was an administrative division Spanish East Indies ( Indias Orientales Españolas) was a term used to describe Spanish possessions in Asia-Pacific which lasted over three centuries
The Viceroyalty was ruled by a Mexico City-based viceroy appointed by the Spanish monarch. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch.
The Viceroyalty's former territories included what is now the present day countries of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Belize, Costa Rica; the United States regions of California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Florida; the Caribbean nations of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, the island of Hispaniola, Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda; the Asia-Pacific nations of the Philippine Islands, Guam, Mariana Islands, Palau and Caroline Islands. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Belize (bəˈliːz formerly British Honduras, is a country in Central America. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Antigua and Barbuda ( Spanish for "Ancient" and "Bearded" is an Island nation located on the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Ladrones Islands, from Spanish Islas de los Ladrones meaning Palau, officially the Republic of Palau (Beluu er a Belau is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, some 500 miles (800 km) east The Caroline Islands form a large Archipelago of widely scattered islands in the western Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Guinea.
Economy
In order to pay of the debts incurred by the conquistadors and their companies, the new Spanish governors awarded their men grants of native tribute and labor, known as encomiendas. The encomienda system is a Trusteeship labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the In New Spain these grants were modeled after the tribute and corvee labor that the Mexica rulers had demanded from native communities. Corvée is labour often but not always unpaid that persons in power have authority to compel their subjects to perform unless commuted in some way such as by a cash payment sometimes this was The Mexica ( Nahuatl: Mēxihcah, meːˈʃiʔkaʔ or Mexicans ( Spanish: Mexicanos) were an indigenous people of the This system came to signify the oppression and exploitation of natives, although its originators may not have set out with such intent. In short order the upper echelons of patrons and priests in the society lived off the work of the lower classes. Due to some horrifying instances of abuse against the indigenous peoples, Bishop Bartolomé de las Casas suggested bringing black slaves to replace them. Bartolomé de las Casas, OP ( August 24 1484 &ndash July 17 1566) was a 16th century Spanish Dominican Fray Bartolomé later repented when he saw the even worse treatment given to the black slaves. The other discovery that perpetuated this system was extensive silver mines discovered at Potosi and other places that were worked for hundreds of years by forced native labor and contributed most of the wealth flowing to Spain. The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the principal source of income for Spain among the Spanish colonies, with important mining centers like Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi and Hidalgo. Guanajuato is the name of a state in Mexico and that state's capital city as well as a river in the area San Luis Potosí is the name of both a state in Mexico and that state's capital city
There were several major ports in New Spain. There were the ports of Veracruz the viceroyalty's principal port on the Atlantic, Acapulco on the Pacific, and Manila near the South China Sea. Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico. Acapulco (Officially Acapulco de Juárez) is a City and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The City of Manila The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the The ports were fundamental for overseas trade, stretching a trade route from Asia, through the Manila Galleon (also known as the Nao de China) to the Spanish mainland. The Manila galleons or Manila-Acapulco galleons ( Galeones de Manila-Acapulco) were Spanish trading Ships that sailed once or twice
There were ships that made two voyages a year between Manila and Acapulco, whose goods were then transported overland from Acapulco to Veracruz and later reshipped from Veracruz to Cádiz in Spain. The City of Manila Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight So then, the ships that set sail from Veracruz were generally loaded with merchandise from the Orient originating from the commercial centers of the Philippines, plus the precious metals and natural resources of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting During the sixteenth century, Spain held the equivalent of US$1. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 5 trillion (1990 terms) in gold and silver received from New Spain. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79
Nevertheless, these resources did not translate into development for the Metropolis (mother country) due to Spanish Roman Catholic Monarchy's frequent preoccupation with European wars (enormous amounts of this wealth were spent hiring mercenaries to fight the Protestant Reformation), as well as the incessant decrease in overseas transportation caused by assaults from companies of British buccaneers, Dutch corsairs and pirates of various origin. A metropolis (from the Greek μήτηρ mētēr meaning 'mother' and πόλις pólis meaning 'city/town' is a big City, in most cases with The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time This article refers to the type of pirate For other uses see Buccaneer (disambiguation The buccaneers were Pirates who attacked Corsairs were French Privateers from the north-western French port of St-Malo, located on the northern coast of Brittany. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering These companies were initially financed by, at first, by the Amsterdam stock market — the first in history and whose origin is owed precisely to the need for funds to finance pirate expeditions —, as later by the London market. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west A stock market, or (equity market is a private or public market for the trading of company Stock and derivatives of company The above is what some authors call the "historical process of the transfer of wealth from the south to the north. "
Demographics
The role of epidemics
Spanish settlers also brought with them smallpox, typhus, and other diseases. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Louse -borne bacteria Most of the settlers had developed an immunity from childhood, but the indigenous peoples lacked the needed antibodies since these diseases were totally alien to the American native population at the time. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily There were at least three separate epidemics that decimated the population: Smallpox (1520–21), measles (1545–48) and typhus (1576–81). Of the estimated 8 to 20 million of the original prehispanic population, less than two million are believed to have survived. At the end of the 16th century, New Spain was a depopulated country with abandoned cities and maize fields. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica
The role of interracial mixing
A new ethnic group was created: The mestizo population emerged as a result of Spanish colonizers intermarrying with indigenous women, which brought about the beginning of a mixing of both cultures. Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin
Most of these lands were dominated by Spanish landowners and their descendants. Europeans mostly dominated the politics and economy of colonial Mexico. Mestizos came next, and indigenous peoples occupied the lowest rank of society.
The majority of the Spanish colonists were either men or women with no wives or husbands. They married or were made concubines of the indigenous population, and were even encouraged to do so by Queen Isabel during the earliest days of colonization. As a result of these unions, as well as concubinage and secret mistresses, a vast class of people known as mestizos, zambos and mulattos came into being. Zambo is a Spanish term (the Portuguese language term is Cafuso) that was used in the Spanish Empire and continues to be used today Mulatto is a term used to describe a person with one white parent and one black parent or a person whose Ancestry is a mixture of black and white But even if mixes were common, the white population tried, largely successfully even today, to keep their status. After the native population was decimated by epidemics and forced labor, black slaves were imported. A system was created to keep each mix in a different social level: El sistema de castas (the casta system). Casta is a 17th century term used in Spanish America, which refers to the institutionalized system of social stratification based on a person's racial heritage Each different mix had a name and different privileges or prohibitions. There were even two different kinds of whites, those born in Spain, later referred to as peninsulares (in Spanish, people born in the Peninsula, i. e. the Iberian Peninsula), who received all the upper level positions and higher paying jobs. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra At a lower level, those born in America, or criollos took the next lower layer of desirable jobs. Criollo is a term that dates back to the Spanish colonial Casta system ( Caste system) of Latin America Mestizos followed, and mulattos were next, followed by the unmixed natives, zambos (Amerindian mixed with negro), and negros, respectively.
The Spanish peninsulares tried by all means to keep their status, even if they took native women. Those who were wealthy enough also tried to have a Spanish wife, who was sent to give birth in Spain to prevent their children from becoming criollos. In spite of the sistema de castas, the Amerindians and the Mestizos were taught the Roman Catholic religion and the language of Spain, and they were even allowed to become members of the religious orders or even priests. Moreover, efforts were made to keep the Amerindian cultural aspects which did not violate the Catholic traditions. As an example, some Spaniards learned some of the Amerindian languages (as early as in the sixteenth century) and developed a Grammar for them so that they could be more easily translated. This was similarly practiced by the French colonists. On the other hand, the idea of sharing the language and the religion of the natives was deeply rejected in the British colonies of North America (and later in the United States of America) and their culture was ignored, despised and eventually obliterated.
Mestizos and criollos were nevertheless not allowed in the upper levels of the government or any other position of power, and eventually they joined forces for the independence of Mexico. With independence, the caste system and slavery were theoretically abolished, however it can be argued that, despite the peninsulares returning to Europe or merging with the criollos, the latter replaced them in terms of power.
Thus, mestizos, while they no longer have a separate legal status from other groups, comprise approximately 47-49% of the population. White people, who no longer have a special legal status, are thought to be about 10% of the population and still have most of the desirable jobs. In modern Mexico, mestizo has become more a cultural term, since a Native American that abandons his traditional ways is considered a mestizo. Also, most Afro-Mexicans prefer to be considered mestizo, since they identify closely with this group.
The population of New Spain in 1810
Population estimates from the first decade of the 19th century varied between 6,122,354 as calculated by Francisco Navarro y Noriega in 1810,[6] to 6. 5 million as figured by Alexander von Humboldt in 1808. (September 14 1769 &ndash May 6 1859 was a German naturalist and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister philosopher and linguist [7] Navarro y Noriega figured that half of his estimate constituted indigenous peoples. More recent data suggests that the actual population of New Spain in 1810 was closer to 5 or 5. 5 million individuals. [8]
The role of the Roman Catholic church
The conquistadores brought with them the Catholic faith (and many priests) to which the population was seemingly rapidly converted. This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesfor other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation A Conquistador Because of their joint action in getting rid of the Moors in Spain, the Catholic Church was basically regarded as an arm of the Spanish government, since the Spanish Crown at the time can't be understood nowadays without considering its ties to Catholicism as opposed to Islam and Protestantism. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. It was soon found that most of the natives had adopted "the god of the heavens", as they called it, as just another one of their many gods. While it was an important god, because it was the god of the conquerors, they did not see why they had to abandon their old beliefs. As a result, a second wave of missionaries began a process attempting to completely erase the old beliefs, and thus wiped out many aspects of Mesoamerican culture. Hundreds of thousands of Aztec codices were destroyed, Aztec priests and teachers were persecuted, and the temples and statues of the old gods were destroyed. A codex ( Latin for block of wood, Book; plural codices) is a book in the format used for modern books with separate pages normally Even some foods associated with religion, like amaranto, were forbidden. Amaranthus, collectively known as amaranth or pigweed, is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs Eventually, in some areas, some of the natives were declared minors and forbidden to learn to read and write, so they would always need a government manager in charge of them to be responsible of their indoctrination.
During the following centuries, under Spanish rule, a new culture developed that combined the customs and traditions of the indigenous peoples with that of Catholic Spain. Numerous churches and other buildings were constructed by native labor in the Spanish style, and cities were named after various saints and various religious topics such as "San Luis Potosí" (after St. San Luis Potosí is the name of both a state in Mexico and the capital city of that state Louis) and "Vera Cruz" ("True Cross"). The city of Veracruz is a major port city and municipality on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz.
The Spanish Inquisition, and its descendant, the Mexican Inquisition, continued to operate in the Americas until Mexico declared its independence. The Spanish Inquisition started and was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile to maintain The Mexican Inquisition was the extension of the Spanish Inquisition to Mexico in 1571
Culture
The Viceroyalty of New Spain was one of the principal centers of European cultural expansion in America. The viceroyalty was the basis for a racial and cultural mosaic of the Spanish American colonial period.
The first printing press in the New World was brought to Mexico in 1539, by printer Juan Pablos (Giovanni Paoli). The first book printed in Mexico was entitled La escala de San Juan Climoca. In 1568, Bernal Díaz del Castillo finished La Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España. Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1496 &ndash 1584 was a Conquistador, who wrote an eyewitness account of the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards under Hernán Figures such as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz and Juan Ruiz de Alarcón stand out as some of the viceroyalty's most notable contributors to Spanish Literature. Sor Juana ( November 12, 1651 1648 according to some biographers &ndash April 17, 1695) also known as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Juan Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza (1581? Real de Taxco, now in Guerrero - August 4, 1639) one of the greatest Spanish-American dramatists The term Spanish literature refers to Literature written in the Spanish language, including literature composed in Spanish by writers not necessarily from In 1693, Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora published El Mercurio Volante, the first newspaper in New Spain. Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora ( August 14, 1645 &ndash August 22, 1700) was one of the first great Intellectuals born in the
Architects Pedro Martínez Vázquez and Lorenzo Rodriguez produced some fantastically extravagant and visually frenetic architecture known as Mexican Churrigueresque in the own capital, Ocotlan, Puebla or remote silver-mining towns. Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical Ocotlán (from the Nahuatl ocotl ("pine tree" meaning "place of pines" may refer to Mexico Ocotlán Jalisco The city of Puebla, officially Heroic Puebla de Zaragoza (nicknamed Angelópolis) is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Puebla. The magnificent fourth Manila Cathedral was constructed in 1654 to 1671. The Manila Cathedral, also known as the Minor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, was the seat of the Archbishop of Manila during the Spanish colonial period in
The Spanish viceregal government blocked the diffusion of liberal ideas during the Enlightenment, the French Revolution and the United States War of Independence at a time when it tolerated no other religion than the Catholic faith. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete".
See also
- Colonialism
- List of Viceroys of New Spain
- List of Governors in the Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
- Spanish Empire
References
- ^ LANIC: Colección Juan Bautista Muñoz. Archivo de la Real Academia de la Historia - España. (in Spanish)
- ^ Selections from the National Library of Spain: Conquista del Reino de Nueva Galicia en la América Septrentrional…, Texas, Sonora, Sinaloa, con noticias de la California. (Conquest of the Kingdom of New Galicia in North America..., Texas, Sonora, Sinaloa, with news of California). (in Spanish)
- ^ Cervantes Virtual: Historia de la conquista de México (in Spanish)
- ^ Worldcat: Historia de la conquista de México, poblacion y progresos de la América Septentrional, conocida por el nombre de Nueva España (in Spanish)
- ^ Shafer, Robert J. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Viceroys of New Spain In addition to viceroys the following list includes the highest Spanish governors of the colony before the appointment of the first viceroy Governors in the various Provinces of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Economic Societies in the Spanish World, 1763-1821. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1958.
- ^ (Spanish) Navarro y Noriega, Fernando (1820). Report on the population of the kingdom of New Spain. . Mexico: in the Office of D. Juan Bautista de Arizpe.
- ^ (French) Humboldt, Alexander von (1811). Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain. Paris: F. Schoell.
- ^ McCaa, Robert (1997-12-08). Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. The Peopling of Mexico from Origins to Revolution. The Population History of North America. Richard Steckel and Michael Haines (ed. ). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved on 2007-11-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull
External links
- MEXICO'S COLONIAL ERA--PART I: The Settlement of New Spain at mexconnect. com
- Index to the DeWitt Colony Region under New Spain at Texas A&M University
- 1492 -- Middle America at ibiblio. org the public's library and digital archive
- Encyclopedia Britannica : Hispanic Heritage in The Americas
| Spanish Empire | ||
|---|---|---|
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Viceroyalties: New Spain · Peru · New Granada · Rio de la Plata | |
| Real Audiencias: Mexico · Guadalajara · Guatemala · Manila · Santo Domingo | ||
| Lima · Cusco · Chile · Bogota · Panama · Caracas · Quito · Buenos Aires · Charcas | ||
| Captancies General: Philippines · Cuba · Yucatán · Guatemala · Venezuela · Chile · Puerto Rico | ||