Vernacular

This article addresses native language; see also vernacular architecture

Vernacular refers to the native language of a country or a locality. Vernacular Architecture is a term used to categorize methods of Construction which use locally available resources to address local needs A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth In general linguistics, it is used to describe local languages as opposed to linguae francae, official standards or global languages. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely It is sometimes applied to nonstandard dialects of a global language. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of

For instance: in Western Europe up until the 17th century, most scholarly work had been written in Latin, so works written in a native language were said to be in the vernacular. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.

The vernacular is also often contrasted with a liturgical language (in linguistics, the relationship between these "High" and "Low" languages or varieties of a language is referred to as diglossia). A sacred language, or liturgical language, is a Language that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields In Linguistics, diglossia is a situation where in a given society there are two (often closely-related languages one of high prestige, which is generally used For example, until the 1960s, Latin Rite Roman Catholics held masses in Latin rather than in local vernacular language, to this day the Coptic Church holds liturgies in Coptic; though parts of mass are read in Amharic, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church holds liturgies in Ge'ez, etc. The Latin Rite is one of the 23 Sui iuris Particular Churches within the Catholic Church. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Coptic or Coptic Egyptian ( MetRemenkīmi) is the final stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt Amharic (አማርኛ amarəñña) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (in transliterated Amharic: Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan) is an Oriental Ge'ez (ግዕዝ, ɡɨʕɨz also transliterated Gi'iz, and referred to as Ethiopic) is an ancient South Semitic Language The Reformation was spread by the publication of Bibles and other religious writings in the vernacular, and the reforms of the Second Vatican Council permitted the use of vernacular liturgies in Roman Catholicism. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church.

Similarly, in Hindu culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in Sanskrit long after its use as a spoken language. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical With the rise of the bhakti movement from the 1100s onwards, religious works started being created in Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu and many other Indian languages throughout the different regions of India. The Bhakti movement was a Hindu religious movement in which the main spiritual practice was loving devotion to God, or Bhakti. Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state For example, the Ramayana, one of Hinduism's sacred epics in Sanskrit had vernacular versions such as Ramacharitamanasa, a Hindi version of the Ramayana by the 16th century poet Tulsidas, and Kambaramayanam in Tamil by the poet Kamban. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki Śrī Rāmacaritamānas ( Devanāgarī: hi श्री राम चरित मानस ( Hindi / Avadhi) is an Epic poem composed by the Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Gosvāmī Tulsīdās (1532-1623 Devanāgarī: तुलसीदास may be written as Tulasī Dāsa depending on if the name is transcribed Ramavataram ( இராமாவதாரம்) popularly referred to as Kamba Ramayanam (கம்ப இராமாயணம் is a Tamil epic Tamil (ta தமிழ்; t̪əmɨɻ is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent.

1 Vernacular in sociolinguistics
2 First vernacular grammars
3 First vernacular dictionaries
4 See also

Vernacular in sociolinguistics

Within the subcategory of sociolinguistics, the term vernacular has been applied to several concepts, leading to confusion among scholars regarding what is actually being referred to. Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of Society, including cultural norms expectations and context on the way Language is used This term had not been heard in the western world until the late 1800s. One use of the term, as exemplified by Poplack (1993) and Labov (1972), defines vernacular varieties as casual varieties used spontaneously rather than self-consciously. William Labov (ləˈboʊv born December 4, 1927) is an American linguist widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of variationist Sociolinguistics It could also be described as informal talk used in intimate situations. Linguists consider the vernacular to be the first form of speech acquired by a person.

Wolfram and Schilling-Estes (1998) on the other hand define vernacular varieties as nonstandard, local dialects, particularly because of the nonstandard grammatical features that they contain. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. They also state that there is a continuum between the vernacular and the standard.

Similar approaches have been made to define vernacular culture: Cheshire (1982) sees vernacular culture as a non-standard or counter culture that is expressed through participation in particular activities or clothing styles, whereas Edwards (1992) defines it as a local culture determined by the connectedness to a certain neighbourhood. Jenny Cheshire (born 1946) is a British sociolinguist and professor at Queen Mary University of London.

First vernacular grammars

Through metalinguistic publications vernaculars acquired the status of official languages. Metalinguistics is the branch of Linguistics that studies Language and its relationship to Culture and Society. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Between 1437 and 1586 the first grammars of Italian, Spanish, French, German and English were written, though not always immediately published. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

Italian grammar

Leon Battista Alberti’s Grammatichetta vaticana was written between 1437 and 1441, but not printed until 1908, which is why its influence is debated. Leon Battista Alberti ( February 14, 1404 &ndash April 25, 1472) was an Italian author artist Architect, Poet Alberti was concerned with showing that dialects also had structures by mapping them onto Latin, whereas his fellow grammarians Giovanni Francesco Fortunio (Regole grammaticali della vulgar lingua, 1516) and Pietro Bembo (Prose della vulgar lingua, 1525) strived to establish a norm dialect that would qualify for becoming the Italian national language. Pietro Bembo ( May 20, 1470 - either 11 January or 18 January, 1547 was an Italian scholar poet literary theorist and

Spanish grammar

The first (contrastive) Spanish grammar by Antonio de Nebrija (Gramática Castellana, 1492) was divided into parts for native and nonnative speakers, pursuing a different purpose in each: Books 1-4 describe the Castillian language grammatically in order to facilitate the study of Latin for its Spanish speaking readers. Antonio de Lebrija, also known as Antonio de Nebrija, Elio Antonio de Lebrija, Antonius Nebrissensis, and Antonio of Lebrixa Book 5 contains a phonetical and morphological overview of Castilian for nonnative speakers.

French grammar

The first (methodical) grammar of French was not written in France but in England and aimed at foreign speakers intending to learn the language. An interest in learning French had already been expressed before John Palsgrave wrote Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse in 1530 by his contemporaries Alexander Barclay (Here begynneth the introductory to wryte and to pronounce frenche, 1521), Pierre Valence (Introductions in frensshe, 1528) and Giles du Wes (An introducterie for to lerne to rede to prononce and to speke Frenche trewly, 1532-1533). John Palsgrave (c 1480 &ndash 1554 was a priest of Henry VIII of England 's court Dr Alexander Barclay (c 1476 &ndash 10 June 1552 English / Scottish Poet, was born about 1476 Palgrave’s instructive work was based on literary examples, following the model of Theodorus Gaza’s grammar of Greek (1495). Theodorus Gaza or Theodore Gazis (c 1400 &ndash 1475 a Greek humanist and translator of Aristotle, one of the Greek scholars who were the leaders of

German grammar

In Germany, the first grammar evolved from pedagogical works that also tried to create a uniform standard from the many regional dialects. Like Nebrija, Valentin Ickelsamer (Ein Teütsche Grammatica, 1534) stresses the importance of understanding the structure of the national language in order to learn other languages, above all Latin. Antonio de Lebrija, also known as Antonio de Nebrija, Elio Antonio de Lebrija, Antonius Nebrissensis, and Antonio of Lebrixa

English grammar

William Bullokar (Pamphlet for Grammar, 1586) was the first to write a proper English grammar, preceded only by Richard Mulcaster’s general plea for mother tongue education in England, The first part of the elementary, 1582. William Bullokar was a 16th-century printer who devised a 40-letter Phonetic alphabet for the English language. Richard Mulcaster (c 1531 Cumberland &ndash 15 April 1611, Essex) is known best for his headmasterships and pedagogic writings Bullokar followed leading Latin grammarians in England to prove that English was, like Latin, governed by rules.

First vernacular dictionaries

The first vernacular dictionaries emerged together with vernacular grammars. A dictionary is a book of alphabetically listed Words in a specific language with definitions etymologies pronunciations and other information or a book of alphabetically As can be seen from the section above, many of the new grammars were based on traditional Latin ones, comparing the structure of both languages. This preservation of traditional form does not apply for the new type of dictionaries. Although they kept the macrostructure and elements of the microstructure of old dictionaries, there was more drastic change than in the case of grammars. The notion of macrostructure has been used in several disciplines in order to distinguish large-scale or 'global' structures from small-scale or 'local' structures that is Microstructures Microstructure refers to the microscopic description of the individual constituents of a Material.

Up to the mid-fifteenth century, glosses and dictionaries were mostly bilingual and served the teaching of Latin. This article is about the literary term For other uses see Gloss (disambiguation. For reading and translation of Latin texts, dictionaries would usually display the sequence Latin lemma (unknown) followed by explanatory vernacular expression (known). Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation In Linguistics a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) has two distinct interpretations morphology / Lexicography: the Dictionaries with reversed order would serve the more active tasks of speaking and writing. Both types were solely concerned with the study of Latin, but at the same time they unintentionally documented the development of vernaculars at a time that these were not considered worth writing about.

With the emergence of monolingual dictionaries vernaculars arrived at their breakthrough. The gradual formation of nation states and the growing importance of national languages (that are briefly explained in the section Early Vernacular Studies) led to the publication of multilingual vernacular dictionaries in various combinations.

Some early bilingual vernacular dictionaries include:

Italian/French

- Nathanael Duez : Dittionario italiano e francese/Dictionnaire italien et François, Leiden, 1559-1560

- Gabriel Pannonius: Petit vocabulaire en langue françoise et italienne, Lyon, 1578

- Jean Antoine Fenice : Dictionnaire fraçois et italien, Paris, 1584

Italian/English

- John Florio : A Worlde of Words, London, 1598

- John Florio: Queen Anna’s New World of Words, London, 1611

Italian/Spanish

- Cristobal de las Casas: Vocabulario de las dos lenguas toscana y castellana, Sevilla, 1570

- Lorenzo Franciosini: Vocabulario italiano e spagnolo/ Vocabulario espanol e italiano, Roma, 1620. John Florio (1553 - 1625 known in Italian as Giovanni Florio was an accomplished linguist and Lexicographer, a royal language tutor at the Court of James John Florio (1553 - 1625 known in Italian as Giovanni Florio was an accomplished linguist and Lexicographer, a royal language tutor at the Court of James

Some early monolingual vernacular dictionaries:

Italian

- Francesco Alunno: Le richezze della lingua volgare, 1543

- Francesco Alunno: La fabbrica del mondo, 1548

- Giacomo Pergamini: Il memoriale della lingua italiana, 1602

- Accademia della Crusca: Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, 1612

Spanish

- Sebastián de Covarrubias Orozco: Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española, 1611

French

- Maurice de la Porte: Epitheta, 1571

- Jean Nicot: Thresor de la langue fracoyse, tant ancienne que moderne, 1606

- Pierre Richelet : Dictionnaire françois contenant les mots et les choses, 1680

- Académie française : Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 1694

German

- Georg Heinisch: Teütsche Sprache und Weißheit, 1616

- Johann Christoph Adelung : Versuch eines vollständigen grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuches Der Hochdeutschen Mundart, 1774-1786

Language can blur into vernacular architecture, where the local vernacular is sometimes reflected in the form of the styles of naive/vernacular typography & hand lettering seen on signs and shopfronts. The Accademia della Crusca is an Italian institution that brings together scholars and experts in Italian linguistics and Philology. An epithet (from Greek ἐπίθετον - epitheton, neut of ἐπίθετος - epithetos, "attributed added" is a Jean Nicot ( 1530 - May 4 1600) was a French diplomat and scholar L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The Dictionnaire de l'Académie française is the official Dictionary of the French language in France. Johann Christoph Adelung ( 8 August 1732 – 10 September 1806) was a German Grammarian and Philologist. Vernacular Architecture is a term used to categorize methods of Construction which use locally available resources to address local needs Typography is the art and techniques of arranging type, Type design, and modifying type Glyphs Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety Calligraphy (from Greek kallos "beauty" + graphẽ "writing" is the art of writing (Mediavilla 1996 17 Similarly the word may be used to describe local craft - e. g. "vernacular ceramic wares".

In literature, it may apply to works that have been written to emulate the everyday speech of the middle class or the working class. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Sometimes, this means that slang and colloquial speech is included. Slang is the use of highly informal Words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's Dialect or Language. A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech, writing or Paralinguistics.

Such material may also use different rules of grammar and punctuation than other writings, both academic and literary. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language.

Dictionary

-noun

The language of a people, a national language.
Everyday speech, including colloquialisms, as opposed to literary or liturgical language.
Language unique to a particular group of people; jargon, argot, slang.
(Christianity) The indigenous language of a people, into which the words of the Roman Catholic mass are translated.

-adjective

Of or pertaining to everyday language.

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
network: | |

Contents