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This article is about the U. S. state. For other uses, see Vermont (disambiguation).
State of Vermont
Flag of Vermont State seal of Vermont
Flag of Vermont Great Seal of Vermont
Nickname(s): The Green Mountain State
Motto(s): Freedom and Unity
Before Statehood Known as
The Vermont Republic
Map of the United States with Vermont highlighted
Official language(s) None
Demonym Vermonter
Capital Montpelier
Largest city Burlington
Area  Ranked 45th in the US
 - Total 9,620 sq mi
(24,923 km²)
 - Width 80 miles (130 km)
 - Length 160 miles (260 km)
 - % water 3. The Flag of Vermont consists of the state's Coat of arms and motto. The Great Seal of Vermont is the official seal of the US state of Vermont, used to emboss and authenticate official documents This is a list of US state nicknames, including officially adopted Nicknames and other traditional nicknames for individual states of the United States. Here is a list of state Mottos for the states of the United States of America. " Freedom and Unity " is the official motto of the US The term Vermont Republic has been used by 20th and 21st century writers to describe the period of the U The United States does not have an Official language; however the majority of the population speaks English as a native language (about 82% A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Washington DC has been the capital of the United States since 1800 Montpelier (mɒntˈpiːljɚ is a city in the US state of Vermont that serves as the state Capital and This is a list of the largest cities of US states by population Burlington is the largest city in the US state of Vermont and is the shire town ( County seat) of Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area, land area, and water area The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand 8
 - Latitude 42° 44′ N to 45° 1′ N
 - Longitude 71° 28′ W to 73° 26′ W
Population  Ranked 49th in the US
 - Total 608,827
 - Density 65. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology This is a list of states of the United States by population (with inhabited non-state jurisdictions included for comparison as of July 1, 2007, according to the This article is a list of the 50 US States ordered by Population density. 8/sq mi 
25. 41/km² (30th in the US)
 - Median income  $48,508 (19th)
Elevation  
 - Highest point Mount Mansfield[1]
4,393 ft  (1,340 m)
 - Mean 1,000 ft  (300 m)
 - Lowest point Lake Champlain[1]
95 ft  (29 m)
Admission to Union  March 4, 1791 (14th)
Governor Jim Douglas (R)
Lieutenant Governor Brian Dubie (R)
U.S. Senators Patrick Leahy (D)
Bernie Sanders (I)
Congressional Delegation List
Time zone Eastern: UTC-5/-4 (DST)
Abbreviations VT US-VT
Website www.vermont.gov
Much of the business of local government in Vermont towns takes place each March during a town Meeting held at a meeting house, such as this one in Marlboro, Vermont.
Much of the business of local government in Vermont towns takes place each March during a town Meeting held at a meeting house, such as this one in Marlboro, Vermont. Household income is a measure of current private income commonly used by the United States government and private institutions Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below --> Mount Mansfield is the highest mountain in the US state of Vermont. Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of U Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government James H "Jim" Douglas (born June 21, 1951) is an American politician from the U This is a complete and current List of United States Lieutenant Governors. Brian Dubie (born March 9, 1959) is the Lieutenant Governor of Vermont. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Patrick Joseph Leahy (born March 31, 1940) is the senior United States Senator from Vermont. Bernard "Bernie" Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is the junior United States Senator from Vermont, elected on November The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses These are tables of congressional delegations from Vermont to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. This is a list of United States of America States by time zone The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−5 is the Time offset used in the North American Eastern Time Zone during Standard time and in the North American Central Time Zone during UTC−4 is the Time offset used in the Atlantic Standard Time Zone in Canada in winter and the North American Eastern Time Zone during Daylight saving time ( DST The traditional abbreviations for US states and territories were widely used in mailing addresses prior to the introduction of two-letter U ISO 3166-2US is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to the United States of America. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Marlboro is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States.

Vermont (IPA: /vɜrˈmɒnt/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The Northeast is a region of the United States. As defined by the U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The state ranks 45th by total area, and 43rd by land area at 9,250 square miles (24,000 km²), and has a population of 608,827, making it the second least populous state (second only to Wyoming). The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. The only New England state with no coastline along the Atlantic Ocean, Vermont is notable for the Green Mountains running north to south and Lake Champlain which makes up 50% of Vermont's western border. The Green Mountains are a Mountain range in the US state of Vermont. Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk

Originally inhabited by Native American tribes (Abenaki, and Iroquois), the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by France but became a British possession after France's defeat in the French and Indian War. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Abenaki ( or Abnaki) are a Tribe of Native American and First Nations people belonging to the Algonquian peoples The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. For many years, the surrounding colonies disputed control of the area, especially New Hampshire and New York. Settlers who held land titles granted by these colonies were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, which eventually prevailed in creating an independent state. The Green Mountain Boys were historically the militia of the Vermont Republic. Vermont became the first state to join (the original 13 states of) the United States after a 14-year period of independence during and after the Revolutionary War as the independent Vermont Republic. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The term Vermont Republic has been used by 20th and 21st century writers to describe the period of the U

The state is noted for its scenery and dairy products. A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep It is the leading producer of maple syrup in the United States. Maple syrup is a sweetener made from the sap of Maple trees In Canada and the United States it is most often eaten with waffles and pancakes [2] The state capital is Montpelier, and the largest city and metropolitan area is Burlington. Montpelier (mɒntˈpiːljɚ is a city in the US state of Vermont that serves as the state Capital and Burlington is the largest city in the US state of Vermont and is the shire town ( County seat) of

Contents

Geography

See also: List of counties in Vermont, List of Vermont county seats, List of towns in Vermont, and List of mountains in Vermont

Vermont is located in the New England region in the eastern United States, and comprises 9,614 square miles (24,902 km²), making it the 45th largest state. There are fourteen counties in the US state of Vermont. These counties together contain 255 political units or "places" including 237 Towns There are fourteen counties in the US state of Vermont. These counties together contain 255 political units or "places" including 237 Towns The state of Vermont has 255 political units or "places" This is a list of Mountains in the US state of Vermont. Of this, land comprises 9,250 square miles (23,955 km²) and water comprises 365 square miles (948 km²), making it the 43rd largest in land area and the 47th in water area. In area, it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti. El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole:

Map of Vermont, showing cities, roads and rivers
Map of Vermont, showing cities, roads and rivers

The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border of the state with New Hampshire (the river itself is part of New Hampshire). The Connecticut River is the largest River in New England, flowing south from the Connecticut Lakes in northern New Hampshire, along the border [3] Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles (256 km). Its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles (143 km) at the Canadian border; the narrowest width is 37 miles (60 km) at the Massachusetts line. The state's geographic center is Washington, three miles (5 km) east of Roxbury. Washington is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States. Roxbury is a town in Washington County

There are six distinct physiographic regions of Vermont. Categorized by geological and physical attributes, they are the Northeastern Highlands, the Green Mountains, the Taconic Mountains, the Champlain Lowlands, the Valley of Vermont and the Vermont Piedmont. [4]

The origin of the name Green Mountains (French: Les verts monts) is uncertain. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Some authorities say that they are so named because they have much more forestation than the higher White Mountains of New Hampshire and Adirondacks of New York. Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest on land that is not a forest or has not been a forest for a long time by planting trees or their seeds Other authorities say that they are so named because of the predominance of mica-quartz-chlorite schist, a green-hued metamorphosed shale. The word "mica" is thought to be derived from the Latin word la micare, "glitteren" in reference to the brilliant appearance of this mineral (especially Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in This discusses some chlorine compounds Chlorite is also a type of mineral see Chlorite group. The schists form a group of medium-grade Metamorphic rocks chiefly notable for the preponderance of lamellar Minerals such as Micas chlorite The Green Mountain range forms a north-south spine running most of the length of the state, slightly west of its center. In the southwest portion of the state are the Taconic Mountains; the Granitic Mountains are in the northeast. The Taconic Mountains are a physiographic section of the larger New England province and part of the Appalachian Mountains, running along the eastern border [5] In the northwest near Lake Champlain is the fertile Champlain Valley. The Champlain Valley is a region of the United States around Lake Champlain in Vermont and New York. In the south of the valley is Lake Bomoseen. Lake Bomoseen is a freshwater Lake in the western part of the State of Vermont in the towns of Castleton and Hubbardton in Rutland

Vermont has 14 counties. Only two—Lamoille and Washington—are entirely surrounded by Vermont territory.
Vermont has 14 counties. Only two—Lamoille and Washington—are entirely surrounded by Vermont territory. Lamoille County is a County located in the US state of Vermont. Washington County is a County located in the US state of Vermont.

Several mountains have timberlines with delicate year round alpine ecosystems. These include Mount Mansfield, the highest mountain in the state, Killington Peak, the second highest, and Camels Hump the state's third highest. Mount Mansfield is the highest mountain in the US state of Vermont. Killington Peak is the second highest summit in the Green Mountains and in the U Camel's Hump is Vermont 's third highest Mountain and highest undeveloped peak moreover because of its distinctive profile perhaps the state's most recognized About 77 percent of the state is covered by forest; the rest is covered in meadow, uplands, lakes, ponds and swampy wetlands.

Areas in Vermont administered by the National Park Service include the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, and the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park in Woodstock. The National Park Service ( NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation There are unique characteristics to the Appalachian National Scenic Trail by state, generally known as the Appalachian Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park near Woodstock, Vermont. Woodstock is a town in and the shire town ( County seat) of Windsor County, Vermont, in the United States.

Cities

Montpelier, capital of Vermont
Montpelier, capital of Vermont
Burlington, Vermont's largest city
Burlington, Vermont's largest city
Rutland
Rutland
Barre
Barre

Cities (2003 estimated population):

Largest towns

Although these towns are large enough to be considered cities, they are not incorporated as such. Montpelier (mɒntˈpiːljɚ is a city in the US state of Vermont that serves as the state Capital and Burlington is the largest city in the US state of Vermont and is the shire town ( County seat) of Barre Vermont can refer to Barre (city Vermont Barre (town Vermont The New England town is the basic unit of local government in each of the six New England states Burlington is the largest city in the US state of Vermont and is the shire town ( County seat) of Rutland is a city in and the shire town ( County seat) of Rutland County, Vermont, United States. South Burlington is a city in Chittenden County, Vermont, in the United States. Barre is a city in Washington County, Vermont, in the United States. Montpelier (mɒntˈpiːljɚ is a city in the US state of Vermont that serves as the state Capital and St Albans is a city in and the shire town ( County seat) of Franklin County, Vermont, in the United States. Winooski is a city in Chittenden County, Vermont, in the United States. Newport is a city in and the shire town ( County seat) of Orleans County, Vermont, United States. Vergennes is a city located in the northwest quadrant of Addison County, Vermont, in the United States. The New England town is the basic unit of local government in each of the six New England states

Largest towns (2003 estimated population):

Climate

Vermont has a continental moist climate, with warm, humid summers and cold winters, which become colder at higher elevations. Brattleboro is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States, located in the southeast corner of the state along the state line with New Hampshire Colchester is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. Essex is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. Hartford is a town in Windsor County in the US state of Vermont. Milton is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. [6] It has a Koppen climate classification of Dfb, similar to Minsk, Stockholm and Fargo. The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist [7] Vermont is known for its mud season in spring followed by a generally mild early summer, hot Augusts and a colorful autumn, and particularly for its cold winters. Mud Season is a term used to denote a time period in late Winter and early Spring. The northern part of the state, including the rural northeastern section (dubbed the "Northeast Kingdom") is known for exceptionally cold winters, often averaging 10 °F (-12 °C) colder than the southern areas of the state. The Northeast Kingdom is a term used to describe the northeast corner of the U Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Annual snowfall averages between 60 to 100 inches (150–250 cm) depending on elevation, giving Vermont some of New England's best cross-country and downhill ski areas. "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. See also List of ski areas and resorts This is a list of ski areas and resorts in the United States. The annual mean temperature for the state is 43 °F (6 °C). [8]

In the autumn, Vermont's hills experience an explosion of red, orange and gold foliage displayed on the sugar maple as cold weather approaches. Acer saccharum ( Sugar Maple) is a species of Maple native to the hardwood forests of northeastern North America, from Nova Scotia This famous display of color that occurs so abundantly in Vermont is not due so much to the presence of a particular variant of the sugar maple; rather it is caused by a number of soil and climate conditions unique to the area.

The highest-recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C), at Vernon on July 4, 1911; the lowest-recorded temperature was -50 °F (-46 °C), at Bloomfield on December 30, 1933. Vernon is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States. The population was 2141 at the 2000 census Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Bloomfield is a town in Essex County, Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Monthly normal and record high and low temperatures
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rec High °F 59 63 84 91 94 96 101 98 95 87 69 62
Norm High °F 25 31 43 51 64 76 81 78 71 54 36 28
Norm Low °F 4 10 22 30 43 55 60 57 50 33 15 7
Rec Low °F -38 -35 -18 9 24 36 41 38 21 4 -16 -32
Precip (in) 0. 61 0. 63 0. 68 1. 99 4. 01 4. 06 4. 07 4. 00 3. 95 2. 48 0. 66 0. 62
Source: USTravelWeather. com [1]

The agricultural growing season ranges from 120-180 days. [9]

History

Main article: History of Vermont
See also: List of forts in Vermont
Mount Mansfield, at 4,393 feet (1,339 m), is the highest elevation point in Vermont. Other high points are Killington Peak, Mount Ellen, Mount Abraham, and Camel's Hump. The lowest point in the state is Lake Champlain at 95 feet (29 m). The state's average elevation is 1,000 feet (300 m).
Mount Mansfield, at 4,393 feet (1,339 m), is the highest elevation point in Vermont. The history of Vermont begins more than 10500 years before the present day The following is a list of forts in the US state of Vermont. List of forts Orlando Bridgman's Fort Mount Mansfield is the highest mountain in the US state of Vermont. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Other high points are Killington Peak, Mount Ellen, Mount Abraham, and Camel's Hump. Killington Peak is the second highest summit in the Green Mountains and in the U Mount Ellen is a 4083-foot (1244 m high mountain in Vermont. It is located in the Green Mountains in Washington County, of which its summit is the Mount Abraham is the fifth tallest peak in Vermont at 4006 ft Camel's Hump is Vermont 's third highest Mountain and highest undeveloped peak moreover because of its distinctive profile perhaps the state's most recognized The lowest point in the state is Lake Champlain at 95 feet (29 m). Lake Champlain (French lac Champlain) is a natural freshwater Lake in North America, located mainly within the borders of the United States The state's average elevation is 1,000 feet (300 m).

Pre-Columbian

In pre-Columbian Vermont, the western part of the state was originally home to a small population of Algonquian-speaking tribes, including the Mohican and Abenaki peoples. The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic Mohican redirects here For other uses of Mohican see Mohican (disambiguation The Mahicans (also Mohicans) are a The Abenaki ( or Abnaki) are a Tribe of Native American and First Nations people belonging to the Algonquian peoples Between 8500 to 7000 BC, at the time of the Champlain Sea, Native Americans inhabited and hunted in Vermont. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States During the Archaic period, from the 8th millennium BC to 1000 BC, Native Americans migrated year-round. In the sequence of North American Pre-Columbian cultural stages first proposed by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips in 1958 the Archaic period During the Woodland period, from 1000 BC to AD 1600, villages and trade networks were established, and ceramic and bow and arrow technology was developed. A bow is a Weapon that projects arrows powered by the elasticity of the bow Sometime between 1500 and 1600, the Iroquois drove many of the smaller native tribes out of Vermont, later using the area as a hunting ground and warring with the remaining Abenaki. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. The population in 1500 is estimated to be around 10,000 people.

Colonial

The flag adopted by the Vermont Republic served originally as an infantry banner for the Green Mountain Boys, and still serves as the banner for Vermont’s Army and Air National Guard.
The flag adopted by the Vermont Republic served originally as an infantry banner for the Green Mountain Boys, and still serves as the banner for Vermont’s Army and Air National Guard. The term Vermont Republic has been used by 20th and 21st century writers to describe the period of the U The Green Mountain Boys were historically the militia of the Vermont Republic. The Vermont National Guard is composed of the Vermont Army National Guard and the Vermont Air National Guard.
The Old Constitution House at Windsor, where the Constitution of Vermont was adopted on July 8, 1777.
The Old Constitution House at Windsor, where the Constitution of Vermont was adopted on July 8, 1777. The Old Constitution House located at Windsor in the US state of Vermont is the birthplace of the Vermont Republic and the Constitution of the State Windsor is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. The population was 3756 at the 2000 census The Constitution of Vermont was Vermont's Constitution when it existed as the independent Vermont Republic from 1777 to 1791. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

The first European to see Vermont is thought to have been Jacques Cartier, in 1535. Jacques Cartier (December 31 1491&ndashSeptember 1 1557 was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France On July 30, 1609, French explorer Samuel de Champlain claimed Vermont as part of New France, and erected Fort Sainte Anne on Isle La Motte in 1666 as part of the fortification of Lake Champlain. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Isle La Motte is an island and town in Grand Isle County, Vermont, United States. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for This was the first European settlement in Vermont and the site of the state's first Roman Catholic Mass. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church.

In 1690, a group of Dutch-British settlers from Albany established a settlement and trading post at Chimney Point (eight miles or 13 km west of present-day Addison). The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. Addison is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. It was founded October 14, 1761.

The first permanent British settlement was established in 1724, with the construction of Fort Dummer protecting the nearby settlements of Dummerston and Brattleboro. Fort Dummer was a British fort built in 1724 by the colonial militia of the Province of Massachusetts Bay under the command of Lieutenant Timothy Dwight Dummerston is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States. Brattleboro is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States, located in the southeast corner of the state along the state line with New Hampshire These settlements were made by the Province of Massachusetts Bay to buffer its settlers on the western border along the Connecticut River. The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a crown colony chartered October 7, 1691 in North America by William and Mary, the joint The Connecticut River is the largest River in New England, flowing south from the Connecticut Lakes in northern New Hampshire, along the border

In 1731, more French settlers arrived. They constructed a small temporary wooden stockade. This was replaced by a fort in 1734. The fort, when completed, gave the French control of the New France/Vermont border region in the Lake Champlain Valley and was the only permanent fort in the area until the building of Fort Carillon more than 20 years later.

The government encouraged French colonization, leading to the development of small French settlements in the valley. The British attempted to take the Fort St. Frédéric four times between 1755 and 1758; in 1759, a combined force of 12,000 British regular and provincial troops under Sir Jeffrey Amherst captured the fort. Field Marshal Jeffery Amherst 1st Baron Amherst of Montreal KB (sometimes spelled Geoffrey, or Jeffrey, he himself spelled his name as The French were driven out of the area and retreated to other forts along the Richelieu River. The Richelieu River is a river in Quebec, Canada. It flows from Lake Champlain about 171 km (106 miles north ending into the St One year later a group of Mohawks burnt the settlement to the ground, leaving only chimneys, which gave the area its name. Mohawk ( Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint" are an indigenous people of North America

The second British settlement was the 1761 founding of Bennington.

During the French and Indian War, some Vermont settlers, including Ethan Allen, joined the colonial militia assisting the British in attacks on the French. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. Ethan Allen (January 10 1738 – February 12 1789 was an early American revolutionary and guerrilla leader who fought against the Province of New York Fort Carillon on the New York-Vermont border, a French fort constructed in 1755, was the site of two British offensives under Lord Amherst's command: the unsuccessful British attack in 1758 and the retaking of the following year with no major resistance (most of the garrison had been removed to defend Quebec, Montreal, and the western forts). Fort Ticonderoga is a large Eighteenth-century Fort built at a strategically important narrows in Lake Champlain where a short traverse gives access New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Battle of Carillon was fought at Fort Carillon (later known as Fort Ticonderoga) on the shore of Lake Champlain on what was then the border between The Battle of Ticonderoga, fought on June 27, 1759, was an engagement of the French and Indian War. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The British renamed the fort Fort Ticonderoga (which became the site of two later battles during the American Revolutionary War). Fort Ticonderoga is a large Eighteenth-century Fort built at a strategically important narrows in Lake Champlain where a short traverse gives access In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Following France's loss in the French and Indian War, the 1763 Treaty of Paris gave control of the land to the British. The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain

The end of the war brought new settlers to Vermont. A fort at Crown Point had been built, and the Crown Point Military Road stretched from the east to the west of the Vermont wilderness from Springfield to Chimney Point, making travel from the neighboring British colonies easier. Crown Point is a Town in Essex County, New York, USA. The population was 2119 at the 2000 census Springfield is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States.

Three colonies, Massachusetts, New York, and New Hampshire, laid claim to what is now Vermont. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. All had royal charters, issued under different kings, to prove these conflicting claims. In 1741, George II ruled that Massachusetts's claims in Vermont and New Hampshire were invalid and fixed Massachusetts's northern boundary at its present location. This still left New Hampshire and New York with conflicting claims to the land.

The situation resulted in the New Hampshire Grants, a series of 135 land grants made between 1749 and 1764. The New Hampshire Grants or Benning Wentworth Grants were Land grants made between 1749 and 1764 by the provincial governor of New Hampshire, A land grant is a gift of Real estate - land or privileges - made by a government or other authority as a Reward for services The grants sparked a dispute with New York, who began granting charters of their own to New Yorkers. In 1770, Ethan Allen, his brothers Ira and Levi, and Seth Warner recruited an informal militia, the Green Mountain Boys, to protect the interests of the original New Hampshire settlers against the new migrants from New York. Ira Allen ( April 21, 1751 - January 7, 1814) was one of the founders of Vermont and leaders of the Green Mountain Boys The Green Mountain Boys were historically the militia of the Vermont Republic. When a New York judge arrived in Westminster with New York settlers in March 1775, violence broke out as angry citizens took over the courthouse and called a sheriff's posse. Westminster (village Vermont Westminster is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States. For the Arlington Virginia neighborhood see Courthouse Virginia A courthouse (sometimes spelled court house) is a building This resulted in the deaths of Daniel Houghton and William French in the "Westminster Massacre. "

Independence and statehood

Vellum manuscript of the Constitution of Vermont, 1777. This constitution was amended in 1786, and again in 1793 following Vermont's admission to the federal union in 1791.
Vellum manuscript of the Constitution of Vermont, 1777. This constitution was amended in 1786, and again in 1793 following Vermont's admission to the federal union in 1791.
1790 Act of Congress admitting Vermont to the federal union. Statehood began on March 4, 1791.
1790 Act of Congress admitting Vermont to the federal union. Statehood began on March 4, 1791.
The gold leaf dome of the neoclassical Vermont State House (Capitol) in Montpelier designed by Ammi B. Young and amplified by Thomas Silloway.
The gold leaf dome of the neoclassical Vermont State House (Capitol) in Montpelier designed by Ammi B. Metal leaf is a thin foil used for decoration It is also called composition leaf or schlagmetal. A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo The Vermont State House, located in Montpelier Vermont, is the capitol and seat of Vermont General Assembly. Montpelier (mɒntˈpiːljɚ is a city in the US state of Vermont that serves as the state Capital and Young and amplified by Thomas Silloway.

In the summer of 1776, the first general convention of freemen met "to take suitable measures to declare the New Hampshire Grants a free and independent district. Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a "[10] On January 18, 1777, representatives of the New Hampshire Grants declared the independence of the Vermont. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The term Vermont Republic has been used by 20th and 21st century writers to describe the period of the U [11] For the first six months of the state's existence, the state was called New Connecticut. The term Vermont Republic has been used by 20th and 21st century writers to describe the period of the U [12]

On June 2, 1777, a second convention of 72 delegates met to adopt the name "Vermont. " This was on the advice of a friendly Pennsylvanian who wrote them on how to achieve admission into the newly independent United States as the 14th state. [13] On July 4, the Constitution of Vermont was drafted at the Windsor Tavern adopted by the delegates on July 8. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples The Constitution of Vermont was Vermont's Constitution when it existed as the independent Vermont Republic from 1777 to 1791. The Old Constitution House located at Windsor in the US state of Vermont is the birthplace of the Vermont Republic and the Constitution of the State This was among the first written constitutions in North America and was indisputably the first to abolish the institution of slavery, provide for universal manhood suffrage and require support of public schools.

Revolutionary War

Main article: Battle of Bennington

The Battle of Bennington, fought on August 16, 1777, was a seminal event in the history of the state of Vermont. Battle On the afternoon of August 16, 1777, the weather cleared and Stark ordered his men ready to attack Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The nascent republican government, created after years of political turmoil, faced challenges from New York, New Hampshire, Great Britain and the new United States, none of which recognized its sovereignty. The republic's ability to defeat a powerful military invader gave it a legitimacy among its scattered frontier society that would sustain it through fourteen years of fragile independence before it finally achieved statehood as the 14th state in the union in 1791.

General Burgoyne received intelligence that large stores of horses, food and munitions were kept at Bennington, which was the largest community in the land grant area. He dispatched 2,600 men, nearly a third of his army, to seize the colonial storehouse there, unaware that General Stark's New Hampshire troops were then traversing the Green Mountains to join up at Bennington with the Vermont continental regiments commanded by Colonel Seth Warner, together with the local Vermont and western Massachusetts militia. The combined American forces, under Stark's command, attacked the British column at Hoosick, New York, just across the border from Bennington. Hoosick is a Town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States. In a desperate, all-day battle fought in intense summer heat, the army of yankee farmers killed or captured virtually the entire British detachment. The term Yankee, sometimes abbreviated to Yank, has a few related meanings often referring to someone of U General Burgoyne never recovered from this loss and eventually surrendered the remainder of his 6,000-man force at Saratoga, New York, on October 17. Saratoga is a Town in Saratoga County, New York, United States. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost

Battles of Bennington and Saratoga are recognized as the turning point in the Revolutionary War because they were the first major defeat of a British army and convinced the French that the Americans were worthy of military aid. Battle On the afternoon of August 16, 1777, the weather cleared and Stark ordered his men ready to attack Background See also Saratoga campaign The British plan and Howe's blunder The original conception of the campaign had been for Burgoyne with some eight Stark became widely known as the "Hero of Bennington", and the anniversary of the battle is still celebrated in Vermont as a legal holiday known as "Bennington Battle Day. " Under the portico of the Vermont Statehouse, next to an heroic granite statue of Ethan Allen, there is a brass cannon that was captured from the British troops at the Battle of Bennington.

Statehood and the ante-bellum era

Vermont continued to govern itself as a sovereign entity based in the eastern town of Windsor for fourteen years. The independent state of Vermont issued its own coinage, called Vermont coppers, from a mint operated by Reuben Harmon in East Rupert (1785-1788)[14] and operated a statewide postal service. Vermont coppers is the name given to copper coins issued by the Vermont Republic. Year 1785 ( MDCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1788 ( MDCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Thomas Chittenden, who came to Vermont from Connecticut in 1774, acted as head of state, using the term governor over president. Thomas Chittenden ( January 6, 1730 August 25, 1797) was an important figure in the founding of Vermont. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Chittenden governed the nascent republic from 1778 to 1789 and from 1790 to 1791. Chittenden exchanged ambassadors with France, the Netherlands, and the American government then at Philadelphia. In 1791, Vermont joined the federal Union as the fourteenth state–the first state to enter the union after the original thirteen colonies, and a counterweight to slave holding Kentucky, which was admitted to the Union shortly afterward. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America.

Vermont had a unicameral legislature until 1836. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber

An 1854 Vermont Senate report on slavery fueled growth of the abolition movement in the state. The Vermont Senate is the Upper house of the Vermont General Assembly, the state legislature of the U The mid to late 1850s saw a transition from Vermonters mostly favoring slavery's containment, to a far more serious opposition to the institution, producing the Radical Republican and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens. The Radical Republicans is a term applied to a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Thaddeus Stevens ( April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868) of Pennsylvania, was a Republican leader and one of the most powerful As the Whig party shriveled, and the Republican Party emerged, Vermont strongly trended in support of its candidates, first on the state level and later for the presidency. In 1860 it voted for President Abraham Lincoln, giving him the largest margin of victory of any state. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal

The Civil War

Main article: Vermont in the American Civil War

During the American Civil War, Vermont sent more than 34,000 men into United States service, contributing 18 regiments of infantry and cavalry, three batteries of light artillery, three companies of sharpshooters, two companies of frontier cavalry, and thousands in the regular army and navy, and in other states’ units. During the American Civil War, the State of Vermont continued the military tradition started by the Green Mountain Boys of Revolutionary Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Infantry is the oldest and most numerous of the Combat Arms in the Armed forces, and consists The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine The Frontier Cavalry was a volunteer Cavalry Regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Almost 5,200 Vermonters, 15%, were killed or mortally wounded in action or died of disease. Vermonters, if not Vermont units, participated in every major battle of the war.

A large proportion of Vermont’s state and national-level politicians for several decades after the Civil War were veterans.

The northernmost land action of the war, the St. Albans Raid, took place in Vermont. The St Albans Raid was the northernmost land action of the American Civil War, taking place in St

Postbellum era and beyond

The two decades following the end of the American Civil War (1864-1885) saw both economic expansion and contraction, and fairly dramatic social change. Vermont's system of railroads expanded and was linked to national systems, agricultural output and export soared and incomes increased. But Vermont also felt the effects of recessions and financial panics, particularly the 1873 Panic which resulted in a substantial exodus of young Vermonters. The Panic of 1873 was the start of the Long Depression, a severe nationwide economic depression in the United States that lasted until 1879 The transition in thinking about the rights of citizens fueled agitation for women's suffrage. The first election in which women were allowed to vote was on December 18, 1880, when women were granted limited suffrage and were first allowed to vote in town elections, and then in state legislative races. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally

Large-scale flooding occurred in early November 1927. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge During this incident, 85 people died, 84 of them in Vermont. Another flood occurred in 1973, when the flood caused the death of two people and millions of dollars in property damage.

On April 25, 2000, as a result of the Vermont Supreme Court's decision in Baker v. Vermont, the Vermont General Assembly passed and Governor Howard Dean signed into law H. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Vermont Supreme Court is the highest Judicial authority of the U Baker v Vermont was decided in 1999 by the Vermont Supreme Court. The Vermont General Assembly is the legislative body of the U Howard Brush Dean III, (born November 17 1948 is an American 0847, which provided the state sanctioned benefits of marriage to gay and lesbian couples in the form of civil unions. A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. Controversy over the civil unions bill was a central issue in the subsequent 2000 elections.

Demographics

Population

Historical populations
Census Pop.  %±
1790 85,425
—
1800 154,465 80. 8%
1810 217,895 41. 1%
1820 235,981 8. 3%
1830 280,652 18. 9%
1840 291,948 4. 0%
1850 314,120 7. 6%
1860 315,098 0. 3%
1870 330,551 4. 9%
1880 332,286 0. 5%
1890 332,422 0. 0%
1900 343,641 3. 4%
1910 355,956 3. 6%
1920 352,428 -1. 0%
1930 359,611 2. 0%
1940 359,231 -0. 1%
1950 377,747 5. 2%
1960 389,881 3. 2%
1970 444,330 14. 0%
1980 511,456 15. 1%
1990 562,758 10. 0%
2000 608,827 8. 2%

The center of population of Vermont is located in Washington County, in the town of Warren. In Demographics, the center of population of a region is the geographical point nearest to all the inhabitants of that region on average Washington County is a County located in the US state of Vermont. Warren is a town in Washington County, Vermont, United States. [15]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2005, Vermont has an estimated population of 623,050, which is an increase of 1,817, or 0. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census 3%, from the prior year and an increase of 14,223, or 2. 3%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 7,148 people (that is 33,606 births minus 26,458 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 7,889 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 4,359 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 3,530 people.

Race and gender

Demographics of Vermont (csv)
By race White Black AIAN* Asian NHPI*
2000 (total population) 98. 12% 0. 76% 1. 05% 1. 09% 0. 05%
2000 (Hispanic only) 0. 83% 0. 06% 0. 04% 0. 02% 0. 01%
2005 (total population) 97. 95% 0. 89% 0. 97% 1. 24% 0. 04%
2005 (Hispanic only) 1. 03% 0. 06% 0. 04% 0. 01% 0. 00%
Growth 2000–05 (total population) 2. 16% 20. 33% -5. 49% 16. 42% -9. 09%
Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) 1. 94% 21. 76% -5. 13% 17. 31% -2. 66%
Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) 26. 76% 2. 62% -13. 81% -39. 42% -46. 67%
* AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
Vermont Population Density Map
Vermont Population Density Map

Vermont's population is:

Among the 50 states and the District of Columbia, Vermont ranks:

Ethnicity and language

The largest ancestry groups are:

Residents of British ancestry (especially English) live throughout most of Vermont. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The northern part of the state maintains a significant percentage of people of French-Canadian ancestry.

In the last two decades, the Burlington area has welcomed the resettlement of several refugee communities. These include individuals and families from South East Asia, Bosnia, Sudan, Somalia, Burundi and Tibet. These communities have grown to include non-refugees and in some cases are several generations in the making.

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 2. 54% of the population aged 5 and over speak French at home, while 1. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people 00% speak Spanish [2].

Religion

Religious Distribution[19] of Vermont
Religion Percentage
Christian 67%
    Roman Catholic 38%
    Protestant 29%
        Congregational/United Church of Christ 6%
        Methodist 6%
        Episcopal 4%
        Other Christian 4%
        Baptist 3%
        Other Protestant 2%
        Assemblies of God 1%
        Evangelical 1%
        Seventh-day Adventist 1%
        Non-Denominational 1%
Other Religions 2%
No Religion 22%
Declined to answer 8%

In colonial times, like many of its neighboring states, Vermont's largest religious affiliation was Congregationalism. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Roman Catholicism in the United States has grown dramatically over the country's history from being a tiny minority faith during the time of the Thirteen Colonies Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. The World Assemblies of God Fellowship, or Assemblies of God for short is the world's largest Pentecostal denomination with over 283413 churches and outstations Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel The Seventh-day Adventist (abbreviated " Adventist " Church is a Christian denomination which is distinguished mainly by its observance Congregationalist polity, often known as congregationalism is a system of Church governance in which every Local church congregation is independent In 1776, 63% of affiliated church members in Vermont were Congregationalists. At that time, however, only 9% of people belonged to a specific church due to the remotness of population centers. The Congregational United Church of Christ remains the largest Protestant denomination and Vermont has the largest percentage of this denomination of any state. The United Church of Christ ( UCC) is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination principally in the United States, [20]

Today more than two-thirds of Vermont residents identify themselves as Christians. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings This number includes a body of Christian Lebanese stoneworkers who fled Moslem intolerance in their home country. The largest single religious body in the state is the Roman Catholic Church. A Catholic Church survey in 1990 reported that 25% of Vermonters were members of the Catholic Church, although more than that self-identify as Catholics.

Twenty-four percent of Vermonters attend church regularly. This low is matched only by New Hampshire. [21]

Over one-fifth of Vermonters identify themselves as non-religious, tying Vermont with Oregon as having the second-highest percentage of non-religious people in the United States. Only Washington State has a higher percentage.

Almost one-third of Vermonters are self-identified Protestants. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The largest Protestant denomination in the state is the United Church of Christ, and the second largest is the United Methodist Church, followed by Episcopalians, "other" Christians, and Baptists. The United Methodist Church is the largest Methodist denomination and the second largest Protestant denomination in the United States. The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. The American Baptist Churches USA ( ABCUSA) is a group of Baptist Churches within the United States; the denomination maintains headquarters in

Joseph Smith, Jr. and Brigham Young—the first two leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints—were both born in Vermont. Brigham Young (June 1 1801 &ndash August 29 1877 was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known Adherents to the Mormon faith, however, do not make up a single percentage point of Vermont's population. A memorial to Joseph Smith, at his birthplace in Sharon, is maintained by the LDS.

The state has 5,000 people of Jewish faith - 3000 in Burlington and 500 each in Montpelier-Barre and Rutland—and four Reform and two Conservative congregations. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions Conservative Judaism (also known as Masorti Judaism in Israel and Europe) is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out [22]

Vermont has the highest concentration of western-convert Buddhists in the country. A number of noted individuals have been Buddhists. Historical Buddhist thinkers and founders of schools Individuals are grouped by nationality except in cases where the It is home to several Buddhist retreat centers. [23]

Other religions include The Society of Friends (Quakers), Shinto, Wicca, Moslem, and Pagan.

Economy

In 2007, Vermont was ranked 32nd among states in which to do business. It was 30th the previous year. [24]

According to the 2005 U. S. Bureau of Economic Analysis report, Vermont’s gross state product (GSP) was $23 billion. Gross state product (or gross regional product) is a measurement of the economic output of a state or Province. This places the state 50th among the 50 states. It stood 38th in per capita GSP. [25][26] The per capita personal income was $32,770 in 2004.

Components of GSP were:[27][28]

Canada is Vermont's number one external trading partner, followed by Taiwan. [29]

Vermont is the only one of the contiguous 48 states without a Target store. Target Corporation ( is an American Retailing company that was founded in Minneapolis Minnesota in 1902

Agriculture

Vermont ranks first nationally in craft breweries per capita.
Vermont ranks first nationally in craft breweries per capita. US state of Vermont is home to several breweries that produce a wide variety of Beer. [30]

Agriculture contributes $2. 6 billion,[31] about 12%, directly and indirectly to the state's economy. [32]

Over the past two centuries logging has fallen off as over-cutting and the exploitation of other forests made Vermont's forest less attractive. Loss of farms has had the beneficial effect of allowing Vermont's land and forest to recover. The accompanying lack of industry has allowed Vermont to avoid many of the ill-effects of 20th century industrial busts, effects that still plague neighboring states. Today, most of Vermont's forests consist of second-growth.

Of the remaining industries, dairy farming is the primary source of agricultural income. Dairy farming is a class of agricultural, or an Animal husbandry enterprise for long-term production of Milk, which may be either processed on-site or

In the last half of the twentienth century, developers have had plans to build condos and houses on what was relatively inexpensive, open land. A condominium, or condo, is a form of Housing tenure and other Real property where a specified part of a piece of real estate (usually of an apartment Vermont's government has responded with a series of laws controlling development and with some pioneering initiatives to prevent the loss of Vermont's dairy industry.

In 1947 there were 11,206 dairy farms in the state. In 2003 there were fewer than 1,500, a decline of 80%. The number of cattle had declined by 40%. However, milk production had doubled in the same period due to tripling the production per cow. [33] In 2007, there were 1,087 farms left, down from 1,138 in 2006. While milk production rose, Vermont's market share declined. Within a group of states supplying the Boston-NYC market,[34] Vermont was third with a 10. 6% share of the market. [35][36]

A significant amount of milk is shipped into the Boston market. Therefore the Commonwealth of Massachusetts certifies that Vermont farms meet Massachusetts sanitary standards. Without this certification, a farmer may not sell milk for distribution into the bulk market. [37]

An important and growing part of Vermont's economy is the manufacture and sale of artisan foods, fancy foods, and novelty items trading in part upon the Vermont "brand" which the state manages and defends. Examples of these specialty exports include Cabot Cheese, the Vermont Teddy Bear Company, Fine Paints of Europe, Vermont Butter and Cheese Company, several micro breweries, ginseng growers, Burton Snowboards, Lake Champlain Chocolates, King Arthur Flour, and Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream. The Cabot Creamery Cooperative is an American Dairy marketing cooperative started in 1919 by farmers in Cabot, Vermont. The Vermont Teddy Bear Company is one of the largest producers of Teddy bears and the largest seller of teddy bears by Mail order and Internet. Fine Paints of Europe located in the US state of Vermont is the exclusive North American importer of paints and varnishes manufactured in the Netherlands by Wijzonol Bouwverven B US state of Vermont is home to several breweries that produce a wide variety of Beer. Lake Champlain Chocolates is a privately held Chocolate manufacturer located in Burlington Vermont. The King Arthur Flour Company, formerly the Sands Taylor & Wood Company, is an American Miller and retailer of specialty Flours Cookbooks B&J redirects here For the beverage company see Bartles and Jaymes.

In 2001, Vermont produced 275,000 US gallons (1,040,000 L) of maple syrup, about one-quarter of U. S. production. For 2005 that number was 410,000 accounting for 37% of national production. [38]

In 2000, only 3% of the state's working population was still engaged in agriculture. [39]

Wine industry started in Vermont in 1985. There are 14 wineries today. [40]

Manufacturing

IBM, in Essex Junction, is Vermont's largest for-profit employer. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology It provides 25% of all manufacturing jobs in Vermont. In 2007 it employed 6,800 workers. [41] It is responsible for $1 billion of the state's annual economy. [42]

Housing

In 2007 Vermont was the 17th highest state in the nation for mortgage affordability. However, in 41 other states, inhabitants contributed within plus or minus 4% of Vermont's 18. 4% of household income to a mortgage. [43]

Housing prices did not rise that much during the early 2000s. As a result, the collapse in real estate values was not that precipitous either. While foreclosure rose significantly in 2007, the state stood 50th (last) in ratio of foreclosure filings to households. [44]

In 2007, Vermont was best in the country for construction of new energy efficient homes as evaluated by the EPA under the Energy Star program. Energy Star is an international standard for energy efficient Consumer products [45]

Labor

As of 2006, there were 305,000 workers in Vermont. 11% of these are unionized. [46][47] A 2007 survey claimed that Vermonters were the least satisfied with their job in the whole nation and were the most likely to be making plans to leave. [48]

Insurance

Captive insurance plays an increasingly large role in Vermont's economy. Captive insurance companies are Insurance companies established with the specific objective of financing risks emanating from their parent group or groups but they sometimes With this form of alternative insurance, large corporations or industry associations form standalone insurance companies to insure their own risks, thereby substantially reducing their insurance premiums and gaining a significant measure of control over types of risks to be covered. There are also significant tax advantages to be gained from the formation and operation of captive insurance companies. According to the Insurance Information Institute, Vermont in 2004 was the world's third-largest domicile for captive insurance companies, following Bermuda and the Cayman Islands. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Cayman Islands are a British overseas territory located in the western Caribbean Sea, comprising the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac [49]

Tourism

Tourism is a large industry in the state. In winter, the ski resorts Stowe, Killington Ski Resort, Mad River Glen, Sugarbush, Stratton, Jay Peak, Okemo, Suicide Six, Mount Snow and Bromley host skiers from around the globe, although their largest markets are the Boston, Montreal and New York metropolitan areas. Mount Mansfield is the highest mountain in the US state of Vermont. Killington Mountain Resort & Ski Area is a Ski resort near Killington, Vermont. Mad River Glen is a ski area in Fayston, Vermont, United States. Sugarbush Resort is a Ski resort located in the Mad River Valley in Warren, Vermont. Stratton is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States. Jay Peak Resort is an American Ski resort located on Jay Peak, outside the small Village of Jay, Vermont in the Green Okemo Mountain Resort is a Ski resort located in Ludlow, Vermont. Suicide Six is the name of a Ski resort in Woodstock, Vermont. Mount Snow is a mountain and Ski area in southern Vermont located in the Green Mountains. Bromley Mountain is a Mountain in the Green Mountains of southern Vermont, United States. In the summer, resort towns like Stowe, Manchester, Wilmington and Woodstock host visitors. Stowe is a town in Lamoille County, Vermont, and is a major four-season destination resort Manchester is a town in and one of two shire towns ( County seats of Bennington County, Vermont, United States. Wilmington is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States. Woodstock is a town in and the shire town ( County seat) of Windsor County, Vermont, in the United States. Resorts, hotels, restaurants, and shops, designed to attract tourists, employ people year-round.

Lake Champlain.
Lake Champlain.

Summer camps contribute to Vermont's tourist economy. Trout fishing, lake fishing, and ice fishing draw outdoor enthusiasts to the state, as does the hiking on the Long Trail. Trout is the common name given to a number of Species of Freshwater Fish belonging to the Salmonidae family Ice fishing is the Activity of catching fish with lines and fish hooks or spears through an opening in the Ice on a frozen body of Water The Long Trail is a hiking Trail located in Vermont running the length of the state In winter, nordic and backcountry skiers visit to travel the length of the state on the Catamount Trail. The Catamount Trail is a 300+ mile nordic ski trail that spans the length of Vermont, extending from the border with Massachusetts (Readsboro Vermont to the Canadian border (North Troy Several horse shows are annual events. A Horse show is a judged exhibition of Horses and ponies. Many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines hold competitions worldwide Vermont's state parks, historic sites, museums, golf courses, and new boutique hotels with spas were designed to attract tourists.

Quarrying

The towns of Rutland and Barre are the traditional centers of marble and granite quarrying and carving in the U. Rutland is a town in Rutland County, Vermont, United States. The population was 4038 at the 2000 census Barre is a town in Washington County, Vermont, United States. S. For many years Vermont was also the headquarters of the smallest union in the U. S. , the Stonecutters Association, of about 500 members. The first marble quarry in America was on Mount Aeolus overlooking East Dorset. [50] Up the western side of the state runs the "Marble Valley" joining up with the "Slate Valley" that runs from just inside New York across from Chimney Point until it meets the "Granite Valley" that runs west past Barre, home of the Rock of Ages quarry, the largest granite quarry in America. Vermont is the largest producer of slate in the country. [51] Production of dimension stone is the greatest producer of revenues by quarrying.

Taxes

In 2007 Vermont stood 14th highest out of 50 states and the District of Columbia for state and local taxation, with a per capita load of $3,681. The national average was $3,447. [52] However, CNNMoney ranked Vermont highest in the nation based on the percentage of per capita income. The rankings showed Vermont had a per capita tax load of $5,387, 14. 1% of the per capita income of $38,306. [53]

Vermont collects personal income tax in a progressive structure of five different income brackets, ranging from 3. 6% to 9. 5%.

Vermont's general sales tax rate is 6%, which is imposed on sales of tangible personal property, amusement charges, fabrication charges, some public utility charges and some service contracts (some towns and cities impose an additional 1% Local Option Tax). A sales tax is a Consumption tax charged at the Point of purchase for certain goods and services There are 46 exemptions from the tax which include medical items, food, manufacturing machinery, equipment and fuel, residential fuel and electricity, clothing, and shoes. A use tax is imposed on the buyer at the same rate as the sales tax. A use tax is a type of Excise tax levied in the United States. The buyer pays the use tax when the sellers fails to collect the sales tax or the items are purchased from a source where no tax is collected. The use tax applies to items taxable under the sales tax. Property taxes are imposed for the support of education and municipal services. Property tax, or millage tax, is an Ad valorem tax that an owner pays on the value of the property being taxed

Vermont does not assess tax on intangible personal property. Intangible property, also known as incorporeal property describes something which a person or Corporation can have ownership of and can transfer ownership of to another person Personal property is a type of Property. In the Common law systems personal property may also be called chattels or personalty. Vermont does not collect inheritance taxes; however, its estate tax is decoupled from the federal estate tax laws and therefore the state still imposes its own estate tax. Estate tax and Death duty redirect here Inheritance tax, estate tax and death duty are the names given to various taxes which Estate tax and Death duty redirect here Inheritance tax, estate tax and death duty are the names given to various taxes which

Government finances

Vermont is the only state in the union not to have a balanced budget requirement. [54] In 2007, Moody's Investors Service gave its top rating of Aaa to the state. [55]

Transportation

Vermont's main mode of travel is by automobile. Individual communities and counties have public transit, but their breadth of coverage is frequently limited. Greyhound Lines services a number of small towns. Greyhound Lines is an intercity Common carrier of passengers by Bus serving over 3700 destinations in the United States. Two Amtrak trains serve Vermont. The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, Doing business as Amtrak, is a Government-owned corporation that was organized on May 1, 1971 The Ethan Allen Express serves Rutland and Fair Haven, while the Vermonter serves Saint Albans, Essex Junction, Waterbury, Montpelier, Randolph, White River Junction, Windsor, Bellows Falls and Brattleboro. The Ethan Allen Express is a 241-mile (388 km Passenger train operated by Amtrak between New York City and Rutland Vermont History Montrealer The Montrealer was originally a service of the Boston and Maine Railroad (BM running between Montreal and Washington St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around north of central London. Essex Junction is a village in the town of Essex, Chittenden County, Vermont, United States incorporated on November 15, 1892 White River Junction is a Census-designated place (CDP in the town of Hartford in Windsor County, Vermont, United States Bellows Falls is an incorporated Village located in the town of Rockingham in Windham County, Vermont, United States. Brattleboro is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States, located in the southeast corner of the state along the state line with New Hampshire

For a more detailed explanation see a List of Routes in Vermont. The Vermont Agency of Transportation owns and maintains a network of State highways within Vermont.

Major routes

North-South routes

East-West routes

A 2005-6 study ranked Vermont 37th out of the states for "cost-effective road maintenance", a decline of 13 places since 2004-5. [56]

Federal data indicates that 16% of Vermont's 2,691 bridges had been rated structurally deficient by the state in 2006. [57] In 2007 Vermont had the sixth worst percentage of structurally deficient bridges in the country. [58]

Local community public and private transportation

Airports

Vermont is served by two commercial airports:

Media

Utilities and communication

(Above percentages are of population, not of land area. )

Cell phone coverage in the state, generally, outside of the major metropolitan areas is weak due to interference from mountains, the attempt to serve a small rural population living in a large area rendering investment in improvements uneconomical, and environmentalists' opposition to towers. [60] Unicel, focusing on rural areas, has better coverage. Unicel is a brand of Mobile phone service from Rural Cellular Corporation. [61]

In summer of 2007, Verizon Wireless announced that it would purchase Unicel (Rural Cellular) in Vermont and 14 other states for $2. 67 billion dollars during the first half of 2008. Some state officials and Unicel subscribers have opposed this purchase. [62]

In May 2007, Vermont passed measures intended to make broadband (3 mbits minimum) together with cellular coverage universally available to all citizens with the intention of having the first e-state in the Union by 2010. [63]

In 2008 Comcast started to extend additional cable access throughout the state. Comcast Corporation ( is the largest Cable television company the second largest Internet service provider and (according to the company the fourth largest telephone [64] In 2007, 2/3 of all Vermonters had access to cable. At the end of this 2008 initiative, 90% of Vermonters will have access.

Law and government

Main article: Government of Vermont

Vermont is represented in the United States Congress by two senators and one representative. The Government of Vermont has a democratic republic for its form of state Government, similar to the government of the United States, of which The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses

The state is governed by a constitution which divides governmental duties into three branches, typical of a US state: legislative, executive and judicial. All members of the executive and legislative branch serve two-year terms including the governor and 50 senators. There are no term limits for any office. See also Rotation in office A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office The state capital is in Montpelier.

There are three types of incorporated municipalities in Vermont, towns, cities and villages. Like most of New England, there is slight provision for autonomous county government. Counties and county seats are merely convenient repositories for various government services such as County and State Courts, with several elected officers such as a State's Attorney and Sheriff. All county services are directly funded by the State of Vermont. The next effective governmental level below state government are municipalities. Most of these are towns. [65]

An in-depth evaluation of government ranked Vermont high compared to other states. It ranked highest in "small discrete issues and huge global ones. " It performed poorly in the issues in-between and planning for the future. [66]

Political

Main article: Politics of Vermont
See also: United States Congressional Delegations from Vermont and Category:Vermont elections

Vermonters have been known for their political independence. An in-depth evaluation These are tables of congressional delegations from Vermont to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Vermont is one of four states that were once independent (the others being Texas, California, and Hawaii). The term Vermont Republic has been used by 20th and 21st century writers to describe the period of the U It has sometimes voted contrarian in national elections. Notably, Vermont is the only state to have voted for a presidential candidate from the Anti-Masonic Party, and Vermont and Maine were the only states to vote against Franklin D. Roosevelt in his second election. The Anti-Masonic Party (also known as the Anti-Masonic Movement) was a 19th century minor Political party in the United States. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

Vermont's unique history and history of independent political thought has led to movements for the establishment of the Second Vermont Republic and other plans advocating secession. Second Vermont Republic (SVR is a Secessionist group within the U Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity [67] In 2007, about 13% of Vermont's population supported Vermont's withdrawal from the Republic. The percentage who supported this in 2005 was 8%. [68][69]

Republicans dominated Vermont politics from the party's founding in 1854 until the mid-1970s. Prior to the 1960s, rural interests dominated the legislature. As a result, cities, particularly the older sections of Burlington and Winooski, were neglected and fell into decay. People began to move out to newer suburbs.

In the meantime, many people had moved in from out of state. Much of this immigration included the arrival of more liberal political influences of the urban areas of New York and New England in Vermont. [70]

After the legislature was redistricted under one-person, one-vote, it passed legislation to accommodate these new arrivals. This legislation was the Land Use and Development Law (Act 250) in 1970. In the spring of 1970 the Vermont legislature passed Act 250 known as the Land Use and Development Act The law, which was the first of its kind in the nation, created nine District Environmental Commissions consisting of private citizens, appointed by the Governor, who must approve land development and subdivision plans that would have a significant impact on the state's environment and many small communities.

As a result of Act 250, Vermont was the last state to get a Wal-Mart (there are four, as of March 2008, but only the Williston store was new construction).

Another case involves the recent controversy over the adoption of civil unions, an institution which grants same-sex couples nearly all the rights and privileges of marriage. A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** In Baker v. Vermont (1999), the Vermont Supreme Court ruled that, under the Constitution of Vermont, the state must either allow same-sex marriage or provide a separate but equal status for them. Baker v Vermont was decided in 1999 by the Vermont Supreme Court. The Constitution of the State of Vermont is the fundamental body of law of the U Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Separate But Equal is a 1991 American Television movie depicting the landmark Supreme Court Desegregation case The state legislature chose the second option by creating the institution of civil union; the bill was passed by the legislature and signed into law by Governor Howard Dean. A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. Howard Brush Dean III, (born November 17 1948 is an American

Vermont is one of only two states represented by a member of the United States Congress who does not currently associate with a political party: Senator Bernie Sanders describes his political views as socialist, but caucuses with the Democrats in the selection of the Senate leadership. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Bernard "Bernie" Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is the junior United States Senator from Vermont, elected on November Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. [71] In the early 1960s many progressive Vermont Republicans and newcomers to the state helped bolster the state's small Democratic Party. Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. Until 1992, Vermont had supported a Democrat for president only once since the party's founding—in Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 landslide victory against Barry Goldwater. In 1992, it supported Democrat Bill Clinton for president and has voted for Democrats in every presidential election since. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Vermont gave John Kerry his fourth-largest margin of victory in 2004. He won the state's popular vote by 20 percentage points over incumbent George W. Bush, taking almost 59% of the vote. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Essex County in the state's northeastern section was the only county to vote for Bush. Essex County is the County located in the northeastern part of the U Vermont still remains the only state that President Bush has not visited. [72]

On the other hand, Republican Governor Douglas won all counties but Windham in the 2006 election. Vermonters are frequent ticket-splitters. [73]

In 2007, when confronted with an allegedly liberal issue, assisted suicide for the terminally ill, the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives rejected the measure by a vote of 82-63. [74]

Minor parties flourish. Rules which eliminate smaller parties from the ballot in most states do not exist in Vermont. As a result, voters often have extensive choices for general elections.

A political issue has been Act 60, which balances taxation for education funding. This has resulted in the town of Killington trying to secede from Vermont and join New Hampshire due to what the locals say is an unfair tax burden. At the 2004 and 2005 Town Meetings, the citizens of the ski resort community of Killington Vermont voted in favor of pursuing Secession from New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. [75][76]

A movement favors separating Vermont from the U. S. or making it the 11th province of Canada. Some suggest the state should join Canada due to its liberal policies as opposed to remaining with the U. S. [77][78]

The Vermont constitution and the courts supports the right of a person to walk (fish and hunt) on any unposted, unfenced land. That is trespass must be proven by the owner; it is not automatically assumed. [79]

Taxation

Property taxes are levied by towns based on fair market appraisal. Rates vary from . 97% on homesteaded property in Ferdinand, Essex County, to 2. 72% on nonresidents property in Barre City. [80] Statewide towns average 1. 77% to 1. 82% tax rate. To equitably support education, some towns are required by Act 60 to send some of their collected taxes to be redistributed to school districts lacking adequate support. In June 1997 the Vermont legislature passed Act 60 known as the The Equal Educational Opportunity Act [81]

State lotteries

Money from state lotteries supply 2% of the annual expenditures for education. [82][83]

Public health and safety

Vermont was ranked number two in the nation for safety. Crime statistics on violence were used for the criteria. [84] Vermont has some of the least restrictive gun control laws in the country. A permit or license is not required for the purchase or concealed carry of a firearm (including handguns) by any law-abiding citizen. [85][86]

In 2007 Vermont was ranked number one in the nation as the healthiest place to live for the sixth time in seven years. Criteria included low teenage birth rate, strong health coverage, the lowest AIDS rate in the country, and 18 other factors. [87] In 2007, Vermont was ranked among the best five states in the country for preventing "premature death" in people under 75 years of age. The rate of survival was twice that of the five lowest performing states. [88]

In 2007, Vermont was ranked the third safest state for highway fatalities. [89]

In 2007, the Environmental Protection Agency cited Chittenden and Bennington as counties with 70 parts of smog per billion which is undesirable. [90]

Education

Vermont was named the nation's smartest state in 2005 and 2006. [91] In 2006, there was a gap between state testing standards and national which is biased in favor of the state standards by 30%, on average. This puts Vermont 11th best in the nation. Most states have a higher bias. [92]

The state authorized two more pre-K grades to the school system for the benefit of three and four year olds. Entry to these two grades is capped. [93]

According to one study, enrollment in kindergarten through 12th grade has declined by nearly 10 percent during the 1990s. During the same period total staff numbers have increased by more than 20 percent. Per pupil spending grew from $6,073 in 1990 to $13,664 in 2006. [94] A study by the Census Bureau lists Vermont with the fourth highest expenditure per pupil in the country at $11,835 for 2005. [95]

Academies and grammar schools

Vermont's 1777 constitution was the first in English-speaking North America to mandate public funding for universal education. This requirement was first met by elementary-level village schools with sessions held in the cooler months to accommodate farm work. Most schools educated similar numbers of girls and boys. Conditions in these schools varied, and the highest level of instruction was tenth grade. By the end of the eighteenth century, grammar schools, instructing students in English, algebra, geometry, Greek, and Latin, had been established at Bennington, Burlington, Castleton, Middlebury, Montpelier, and Windsor. These grammar schools were of a higher caliber than the smaller villages' schools, and the level of education at some was equivalent to college level.

By the middle nineteenth century, an expansion in settlement and the population of the state, coupled with increased prosperity, brought grammar schools to all corners of Vermont. Even the most remote Northeast Kingdom had established high-school-level instruction in Brownington, Craftsbury, Danville, Hardwick, and Newport. Many of these established grammar schools and academies, though not entirely public, received funds from area town governments in exchange for education of their students. As a system of public funding for primary and secondary education took root, many of these schools became municipal public schools. Several remained private, becoming private high-school-level academies, and several become colleges; the Orange County Grammar School became Vermont Technical College, the Rutland County Grammar School became Castleton State College, the Lamoille County Grammar School became Johnson State College, and the Addison County Grammar School became Middlebury College. Vermont Technical College is a public technical college located in the village of Randolph Center Vermont (in the town of Randolph Vermont) Castleton State College is a public liberal arts college located at Castleton in the U Johnson State College is a small public Liberal arts college, founded in 1828 by John Chesamore at Johnson in the U Middlebury College is a private liberal arts college located in Middlebury, Vermont, United States.

Educating teachers

In the 1860s a shortage of qualified teachers brought the establishment of state "normal schools," a term based on the French term école normale – a school to train teachers. The grammar schools at Castleton, Johnson, and Randolph Center became normal schools, additional normal schools were established in Concord and Lyndonville. Additional post secondary schools instructing students to become teachers were called seminaries. While several were nominally associated with Protestant churches, none were seminaries in the sense of training ministers. These seminars also graduated teachers to staff Vermont's growing number of primary and secondary schools.

The one-room school house

The one-room school house, born of small multi-age rural populations, continued well into the twentieth century. Rural towns without a single central village often built two to a half-dozen school houses across their terrain. Much of this came from a lack of transportation and a need for students to return home by mid afternoon for farm chores. By 1920 all public schools, including the one-room school houses, were regulated by the state government. In the early 1930s state legislation established a review and certification program similar to accreditation. Schools were issued regulations about teacher education and curriculum. Education quality in rural areas was maintained through a program called Vermont Standard Schools. Rural school houses meeting certification requirements displayed a green and white plaque with the Vermont coat of arms and the words "Vermont Standard School. "

Higher education

During the period of the Vermont Republic several towns on the east side of the Connecticut River were part of Vermont. The term Vermont Republic has been used by 20th and 21st century writers to describe the period of the U This included Hanover, and Dartmouth College. Statehood brought about establishment of the Connecticut River as a natural border. Having lost Dartmouth College, Ira Allen established the University of Vermont (UVM) in 1791 to complement the smaller college at Castleton. The University of Vermont is a national public research university and the state of Vermont's land-grant university By the mid-twentieth century all but one of the state normal schools, and many of the seminaries, had become four-year colleges of liberal arts and sciences. Experimentation at the University of Vermont by George Perkins Marsh, and later the influence of Vermont born philosopher and educator John Dewey brought about the concepts of electives and learning by doing. John Dewey (October 20 1859 &ndash June 1 1952 was an American Philosopher, Psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have Today Vermont has five colleges within the Vermont State Colleges system, UVM, fourteen other private, degree-granting colleges, including Middlebury College, a private, co-educational liberal arts college founded in 1800, Champlain College, a Burlington college founded in 1878, the Vermont Law School at Royalton, and Norwich University, the oldest private military college in the United States and birthplace of ROTC, founded in 1819. The Vermont State Colleges (VSC is the US state of Vermont's system of public colleges The University of Vermont is a national public research university and the state of Vermont's land-grant university Middlebury College is a private liberal arts college located in Middlebury, Vermont, United States. Champlain College is a private coeducational college located in Burlington, Vermont. Vermont Law School ( VLS) is a private Law school located in South Royalton Vermont (a village of Royalton Vermont) Norwich University (NU is a Private university located in Northfield, Vermont. ROTC links here For other uses see ROTC (disambiguation A Reserve Officers' Training Corps ( ROTC) ROTC produces officers in all branches

Sports

The largest professional franchise is the Vermont Lake Monsters, a single-A minor league baseball of the Washington Nationals, based in Burlington. The Vermont Lake Monsters are a Short-Season A classification Minor league baseball team in Burlington, Vermont, USA. Part of the History of baseball series Minor league baseball is a hierarchy of Professional baseball leagues in North The Washington Nationals is an American professional baseball team based in Washington D Burlington is the largest city in the US state of Vermont and is the shire town ( County seat) of They were named the Vermont Expos prior to 2006. [96]

The Vermont Frost Heaves, the 2007 national champions, are a franchise of the American Basketball Association (Blue Conference), and have been based in Barre and Burlington since the fall of 2006. The Vermont Frost Heaves are a professional Basketball team in Vermont, United States that currently plays in the Premier Basketball League Barre is a city in Washington County, Vermont, in the United States. Burlington is the largest city in the US state of Vermont and is the shire town ( County seat) of

Vermont is home to a semi-professional football team, the Ice Storm,[97] based in South Hero. South Hero is a town in Grand Isle County, Vermont, United States. [98] It plays its home games at the Colchester High School stadium. It is a member of the Empire Football League. The Empire Football League (EFL is a Semi-professional American football League that operates franchises based primarily in New York and

The Vermont Voltage is a USL Premier Development League soccer club that plays in St. Albans. Vermont Voltage are an American Soccer team founded in 1997. The team is a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL History In 1995 the USISL split into two leagues one professional and one amateur St Albans is a city in and the shire town ( County seat) of Franklin County, Vermont, in the United States.

Cultural pursuits

Vermont festivals include the Vermont Maple Festival, Festival on the Green [3], the Enosburg Falls Dairy Festival, the Apple Festival (held each Columbus Day Weekend), the Marlboro Music Festival, and the Vermont Mozart Festival. The Marlboro Music School and Festival is a retreat for advanced classical training and musicianship held for seven weeks each summer in Marlboro Vermont. The Vermont Mozart Festival is a popular series of indoor and outdoor concerts presented annually at sites throughout the state of Vermont. The Vermont Symphony Orchestra is supported by the state and performs throughout the area. The Vermont Symphony Orchestra ( VSO) is a Symphony orchestra based in and supported in part by the U The Poetry Society of Vermont publishes a literary magazine called The Green Mountain Troubadore which encourages submissions from members of various ages. Every year they hold various contests - one being for high school age young people. The Brattleboro-based Vermont Theatre Company presents an annual summer Shakespeare festival. Brattleboro is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States, located in the southeast corner of the state along the state line with New Hampshire Brattleboro also hosts the summertime Strolling of the Heifers parade which celebrates Vermont's unique dairy culture. Montpelier is home to the annual Green Mountain Film Festival. The first Green Mountain Film Festival took place in Montpelier Vermont in 1997

In the Northeast Kingdom, the Bread and Puppet Theatre holds weekly shows in Glover in a natural outdoor amphitheater. The Bread and Puppet Theater (often known simply as Bread & Puppet) is a politically radical Puppet theater, active since the 1960s currently based in Glover

One of Vermont's best known musical exports was the group Phish, whose members met while attending school in Vermont and played its final concert in the state. Phish is an American Jam band noted for their Musical improvisation, extended Jam sessions and cult following

State symbols

Main article: State symbols of Vermont
The hermit thrush is Vermont's state bird.
The hermit thrush is Vermont's state bird. The US state Vermont has many symbols some officially codified by legislation (mineral flower bird beverage pie mammal song insect tree and fish This is a list of US state birds as designated by each state's legislature

State symbols include:

Vermont is distinct for being among only three U. Introduction Forty-nine states of the United States (all except New Jersey) have one or more state songs, selected by the state "These Green Mountains" is the official State song of Vermont. " Moonlight in Vermont " is a popular song about the U The Northern Leopard Frog ( Rana pipiens) is a species of Leopard frog from the True frog family native to parts of Canada and This is a list of US state birds as designated by each state's legislature A drink, or beverage, is a Liquid specifically prepared for Human consumption Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash The garnet group includes a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a Pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweet or Savoury ingredients An apple pie is a fruit Pie (or Tart) in which the principal filling ingredient is apples (Cooking Apples Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel This is a list of official and *unofficial US state fish:The only states lacking a state fish as of 2008 are Arkansas Indiana Kansas and Ohio The brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, (sometimes called the eastern brook trout, Adirondack coaster lake trout) is a Species of Fish The walleye (common US name or yellow pickerel (Canada ( Sander vitreus vitreus, formerly Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) is a freshwater Perciform In a number of countries plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas Alsike redirects here Alsike Sweden is also a town in the Knivsta Municipality, Sweden. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Talc (derived from the Persian via Arabic talq) is a Mineral composed of Hydrated Magnesium Silicate with "Painted Turtle" is also the name of an imprint of Wayne State University Press. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of Slate is a fine-grained foliated homogeneous, Metamorphic rock derived from an original Shale -type Sedimentary rock composed of Clay In a number of countries plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas Acer saccharum ( Sugar Maple) is a species of Maple native to the hardwood forests of northeastern North America, from Nova Scotia S. states with both a state seal and a coat of arms. Vermont is the only U. The Great Seal of Vermont is the official seal of the US state of Vermont, used to emboss and authenticate official documents The Coat of arms of Vermont is the official armorial bearings of the U S. state to have a heraldically correct blazon describing its coat of arms. In Heraldry and heraldic Vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of most often a Coat of arms or Flag, which enables a person to

Notable Vermonters

Vermont is the birthplace of former presidents Calvin Coolidge and Chester A. Arthur. John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 Chester Alan Arthur (October 5 1829 &ndash November 18 1886 was an American politician who served as the twenty-first President of the United States.

The list of famous people from Vermont is an incomplete, alphabetized list of famous people who at one point called Vermont their home. The following is a list of prominent people who were born in the U

Notable fictional Vermonters

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Elevations and Distances in the United States. See also Vermont The following is a list of topics about the U U. S Geological Survey (29 April 2005). Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on November 8, 2006. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  2. '^ US Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service. Table 44--U. S. maple syrup production and value, by state, calendar years. Retrieved on 2007-01-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
  3. ^ Vermont v. New Hampshire, 289 U.S. 593 (1933)
  4. ^ Academics Content Server at Saint Michael's. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Physiographic Regions of Vermont. Retrieved on 2007-01-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
  5. ^ Google Books
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  7. ^ http://vermont.wedding.net/geography.html accessed September 15, 2007
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  11. ^ Second Vermont Republic. Vermont's Declaration of Independence (1777). Retrieved on 2007-01-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
  12. ^ Esther Munroe Swift, Vermont Place-Names: Footprints in History Picton Press, 1977
  13. ^ Esther Munroe Swift, Vermont Place-Names: Footprints in History Picton Press, 1977
  14. ^ Margaret Bucholt Manchester and the Mountains Chamber of Commerce An Insider's Guide to Southern Vermont, Penguin, 1991
  15. ^ Population and Population Centers by State: 2000. U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
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  17. ^ People who chose not to give an ethnic background
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  23. ^ http://www.boston.com/news/local/vermont/articles/2005/02/23/green_mountains_good_karma/ Buddhist retreat centers
  24. ^ Gram, David (July 14, 2007). Forbes ranks Vt. 30th (sic) for business. Burlington Free Press.  
  25. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_GDP_per_capita_%28nominal%29
  26. ^ Rankings tend to favor higher cost of living areas and downrate lower cost of living areas
  27. ^ Percentages may not add up to exactly 100% because of rounding
  28. ^ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State
  29. ^ Creaser, Richard (October 24, 2007). Illuzi learns about economy of Taiwan during visit. the Chronicle.  
  30. ^ Craft Brewing Industry Statistics
  31. ^ Figure includes the possible economic affect on all other areas in addition to Agriculture. This explains the wide variance with the figure in GSP above
  32. ^ Vermont Sustainable Agriculture Council. Vermont's Agriculture: Generating Wealth from the Land. Retrieved on 2007-01-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
  33. ^ http://www.vermontdairy.com/dairy_industry/farms/numbers
  34. ^ called "federal order one"
  35. ^ New York has 44. 9%, Pennsylvania has 32. 9%
  36. ^ Dunbar, Bethany (November 14, 2007). Vermont Milk Commission takes a look at hauling costs. the Chronicle.  
  37. ^ LeClair vs Saunders retrieved April 21, 1980
  38. ^ ((cite web | author = Vermont Maple Sugar Makers Assoc. | title=Maple Facts |url=http://www.vermontmaple.org/maplefacts.html | access date = 2007-04-08))
  39. ^ Liz Halloran (2007). Vermont's War. US News and World Report, January 22, page 45.  
  40. ^ Curran, John (July 29, 2007). Winemakers hope new state council will help them grow. Burlington Free Press.  
  41. ^ America's Career Infonetaccessed February 3, 2008
  42. ^ The Burlington Free Press, February 28, 2007,page 8C, "IBM:Enriching economy for 50 years. "
  43. ^ Vermont Business Roundtable. Housing Prices, Availability, and Affordability in Vermont. Retrieved on 2007-01-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental
  44. ^ Braithwaite, Chris (December 19, 2007). Vermont weathers mortgage storm. the Chronicle.  
  45. ^ Gresser, Joseph (October 3, 2007). Vermont is top in N. E. for new energy efficient homes. the Chronicle.  
  46. ^ Unions Shrink Even in NY, Data Show
  47. ^ A separate study shows over 325,000 workers in 2000 !http://www.bishca.state.vt.us/hcadiv/Data_Reports/healthinsurmarket/SurveyVTFamilyHealth2000/DataTables126_146/128_WorkingStatewideOfferFirm.PDF
  48. ^ Salary.com Job salaries- Performance reviews- Compensation software
  49. ^ Insurance Information Institute. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Captives & Other Risk-Financing Options. Retrieved on 2007-01-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental
  50. ^ VirtualVermont.com
  51. ^ ApartmentLinks.com
  52. ^ DatabankUSA,AARP Bulletin, April 2007, compiled from figures from the US Census
  53. ^ Tax-Friendly Places 2007 | 8 | CNNMoney.com
  54. ^ State Balanced Budget Requirements: Provisions and Practice
  55. ^ Burlington Free Press, February 6, 2007, Business, page 7A, Moody's gives highest bond rating to Vermont.
  56. ^ Microsoft Word - ps360final.doc
  57. ^ (August 4, 2007) State to inspect bridges similar to Minn. span. Burlington Free Press.   page 1B
  58. ^ Creaser, Richard (November 14, 2007). The bridges of Orleans County await repair. the Chronicle.  
  59. ^ Burlington Free Press.com | Top Stories
  60. ^ Cell Service in Vermont: Can't hear the tourist for the trees | Vermont Business Magazine | Find Articles at BNET.com
  61. ^ Techdirt: Vermont's Muni Broadband Plan Sounds Half Right
  62. ^ Save Unicel
  63. ^ A Synopsis of the extent of the measure to extend broadband
  64. ^ Bnet Business Network accessed February 21, 2008
  65. ^ town offices
  66. ^ Pew Report 2008 accessed March 26, 2008
  67. ^ These relatively small political movements are similar in nature to those found in California, Hawaii, Louisiana, and Texas; although the historical contexts are variant. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State.
  68. ^ Second Vermont Republic
  69. ^ In Vermont, nascent secession movement gains traction - Boston.com
  70. ^ The World. Rise of the Democratic Party. Retrieved on 2006-12-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian
  71. ^ Powell, Michael. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/04/AR2006110401124.html Exceedingly Social, But Doesn't Like Parties. The Washington Post November 5, 2006.
  72. ^ Activists in Vermont town want Bush, Cheney subject to arrest - CNN.com
  73. ^ Vermont General Elections. For Governor. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
  74. ^ It's sudden death in Vermont for assisted suicide proposal
  75. ^ Killington Secession Not Too Popular in VT | New Hampshire Public Radio
  76. ^ CNN.com - Killington residents vote to secede from Vermont - Mar. 4, 2004
  77. ^ http://www.vermontcanada.org/reasons.html Vermont Canada retrieved on June 6, 2007
  78. ^ http://baheyeldin.com/canada/state-of-vermont-wants-to-join-canada.html retrieved on June 6, 2007
  79. ^ Vermont Constitution retrieved May 29, 2008
  80. ^ http://www.vermontproperty.com/newsltr/2005effectivetaxrates.pdfPDF (111 KiB)
  81. ^ Laws & Regulations : Act 60 Links & Resources
  82. ^ Vermont Lottery - FAQ's
  83. ^ Lawmakers faced with thorny choices: Rutland Herald Online
  84. ^ Morgan Quitno Press
  85. ^ Selected Vermont laws governing the use and possession of firearms
  86. ^ Brady Campaign on Vermont gun laws
  87. ^ Healthiest States 2007 - AOL Money & Finance
  88. ^ South Lags In Report Card on Health Care - AOL Body
  89. ^ Vermont information Times Daily, retrieved on 2007-10-14
  90. ^ Overberg, Paul,Hundreds of counties would fail smog standards,USA Today, June 22, 2007
  91. ^ Walsh, Molly (June 8, 2007). A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Vermont doing better than most. Burlington Free Press.  
  92. ^ King, Ledyard (June 8, 2007). State tests put image ahead of performance. Burlington Free Press.  
  93. ^ McClaughry, John (June 13, 2007). Pending: a 15-year public school system. the Chronicle.  
  94. ^ http://www.vermonttiger.com/content/files/vpeex_summary.pdf retrieved July 9, 2007
  95. ^ http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/education/010125.html accessed September 15, 2007
  96. ^ Lake Monsters website
  97. ^ Vermont Ice Storm Home Page
  98. ^ The term "semi-pro" is somewhat misleading since League rules prohibit paying team members. In fact, members pay to play.
  99. ^ Book review

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Preceded by
Rhode Island		 List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on March 4, 1791 (14th)		 Succeeded by
Kentucky

Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of U Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America.

Dictionary

Vermont

-proper noun

  1. A state of the United States of America. Capital: Montpelier.
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