Vespasian
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Bust of Vespasian
Reign	1 July 69 – 23 June 79
Full name	Titus Flavius Vespasianus
Born	17 November 9(9-11-17)
Birthplace	Falacrina
Died	23 June 79 (age 70)
Place of death	Rome
Buried	Rome
Predecessor	Vitellius
Successor	Titus
Wives	Domitilla the Elder (died pre. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. 69 (sex position & book by Ryu Murakami are -- already linked by "" with other meanings Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 9 ( IX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Falacrinae ( Vicus Phalacrinae; Falacrine) is a village of Ancient Rome that was the birthplace of the emperor Vespasian. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, born Aulus Vitellius and commonly known as Vitellius ( 24 September, 15 &ndash 22 December, 69 Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who Flavia Domitilla Major ( Major, Latin for the elder) Flavia Domitilla the Elder or Domitilla the Elder (died before 69 was the wife of the Roman 69) Caenis (mistress and de facto wife c. Caenis, a former slave and secretary of Antonia Minor (mother of the emperor Claudius) was the mistress of the Roman emperor Vespasian.  65–74)
Issue	Titus Domitian Domitilla the Younger
Dynasty	Flavian
Father	Titus Flavius Sabinus I
Mother	Vespasia Polla

Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Vespasian (November 17, 9 – June 23, 79), was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 69 until his death in 79. Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death Flavia Domitilla the Younger or Flavia Domitilla Minor (c 45 &ndash c The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96 AD encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69&ndash79 See also Titus Flavius Sabinus for other men of this name Titus Flavius Sabinus, (lived 1st century BC to 1st century) was the son of Vespasia Polla (also known as Vespasia Pollio, flourished 1st century) was the mother of the Roman Emperor Vespasian, grandmother to Emperors Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 9 ( IX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC 69 (sex position & book by Ryu Murakami are -- already linked by "" with other meanings Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Vespasian was the founder of the shortlived Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96. The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96 AD encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69&ndash79 The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial 69 (sex position & book by Ryu Murakami are -- already linked by "" with other meanings Year 96 was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. He was succeeded by his sons Titus (79–81) and Domitian (81–96). Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death

Vespasian descended from a family of equestrians which rose into the senatorial rank under the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. The Julio-Claudian Dynasty refers to the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus (Octavian Tiberius, Caligula (Gaius Claudius, and Although he attained the standard succession of public offices, holding the consulship in 51, Vespasian became more reputed as a successful military commander, partaking in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43, and subjugating the Judaea province during the Jewish rebellion of 66. The cursus honorum ( Latin: "course of honors" or "honors race" was the sequential order of Public offices held by aspiring Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected Political office of the Roman Republic and the Empire. This page refers to the conquest begun in AD 43 For other Roman invasions see Caesar's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt. Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard While preparing to besiege the city of Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the Roman Empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69 in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession After Galba and Otho perished in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in mid 69. Servius Sulpicius Galba ( December 24, 3 BC &ndash January 15, 69) also called Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar For other uses see Otho (disambiguation. Marcus Salvius Otho ( April 25, 32 – April 16, 69) also called Marcus Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, born Aulus Vitellius and commonly known as Vitellius ( 24 September, 15 &ndash 22 December, 69 In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea themselves declared Vespasian emperor on July 1. Ægyptus redirects here See Egypt Province for the province of the Ottoman Empire "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Gaius Licinius Mucianus, the governor of Syria, who led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian himself gained control over Egypt. Gaius Licinius Mucianus (fl 1st century AD was a general statesman and writer of Ancient Rome. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية On December 20, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day, Vespasian was declared emperor by the Roman Senate. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome.

Little factual information survives about Vespasian's government during the ten years he was emperor. His reign is best known for financial reforms following the demise of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the successful campaign against Judaea, and several ambitious construction projects such as the Colosseum. The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio Upon his death on June 23, 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 79 was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.

Family and early career

Vespasian was born in Falacrina, in the Sabine country near Reate. The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96 AD encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69&ndash79 Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death Flavia Domitilla the Younger or Flavia Domitilla Minor (c 45 &ndash c Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who See other meanings of Flavia. Flavia Julia Titi ( 17 September 64 – 91 was daughter and only child to the Emperor Titus Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death Falacrinae ( Vicus Phalacrinae; Falacrine) is a village of Ancient Rome that was the birthplace of the emperor Vespasian. The Sabines ( Latin Sabini, Singular Sabinus) were an Italic tribe that lived in ancient Italy, inhabiting His father, Titus Flavius Sabinus, was an equestrian who worked as a customs official in the province of Asia and a money-lender on a small scale in Aventicum, where Vespasian lived for some time. See also Titus Flavius Sabinus for other men of this name Titus Flavius Sabinus, (lived 1st century BC to 1st century) was the son of Customs is an Authority or agency in a Country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods The Roman province of Asia, also called Phrygia was an administrative unit added to the late Republic. Aventicum was the largest town and capital of Roman Switzerland ( Helvetia or Civitas Helvetiorum His mother, Vespasia Polla, was the sister of a Senator. Vespasia Polla (also known as Vespasia Pollio, flourished 1st century) was the mother of the Roman Emperor Vespasian, grandmother to Emperors The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome.

After prompting from his mother, Vespasian followed his older brother, also called Titus Flavius Sabinus, into public life. See also Titus Flavius Sabinus for other men of this name Titus Flavius Sabinus was the elder son of Titus Flavius Sabinus and Vespasia Polla He served in the army as a military tribune in Thrace in 36. Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Byzantine Greek form τριβούνος) was a title shared by 2–3 elected magistracies in the Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe The following year he was elected quaestor and served in Crete and Cyrene. Quaestors were originally appointed by the Consuls to investigate criminal acts and determine if the consul needed to take public action Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Cyrene (in Greek, Κυρήνη &ndash Kurene) was an ancient Greek Colony in present-day Libya, the oldest and most He rose through the ranks of Roman public office, being elected aedile on his second attempt in 39 and praetor on his first attempt in 40, taking the opportunity to ingratiate himself with the Emperor Caligula. Aedile ( Aedilis, from aedes aedis "temple" "building" was an office of the Roman Republic. Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities the commander of an Army, either before Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor

In the meantime, he married Domitilla the Elder, the daughter of an equestrian from Ferentium. Flavia Domitilla Major ( Major, Latin for the elder) Flavia Domitilla the Elder or Domitilla the Elder (died before 69 was the wife of the Roman They had two sons, Titus Flavius Vespasianus (b. Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who 41) and Titus Flavius Domitianus (b. Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death 51), and a daughter, Domitilla (b. Flavia Domitilla the Younger or Flavia Domitilla Minor (c 45 &ndash c 39). Flavia died before Vespasian became emperor. Thereafter his mistress, Caenis, was his wife in all but name until she died in 74. Caenis, a former slave and secretary of Antonia Minor (mother of the emperor Claudius) was the mistress of the Roman emperor Vespasian.

Upon the accession of Claudius as emperor in 41, Vespasian was appointed legate of Legio II Augusta, stationed in Germania, thanks to the influence of the Imperial freedman Narcissus. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to A legatus (often anglicized as legate) was a general in the Roman army, equivalent to a modern general officer Legio II Augusta, or Second Augustan Legion, was a Roman legion, levied by Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus in 43 BC, and still operative Germania was the Latin Exonym for A freedman is a former slave who has been manumitted or emancipated. Tiberius Claudius Narcissus ( fl 1st century was one of the freedmen who formed the core of the imperial court under the Roman emperor Claudius

Invasion of Britannia

In 43, Vespasian and the II Augusta participated in the Roman invasion of Britain, and he distinguished himself under the overall command of Aulus Plautius. This page refers to the conquest begun in AD 43 For other Roman invasions see Caesar's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt. Aulus Plautius was a Roman politician and general of the mid-1st century After participating in crucial early battles on the rivers Medway and Thames, he was sent to reduce the south west, penetrating through the modern counties of Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall with the probable objectives of securing the south coast ports and harbours along with the tin mines of Cornwall and the silver and lead mines of Somerset. The River Medway, which is almost entirely in Kent, England, flows for from just inside the West Sussex border to the point where it enters The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Wildlife Hampshire has wildlife typical of the island of Great Britain Etymology The county formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the River Wylye Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar

Vespasian marched from Noviomagus Reginorum (Chichester) to subdue the hostile Durotriges and Dumnonii tribes ^[1], captured twenty oppida (towns, or more probably hill forts, including Hod Hill and Maiden Castle in Dorset). Noviomagus Reginorum was the Roman town which is today called Chichester, situated in the modern English county of West Sussex. Chichester is a cathedral city in West Sussex, England. It has a long history as a settlement its Roman past and its subsequent importance The Durotriges were one of the Celtic tribes living in the British Islands prior to the Roman invasion of Britain. The Dumnonii or Dumnones were a Celtic tribe who inhabited the farther parts of the South West peninsula of Britain during the Iron Age and the A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement Hod Hill (or Hodd Hill) is a large Hill fort in the Blackmore Vale, 3  Miles north-west of Blandford Forum, Dorset Maiden Castle is a Hill fort, mostly dating from the Iron Age, in the Civil parish of Winterborne Monkton, situated 2 Miles south Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast He also invaded Vectis (the Isle of Wight), finally setting up a fortress and legionary headquarters at Isca Dumnoniorum. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the Isca Dumnoniorum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. These successes earned him triumphal regalia (ornamenta triumphalia) on his return to Rome.

Continued Political Career

Vespasian was elected consul for the last two months of 51, after which he withdrew from public life. Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire He came out of retirement in 63 when he was sent as governor to Africa Province. The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. According to Tacitus (ii. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. 97), his rule was "infamous and odious" but according to Suetonius (Vesp. 4), he was "upright and, highly honourable". On one occasion he was pelted with turnips. For similar vegetables also called "turnip" see Turnip (disambiguation. Vespasian used his time in North Africa wisely. Usually governorships were seen by ex-consuls as opportunities to extort huge amounts of money to regain their wealth that they had spent on their previous political campaigns. Corruption was so rife, that it was almost expected that a governor would come back from these appointments with his pockets full. However, Vespasian used his time in North Africa making friends instead of money; something that would be far more valuable in the years to come. During his time in North Africa, he found himself in financial difficulties and was forced to mortgage his estates to his brother. To revive his fortunes he turned to the mule trade and gained the nickname mulio (mule-driver). In its common modern meaning a mule is the offspring of a male Donkey and a female Horse, which is classified as a kind of F1 hybrid.

Returning from Africa, Vespasian toured Greece in Nero's retinue, but lost Imperial favour after paying insufficient attention (some sources suggest he fell asleep) during one of the Emperor's recitals on the lyre, and found himself in the political wilderness. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called The lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity and later

Great Jewish Revolt

Vespasian sestertius, struck in 71 to celebrate the victory in the Jewish Rebellion. The sestertius, or sesterce, was an ancient Roman Coin. During the Roman Republic it was a small Silver, and rare coin issued The legend on the reverse says: IVDAEA CAPTA, "Judaea conquered". Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard

However, in 66, Vespasian was appointed to conduct the war in Judea, which was threatening unrest throughout the East. Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised A revolt there had killed the previous governor and routed Licinius Mucianus, the governor of Syria, when he tried to restore order. Gaius Licinius Mucianus (fl 1st century AD was a general statesman and writer of Ancient Rome. Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic Two legions, with eight cavalry squadrons and 10 auxiliary cohorts, were therefore dispatched under the command of Vespasian to add to the one already there. His elder son, Titus, served on his staff. During this time he became the patron of Flavius Josephus, a Jewish resistance leader turned Roman agent who would go on to write his people's history in Greek. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In the end, thousands of Jews were killed and many towns destroyed by the Romans, who successfully re-established control over Judea. Vespasian served for a time as procurator for Judaea; he is remembered by Jews as a fair and humane official, in contrast to the notorious Herod the Great. Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho

Josephus wrote that after the Roman Legio X Fretensis accompanied by Vespasian destroyed Jericho on June 21, 68, he took a group of Jews who could not swim (possibly Essenes from Qumran), fettered them, and threw them into the Dead Sea to test its legendary buoyancy. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus Legio X Fretensis (Latin "Tenth legion of the sea strait " was a Roman legion levied by Augustus in 41 / 40 BC Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 68 was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Essenes were strictly speaking a Jewish religious group that flourished from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD For the country that features in Yes Minister, see here. Qumran (خربة قمران חירבת קומראן Khirbet Qumran The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is Sure enough, the Jews shot back up after being thrown in from boats and floated calmly on top of the sea.

Year of Four Emperors

Main article: Year of the Four Emperors

Map of the Roman Empire during the Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD). The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69 in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69 in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession Blue areas indicate provinces loyal to Vespasian and Gaius Licinius Mucianus. Gaius Licinius Mucianus (fl 1st century AD was a general statesman and writer of Ancient Rome.

After the death of Nero in 68, Rome saw a succession of short-lived emperors and a year of civil wars. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state Galba was murdered by Otho, who was defeated by Vitellius. Servius Sulpicius Galba ( December 24, 3 BC &ndash January 15, 69) also called Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar For other uses see Otho (disambiguation. Marcus Salvius Otho ( April 25, 32 – April 16, 69) also called Marcus Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, born Aulus Vitellius and commonly known as Vitellius ( 24 September, 15 &ndash 22 December, 69 Otho's supporters, looking for another candidate to support, settled on Vespasian.

According to Suetonius, a prophecy ubiquitous in the Eastern provinces claimed that from Judaea would come the future rulers of the world. Vespasian eventually believed that this prophecy applied to him, and found a number of omens, oracles, and portents that reinforced this belief. An omen (also called portent or presage) is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the Future, often signifying the advent of change An oracle is a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion an Infallible authority usually spiritual in nature An omen (also called portent or presage) is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the Future, often signifying the advent of change

He also found encouragement in Mucianus, the governor of Syria; and, although Vespasian was a strict disciplinarian and reformer of abuses, Vespasian's soldiers were thoroughly devoted to him. All eyes in the East were now upon him. Mucianus and the Syrian legions were eager to support him. While he was at Caesarea, he was proclaimed emperor (July 1, 69), first by the army in Egypt under Tiberius Julius Alexander, and then by his troops in Iudaea (July 11). Caesarea Maritima (Greek παράλιος Καισάρεια called Caesarea Palaestina from 133 CE onwards was a city and Harbor built by Herod the Great "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. 69 (sex position & book by Ryu Murakami are -- already linked by "" with other meanings This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Tiberius Julius Alexander ( fl 1st century was an equestrian governor and general in the Roman Empire.

Nevertheless, Vitellius, the occupant of the throne, had Rome's best troops on his side — the veteran legions of Gaul and the Rhineland. Aulus Vitellius Germanicus, born Aulus Vitellius and commonly known as Vitellius ( 24 September, 15 &ndash 22 December, 69 Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Rhineland ( Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. But the feeling in Vespasian's favour quickly gathered strength, and the armies of Moesia, Pannonia, and Illyricum soon declared for him, and made him the de facto master of half of the Roman world. Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy,

While Vespasian himself was in Egypt securing its grain supply, his troops entered Italy from the northeast under the leadership of M. Antonius Primus. The Megalopolis of ancient Rome could never be fed entirely from its own surrounding countryside especially as this region was increasingly used to produce fruit vegetables and other Marcus Antonius Primus ( 30 / 35 -after 81) was a Roman Empire general They defeated Vitellius's army (which had awaited him in Mevania) at Bedriacum (or Betriacum), sacked Cremona and advanced on Rome. Mevania (modern Bevagna) an ancient Roman town and Municipium of ( Umbria) in the Augustan Regio VI. Calvatone is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 110 km southeast of Cremonese redirects here For the football team see US Cremonese Cremona is a City in northern Italy, situated They entered Rome after furious fighting. In the resulting confusion, the Capitol was destroyed by fire and Vespasian's brother Sabinus was killed by a mob.

On receiving the tidings of his rival's defeat and death at Alexandria, the new emperor at once forwarded supplies of urgently needed grain to Rome, along with an edict or a declaration of policy, in which he gave assurance of an entire reversal of the laws of Nero, especially those relating to treason. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. While in Egypt he visited the Temple of Serapis, where reportedly he experienced a vision. Serapis (Latin spelling or Sarapis in Greek was a syncretic Hellenistic - Egyptian god in Antiquity. In Spirituality including Religion, visions comprise Inspirational renderings generally of a Future state and/or of a mythical Later he was confronted by two labourers who were convinced that he possessed a divine power that could work miracles. A miracle is an event believed to be caused by interposition of Divine intervention by a Supernatural being in the Universe by which the ordinary operation

Vespasian as emperor

Aftermath of the civil war

Bust of Vespasian, Pushkin Museum, Moscow. The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts (Russian Музей изобразительных искусств им Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of

Vespasian was declared emperor by the Senate while he was in Egypt in December of 69 (the Egyptians had declared him emperor in June of 69. In the short-term, administration of the empire was given to Mucianus who was aided by Vespasian's son, Domitian. Gaius Licinius Mucianus (fl 1st century AD was a general statesman and writer of Ancient Rome. Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death Mucianus started off Vespasian's rule with tax reform that was to restore the empire's finances. After Vespasian arrived in Rome in mid-70, Mucianus continued to press Vespasian to collect as many taxes as possible. ^[2]

Vespasian and Mucianus renewed old taxes and instituted new ones, increased the tribute of the provinces, and kept a watchful eye upon the treasury officials. The Latin proverb "Pecunia non olet" ("Money does not smell") may have been created when he had introduced a urine tax on public toilets. A proverb (from the Latin proverbium) also called a byword or nayword, is a simple and concrete Saying popularly known and repeated Pecunia non olet (Latin for "money does not smell" is a Latin saying Urine Tax ( Latin: vectigal urinae) was a Tax levied by the Roman emperor Nero in the 1st century upon the collection of By his own example of simplicity of life — he caused something of a scandal when it was made known he took his own boots off — he initiated a marked improvement in the general tone of society in many respects.

In early 70, Vespasian was still in Egypt, the source of Rome's grain supply, and had not yet left for Rome. According to Tacitus, his trip was delayed due to bad weather. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. ^[3] Modern historians theorize that Vespasian had been and was continuing to consolidate support from the Egyptians before departing. ^[4] Stories of a divine Vespasian healing people circulated in Egypt. ^[5] During this period, protests erupted in Alexandria over his new tax policies and grain shipments were held up. Vespasian eventually restored order and grain shipments to Rome resumed. ^[6]

In addition to the uprising in Egypt, unrest and civil war continued in the rest of the empire in 70. In Judea, rebellion had continued from 66. Vespasian's son, Titus, finally subdued the rebellion with the capture of Jerusalem in 70. Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who In January of the same year, an uprising occurred in Gaul and Germany, known as the second Batavian Rebellion. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Revolt of the Batavi took place in the Roman province of Germania Inferior (S This rebellion was headed by Gaius Julius Civilis and Julius Sabinus. Gaius Julius Civilis was the leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69. Sabinus, claiming he was descended from Julius Caesar, declared himself emperor of Gaul. The rebellion defeated and absorbed two Roman legions before it was suppressed by Vespasian's brother-in-law, Quintus Petillius Cerialis, by the end of 70. Quintus Petilius Cerialis Caesius Rufus (born ca 30 was a Roman general

Arrival in Rome and gathering support

In mid-70, Vespasian first came to Rome. Vespasian immediately embarked on a series of efforts to stay in power and prevent future revolts. He offered gifts to many in the military and much of the public. ^[7] Soldiers loyal to Vitellius were dismissed or punished. ^[8] He also restructured the Senatorial and Equestrian orders, removing his enemies and adding his allies. ^[9] Regional autonomy of Greek provinces was repealed. ^[10] Additionally, he made significant attempts to control public perception of his rule.

Propaganda campaign

Many modern historians note the increased amount of propaganda that appeared during Vespasian's reign. ^[11] Stories of a supernatural emperor that was destined to rule circulated in the empire. ^[12] Nearly one-third of all coins minted in Rome under Vespasian celebrated military victory or peace. ^[13] The word vindex was removed from coins as to not remind the public of rebellious Vindex. Gaius Iulius Vindex, of a noble Gaulish family of Aquitania given senatorial status under Claudius, was a Roman governor in the province of Gallia Construction projects bore inscriptions praising Vespasian and condemning previous emperors. ^[14] A temple of peace was constructed in the forum as well. ^[15] Vespasian approved histories written under his reign, assuring biases against him were removed. ^[16]

Vespasian also gave financial rewards to ancient writers. ^[17] The ancient historians that lived through the period such as Tacitus, Suetonius, Josephus and Pliny the Elder speak suspiciously well of Vespasian while condemning the emperors that came before him. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author ^[18] Tacitus admits that his status was elevated by Vespasian, Josephus identifies Vespasian as a patron and savior, and Pliny dedicated his Natural Histories to Vespasian, Titus. ^[19]

Those that spoke against Vespasian were punished. A number of stoic philosophers were accused of corrupting students with inappropriate teachings and were expelled from Rome. ^[20] Helvidius Priscus, a pro-republic philosopher, was executed for his teachings. ^[21]

Construction and conspiracies

Construction of the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the Colosseum, was begun by Vespasian, and ultimately finished by his son Titus. The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio

Between 71 and 79, much of Vespasian's reign is a mystery. Historians report that Vespasian ordered the construction of several buildings in Rome. Additionally, he survived several conspiracies against him.

Vespasian helped rebuild Rome after the civil war. He added the temple of Peace and the temple to the Deified Claudius. ^[22] In 75, he erected a colossal statue of Apollo, begun under Nero, and he dedicated a stage of the theater of Marcellus. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called He also began construction of the Colosseum.

Suetonius claims that Vespasian was met with "constant conspiracies" against him. ^[23] Only one conspiracy is known specifically, though. In 78 or 79, Eprius Marcellus and Caecina Alienus attempted to kill Vespasian. Why these men turned against Vespasian is not known.

Military pursuits and death

In 78, Agricola went to Britain, and both extended and consolidated the Roman dominion in that province, pushing his way into what is now Scotland. Gnaeus Julius Agricola ( June 13, 40 &ndash August 23, 93) was a Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. On June 23 of the following year, Vespasian died of an intestinal inflammation which led to excessive diarrhoea. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea According to Suetonius (Life of Vespasian 23. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. 4), his last words were: Vae, puto, deus fio ("Dammit - I think I'm becoming a god"). The Imperial cult in Ancient Rome was the worship of a few select emperors as gods once they were deceased the only emperor to

Views on Vespasian

Vespasian could be liberal to impoverished Senators and equestrians and to cities and towns desolated by natural calamity. He was especially generous to men of letters and rhetors, several of whom he pensioned with salaries of as much as 1,000 gold pieces a year. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Quintilian is said to have been the first public teacher who enjoyed this imperial favor. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (ca 35 – ca 100 was a Roman Rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and

Pliny the Elder's work, the Natural History, was written during Vespasian's reign, and dedicated to Vespasian's son Titus. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. Some of the philosophers who talked idly of the good times of the Republic, and thus indirectly encouraged conspiracy, provoked Vespasian into reviving the obsolete penal laws against this profession. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the However, only one, Helvidius Priscus, was put to death, and he had affronted the Emperor by studied insults. Helvidius Priscus, Stoic Philosopher and Statesman, lived during the reigns of Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius "I will not kill a dog that barks at me," were words expressing the temper of Vespasian. Vespasian was indeed noted for mildness. He was also noted for loyalty to the people, for example, much money was spent on public works and the restoration and beautification of Rome: a new forum, the Temple of Peace, the public baths and the Colosseum. The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio

In the modern Italian language, the urinals are called "vespasiano", probably in reference to a tax the emperor placed on urine collection (useful due to its ammoniac content; see Pay toilet). Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. A pay toilet is a public toilet that requires Money Payment of any individual to use

In later literature

• Marcus Didius Falco novels
• The Course of Honour, a novel by Lindsey Davis
• Edward Rutherfurd's historical fiction novel Sarum contains an account of one the protagonists' (a Celtic chief) meeting Vespasian during his campaign through southern Britannia. Marcus Didius Falco is the central character and narrator in a series of Novels by Lindsey Davis. Lindsey Davis, Historical novelist was born in Birmingham, England in 1949 Edward Rutherfurd (born 1948 in Salisbury, England) is primarily known as a writer of epic Historical novels His debut novel Sarum set the Historical fiction is a sub-genre of Fiction that often portrays alternate accounts or dramatization of historical figures or events Sarum (or latterly titled Sarum The Novel of England) is a work of Historical fiction by Edward Rutherfurd, first published in 1987 Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts
• Vespasian, as legate under Aulus Plautius, is a regular secondary character in Simon Scarrow's Cato series. Simon Scarrow is a UK -based Author, born in Nigeria and now based in Norfolk.

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Tacitus, Histories, English translation
• Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Vespasian, Latin text with English translation
• Cassius Dio, Roman History, Books 64, 65 and 66, Latin text with English translation
• Flavius Josephus, The War of the Jews, Books 2, 3 and 4, English translation

Secondary material

• Ivar Lissner, "Power and Folly: The Story of the Caesars". Jonathan Cape Ltd. , London, 1958
• Barbara Levick, Vespasian (Roman Imperial Biographies), Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-16618-7 (hbk). ISBN 0-415-33866-2 (pbk, 2005)
• Biography on De Imperatoribus Romanis.
• Vespasian entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

References

1. ^ A History of Britain, Richard Dargie (2007), p. 20
2. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, LXVI. 2
3. ^ Tacitus, Histories IV
4. ^ Sullivan, Phillip, "A Note on Flavian Accession", The Classical Journal, 1953, p. 67-70
5. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History LXVI. 2
6. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, LXVI. 2
7. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History' LXVI. 10
8. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Vespasian 8
9. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Vespasian 9
10. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Vespasian 8; Philostratus II, Life of Apollonius 5. 41
11. ^ M. P. Charleswroth, "Flaviana", Journal of Roman Studies 27 (1938) 54-62
12. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Vespasian 4-5
13. ^ Jones, William "Some Thoughts on the Propaganda of Vespasian and Domitian", The Classical Journal, p. 251
14. ^ Aquaduct and roads dedication speak of previous emperors' neglect, CIL vi, 1257(ILS 218) and 931
15. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Vespasian 9
16. ^ Josephus, Against Apion 9
17. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Vespasian 18
18. ^ "Otho, Vitellius, and the Propaganda of Vespasian", The Classical Journal (1965), p. 267-269
19. ^ Tacitus, Histories I. 1; Josephus, The Life of Flavius Josephus 72; Pliny the Elder, Natural Histories, preface.
20. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History LXVI. 12
21. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History LXVI. 13
22. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Vespasian 9
23. ^ Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, Life of Vespasian 25

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone