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For other uses, see Viceroy (disambiguation).

A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roi, meaning king. His province or larger territory is called a viceroyalty. The relative adjective is viceregal. A vicereine is a woman in a viceregal position (rare, as it usually includes military high command), or a Viceroy's wife.

The etymological allusion to the royal style makes it be perceived as higher than governor-general and lord lieutenant, even when in some cases it is a synonym for that administrative rank, and not necessarily above several "provincial" (lieutenant-) governors. A style of office, or honorific, is a term which by Tradition or Law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or Title, or to the The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription The title Lord Lieutenant is given to the British Monarch 's personal representatives in the United Kingdom, usually in a county or similar circumscription with varying

In some cases, the title (and the office, unless the title is not permanently attached to the job) is reserved for members of the ruling dynasty. It was not uncommon for potential heirs to the throne to obtain such a post (or an equivalent one, without the viceregal style) as a test — and learning stage, not unlike the even loftier "associations to the throne", such as the Roman consortium imperii — or the Caesars in Emperor Diocletian's original Tetrarchy. Consortium imperii is a Latin term dating from the Roman dominate denoting the sharing of imperial authority between two or more emperors hence designated as consors imperii Caesar (plural Caesars Latin: Caesar (plural Caesares is a Title of imperial character Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals

Contents

Spanish Empire

The title was originally used in the Aragonese Crown since 14th Century for Sardinia and Corsica. This is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily The absolutist Kings of Spain employed numerous Viceroys to rule over various parts of their vast empire "where the sun never set", both European and overseas. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

In Europe, until the 18th century the Spanish crown appointed Viceroys of Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia, Navarra, Sardinia, Sicily, Naples and Portugal (1580 – 1640)

See

With the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the institution of viceroys was adapted to govern the highly populated and wealthy regions of New Spain (Mexico) and Peru. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Lieutenants (or Viceroys of the Kingdom of Aragón: Alfons d'Aragón, Bishop of Zaragoza 1485-1511 Germaine of Foix (Queen 1512-1516 This is a list of Spanish Viceroys of Valencia from 1520 to 1713 This is a list of Spanish viceroys of Catalonia from 1479 to 1713. This is a list of Spanish Viceroys of Navarre from 1512 to 1702 This is a list of viceroys of Sardinia. Spanish direct rule 1516&ndash1713 Viceroy: Martín de Cabrera (1529-1532 This is a list of viceroys of Sicily: Aragonese direct rule 1409&ndash1516 John of Aragon Duke of Peñafiel, later John II King of Aragon 1416 This is a list of viceroys of the Kingdom of Naples. Sometimes the King of Naples if he resided outside of the Kingdom and ruled directly from another kingdom would This is a list of Spanish Viceroys of Portugal from 1580 to 1640 The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere. Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled The viceroys of these two areas had oversight over the other provinces, with most of the North American, Central American, Caribbean and Philippine areas overseen by the viceroy in Mexico City and the South American ones by the viceroy in Lima, (with the exception of most of today's Venezuela, which was overseen by the Audiencia of Santo Domingo for most of the colonial period). The Spanish West Indies (also known as " Las Antillas Occidentales " or simply " Las Antillas " in Spanish) was the contemporary Spanish East Indies ( Indias Orientales Españolas) was a term used to describe Spanish possessions in Asia-Pacific which lasted over three centuries Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Santo Domingo de Guzmán (known as Santo Domingo population 2084852 (Metro (2003 estimated 2253437 (Metro in 2006 is the Capital and largest city in the These large adminstrative territories became known as Viceroyalties (Spanish term: virreinato). There were only two New World viceroyalties until 1717, when the new Bourbon Dynasty established two additional viceroyalties to promote economic growth and new settlements. The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. Year 1717 ( MDCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Bourbon Reforms were a series of economic and political measures taken by the Spanish Crown in the 18th century (under the House of Bourbon) intended New viceroyalties were created for New Granada in 1717 (capital, Bogotá) and the Río de la Plata in 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires). The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America Year 1717 ( MDCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was the last and most shortlived Viceroyalty created by Spain in 1776 Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern

The viceroyalties of Spanish America were subdivided into smaller, automous units, the Audiencias and the Captaincies General, which in most cases became the bases for the independent countries of modern Spanish America. For the modern court see Audiencia Nacional of Spain. The Royal Audiencia and Chancellery ( Spanish: Real audiencia y chancillería A captaincy is a historical Administrative division of the former Spanish and Portuguese Colonial empires Each was governed by a Captain These units gathered the local provinces which could be governed by a either a corregidor (sometimes alcalde mayor) or by a cabildo. A corregidor was a local administrative and judicial position in Spain and its empire. For a discussion of the contemporary Spanish and Latin American cabildo see Ayuntamiento. Audiencias were primarily the superior judicial tribunals, although these courts were granted by law extensive administrative and legislative powers. Captaincies General were primarily military districts set up in areas with a risk of foreign or Indian attack, but the captains general were usually given political powers over the provinces under their command. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Because the long distances to the viceregal capital would hamper effective communication, both audiencias and captains general were authorized to communicate directly with the crown through the Council of the Indies. The Council of the Indies, officially the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (In Spanish " el Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias " was the The Bourbon Reforms introduced the new offiice of the intendant, which was appointed directly by the crown and had broad fiscal and administrative powers in political and military issues. The title of intendant (intendant Spanish intendente) has been used in a number of countries through history

See also

British Empire and Commonwealth

From 1858 (when the British crown took over the role of the British East India Company, which had appointed governors-general since 20 October 1774, and maintained its last incumbent) to 1947, the height of the British Raj, the British colonial Governor of India was also known as the Viceroy of India (only the last incumbent was connected to royalty: 21 February – 15 August 1947 Louis Francis Mountbatten, Earl Mountbatten of Burma). Viceroys of New Spain In addition to viceroys the following list includes the highest Spanish governors of the colony before the appointment of the first viceroy Viceroys of Peru Peru was the richest colony of the whole Empire and thus the Viceroyship the most prominent post in all of Spanish America See also: New Kingdom of Granada Before 1718 and from 1724 to 1740, the Viceroyalty of New Granada was part The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1774 ( MDCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government The Governor-General of India (or from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India) was the head of the British administration in India, and Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI,

The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland was also sometimes referred to as a British viceroy or in the Irish language Tánaiste-Ri, literally 'deputy king'. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (Ard-Leifteanant na hÉireann ( Plural: Lords Lieutenant) also known as the Judiciar in the early Mediaeval period

The title itself and the derived adjective "vice-regal" are used in some Commonwealth realms (in general technically incorrect, as formerly in British India) to refer to the function of the governor general (and in Canada, provincial lieutenant governors, and in Australia, state governors) as representatives of the Crown. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription A Lieutenant Governor is a high officer of state whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction The Governors of the Australian states are the representatives in the six states of Australia of Australia's monarch Queen Elizabeth II. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government This usage may reflect the direct relationship between a governor general and the Crown and a governor general's exercise of all royal powers and functions under the Balfour Declaration of 1926. The Balfour Declaration of 1926, named after the British Lord President of the Council Arthur Balfour, Earl of Balfour was the name given to a report resulting

Portuguese Empire

in Portuguese Vice-Rei:

Other colonial viceroyalties

Other Domestic Viceroys, including personal unions

In fiction

Non-Western counterparts

As many princely and administrative titles, viceroy is often used, generally unofficially, to render somewhat equivalent titles and offices in non-western cultures.

Ottoman empire

China

In imperial China, viceroy was the English translation of the title "general supervisor-protector" (Zǒngdū 總督), otherwise translated as the Governor General, who were heading large administrative divisions, directly under the imperial court. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era Zǒngdū, ( traditional: 總督 simplified: 总督 Wade-Giles: tsung-tu Manchu: Uheri kadalara amban) usually translated as These divisions are usually two or three provinces. The regions included Zhili, Huguang, Liangjiang, Liangguang, Shangan, Minzhe, Yungui and Sichuan. ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. Huguang ( was a province of China during the Yuan and Ming Dynasty. Liangguang ( also spelled Liang-guang) is a term referring to the province of Guangdong and autonomous region (formerly province of Guangxi on the southern Li Hongzhang was viceroy of Huguang from 1867 to 1870, and Yuan Shikai was once Viceroy of Zhili. Li Hongzhang, Marquis Suyi of the First Class, GCVO, ( February 15, 1823 &ndash November 7, 1901) was a Chinese Yuan Shikai ( Courtesy Weiting 慰亭 Pseudonym: Rong'an 容庵 ( September 16, 1859 &ndash June 6, The Viceroy of Zhílì (直隸總督/直隶总督 fully referred to as the Governor General of Zhili and surrounding areas Overseeing Military Affairs Food Production Manager

Sri Lankan and Southeast Asian tradition

Sources and references

Ouparath, also Ouparaja, or Uparaja, are titles for viceregal positions reserved for of the Buddhist dynasties in Thailand, Cambodia, Burma

Dictionary

viceroy

-noun

  1. One who governs a country, province, or colony as the representative of a monarch.
  2. An orange and black North American butterfly (Limenitis archippus), so named because it is similar to, but smaller than, the monarch butterfly.
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