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Vertebrates
Fossil range: Early Cambrian - Recent
Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard, Tiliqua nigrolutea
Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard, Tiliqua nigrolutea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
(unranked) Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Cuvier, 1812
Classes and Clades

See below

Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata, chordates with backbones or spinal columns. The Early Cambrian (also known as the Caerfai, Waucoban, or Georgian) is the first of three geological epochs of the Cambrian The Blotched Blue-tongued Skink ( Tiliqua nigrolutea) is a Reptile with a long blue tongue Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates For the class of Brachiopods see Craniforma. Craniata (sometimes Craniota) is a proposed Clade of Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier ( August 23 1769 &ndash May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist In life a subphylum is a Taxonomic rank intermediate between phylum and superclass. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates A vertebra (plural vertebrae) is an individual Irregular bone in the spinal or Vertebral column ( aka ischis a flexuous and flexible column In Human anatomy, the vertebral column ( backbone or spine) is a column of 34 Vertebrae the Sacrum, Intervertebral The grouping sometimes includes the hagfish, which have no vertebrae, but are genetically quite closely related to lampreys, which do have vertebrae. Hagfish are marine Craniates of the class Myxini, also known as Hyperotreti. A lamprey (sometimes also called lamprey eel) is a Jawless fish with a toothed funnel-like sucking mouth [1] For this reason, the sub-phylum is sometimes referred to as "Craniata", as all members do possess a cranium. About 58,000 species of vertebrates have been described. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. [2] Vertebrata is the largest subphylum of chordates, and contains many familiar groups of large land animals. Vertebrates comprise cyclostomes, bony fish, sharks and rays, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. Osteichthyes (ˌɒstiːˈɪkθiːz also called bony fish, are a taxonomic Class of Fish that includes the ray-finned fish ( Actinopterygii Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Extant vertebrates range in size from the carp species Paedocypris, at as little as 7. Carp is a common name for various Freshwater Fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large Paedocypris is an Indonesian Genus of Fish in the family Cyprinidae (which also includes Carps and Minnows 9 mm (0. 3 inch), to the Blue Whale, at up to 33 m (110 ft). The Blue Whale ( Balaenoptera musculus) is a Marine mammal belonging to the suborder of Baleen whales (called Mysticeti

Contents

Anatomy and morphology

One characteristic of the subphylum are that all members have muscular systems that mostly consist of paired masses, as well as a central nervous system which is partly located inside the backbone (if one is present). In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is considered the backbone or spinal cord, a brain case, and an internal skeleton, but the latter do not hold true for lampreys, and the former is arguably present in some other chordates. The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain A lamprey (sometimes also called lamprey eel) is a Jawless fish with a toothed funnel-like sucking mouth Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Rather, all vertebrates are most easily distinguished from all other chordates by having a clearly identifiable head, that is, sensory organs - especially eyes are concentrated at the fore end of the body and there is pronounced cephalization. Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Cephalization is an Evolutionary trend whereby nervous tissue, over many generations becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism Compare the lancelets which have a mouth but not a well-developed head, and have light-sensitive areas along their entire back. The lancelets (subphylum Cephalochordata, traditionally known as amphioxus) are a group of primitive Chordates. [3]

Evolutionary history

Vertebrates originated about 500 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which is part of the Cambrian period. The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was the seemingly rapid appearance of most major groups of complex Animals around, as evidenced by the The Cambrian is a geologic period and system that began about Ma (million years ago at the end of the Proterozoic eon and ended about Ma with The earliest known vertebrate is Myllokunmingia. Myllokunmingia is a primitive probably agnathid jawless Fish from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of China, thought to be [4] According to recent molecular analysis Myxini (hagfish) also belong to Vertebrates. Hagfish are marine Craniates of the class Myxini, also known as Hyperotreti. Others consider them a sister group of Vertebrates in the common taxon of Craniata. For the class of Brachiopods see Craniforma. Craniata (sometimes Craniota) is a proposed Clade of [1]

Fossil record

The earliest known fossil records of vertebrates are Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa and Haikouichthys ercaicunensis, dating somewhere between 513-542mya during the Early Cambrian. Myllokunmingia is a primitive probably agnathid jawless Fish from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shales of China, thought to be Haikouichthys is an extinct Genus of craniate believed to have lived c In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". The Early Cambrian (also known as the Caerfai, Waucoban, or Georgian) is the first of three geological epochs of the Cambrian The fossils were discovered in Yunnan, China[1]. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

Taxonomy and classification

Classification after Janvier (1981, 1997), Shu et al. (2003), and Benton (2004). [5]

  • Superclass Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
  • Class Aves (birds)

Etymology

The word vertebrate derives from Latin vertebrātus (Pliny), meaning having joints. Hyperoartia is a group of Jawless fishes that includes the modern Lampreys and their Fossil relatives the jawless fishes of the class A lamprey (sometimes also called lamprey eel) is a Jawless fish with a toothed funnel-like sucking mouth Conodonts are extinct chordates resembling eels classified in the class Conodonta. Pteraspidomorphi is an extinct subclass of early Jawless fish. There is much debate over whether the clade of Palaeozoic fish known as the Thelodonti (formerly coelolepids) represent a monophyletic grouping, or disparate For turtles see Anapsida. The Anaspida ("Without Shields" are stem Gnathostomes, and are classically regarded as Galeaspida ("Helmet shields" is an extinct taxon of jawless marine and freshwater Fish. The Pituriaspida (" Pituri Shield" are a small group of armored jawless fishes with tremendous nose-like Rostrums which lived in the marine deltaic The Class Osteostraci ("Bony Shields" was a group of bony-armored jawless fish termed " Ostracoderms quot that lived in what is now North America Gnathostomata is the group of Vertebrates with Jaws The group is traditionally a superclass, including the familiar classes of Fish, The Placodermi were a class of armoured Prehistoric fishes known from Fossils which lived from the late Silurian to the end of the Devonian Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes are jawed Fish with paired fins paired nostrils scales two-chambered hearts and skeletons made of Cartilage rather Acanthodii (sometimes called spiny sharks) is a class of extinct Fishes having features of both bony fish ( Osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish ( Osteichthyes (ˌɒstiːˈɪkθiːz also called bony fish, are a taxonomic Class of Fish that includes the ray-finned fish ( Actinopterygii The Actinopterygii (the plural form of Actinopterygius) comprise the class of the ray-finned fishes. Sarcopterygii (from Greek σαρξ sarx, flesh and πτερυξ pteryx, fin is traditionally the class of lobe-finned Fishes consisting Coelacanth (ˈsiːləkænθ adaptation of Modern Latin Cœlacanthus > cœl-us + acanth-us from Greek κοῖλ-ος + ἄκανθ-α) is the common name for Coelacanth (ˈsiːləkænθ adaptation of Modern Latin Cœlacanthus > cœl-us + acanth-us from Greek κοῖλ-ος + ἄκανθ-α) is the common name for Lungfish are freshwater fish belonging to the Subclass Dipnoi. Tetrapodomorpha is a Clade of Vertebrates consisting of sarcopterygians with a number of features of Tetrapods Primitive forms like Tetrapods ( Greek τετραποδη tetrapoda, Latin Quadruped, "four-footed" are Vertebrate Animals Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and The amniotes are a group of Tetrapod Vertebrates that include the Synapsida ( Mammals and Mammal-like reptiles and Sauropsida Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Synapsids ('fused arch' also known as theropsids ('beast face' are a class of Animals that includes Mammals and everything closer to mammals than Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands It is closely related to the word vertebra, which refers to any of the bones or segments of the spinal column. A vertebra (plural vertebrae) is an individual Irregular bone in the spinal or Vertebral column ( aka ischis a flexuous and flexible column [6]

References

  1. ^ a b Kuraku et al. (December 1445 B. C. ). "Monophyly of Lampreys and Hagfishes Supported by Nuclear DNA–Coded Genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution doi:10.1007/PL00006595 49: 729. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  2. ^ Jonathan E. M. Baillie, et al. (2004). A Global Species Assessment. World Conservation Union.
  3. ^ Richard Fox (2004). Branchiostoma.
  4. ^ Shu et al. (November 4, 1999). Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) "Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China". Nature 402: 42-46. doi:10.1038/46965. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  5. ^ Benton, Michael J. (2004-11-01). Michael Benton may refer to Michael J Benton, professor of vertebrate palaeontology at the University of Bristol Michael L Vertebrate Palaeontology, Third Edition, Blackwell Publishing, 455 pp. Blackwell Publishing Ltd was a Learned society publishing company based in Oxford, England. . ISBN 0632056371/978-0632056378.  
  6. ^ Douglas Harper, Historian. vertebra. Online Etymology Dictionary. Dictionary. com. .

Bibliography

See also

External links

An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate Marine vertebrates are Vertebrates which live in a marine environment

Dictionary

vertebrate

-adjective

  1. having a backbone

-noun

  1. an animal having a backbone
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