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Verapamil
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-[2-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl-methyl-amino] -2-(1-methylethyl)pentanenitrile |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | C08 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C27H38N2O4 |
| Mol. mass | 454. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 602 g/mol |
| SMILES | & |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 35. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of Amount of substance: it is an SI base unit, and almost the only unit to be used to measure this In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of 1% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Half life | 2. Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity 8-7. 4 hours |
| Excretion | Renal: 11% |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
C(US) |
| Legal status |
℞ Prescription only |
| Routes | Oral, Intravenous |
Verapamil (brand names: Isoptin, Verelan, Calan, Bosoptin) is an L-type calcium channel blocker. The hour (symbol h) is a unit of Time. It is not an SI unit but is accepted for use with the SI Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the Alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. Calcium channel blockers are a class of drugs and natural substances with effects on many excitable cells of the body like the muscle of the Heart, smooth muscles It has been used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, and most recently, cluster headaches. Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe Chest pain due to Ischemia (a lack of blood and hence Oxygen supply of the heart Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. [1] Verapamil has also been used as a vasodilator during cryopreservation of blood vessels. It is a class 4 antiarrhythmic, more effective than digoxin in controlling ventricular rate, and was approved by the FDA in 1981. Digoxin ( INN) (dɨˈdʒɒksɨn also known as Digitalis, is a purified Cardiac glycoside extracted from the Foxglove plant Digitalis
Contents |
Mechanism and uses
Verapamil's mechanism in all cases is to block voltage-dependent Calcium channels.
In cardiac pharmacology, calcium channel blockers are considered class IV antiarrhythmic agents. Antiarrhythmic agents are a group of Pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress fast rhythms of the Heart ( Cardiac arrhythmias) such as Atrial fibrillation Since Calcium channels are especially concentrated in the sinoatrial and atrio-ventricular nodes, these agents can be used to decrease impulse conduction through the AV node, thus protecting the ventricles from atrial tachyarrhythmias. The atrioventricular node (abbreviated AV node) is an area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the Heart, specifically
Calcium channels are also present in the smooth muscle that lines blood vessels. By relaxing the tone of this smooth muscle, calcium-channel blockers dilate the blood vessels. This has led to their use in treating hypertension and angina pectoris. Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe Chest pain due to Ischemia (a lack of blood and hence Oxygen supply of the heart
The pain of angina is caused by a deficit in oxygen supply to the heart. Calcium channel blockers like Verapamil will dilate blood vessels, which increases the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart. This controls chest pain, but only when used regularly. It does not stop chest pain once it starts. A more powerful vasodilator such as nitroglycerin may be needed to control pain once it starts. Nitroglycerin ( NG) ( US spelling also known as nitroglycerine, ( UK Spelling trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine
Pharmacokinetic details
Given orally, 90–100% of Verapamil is absorbed, but due to high first-pass metabolism, bioavailability is much lower (10–35%). The first-pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of Drug metabolism whereby the Concentration In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of It is 90% bound to plasma proteins and has a volume of distribution of 3–5 L/kg-1. A drug's efficiency may be affected by the degree to which it binds to the proteins within Blood plasma. The volume of distribution (VD, also known as apparent volume of distribution, is a pharmacological term used to quantify the distribution It is metabolized in the liver to at least 12 inactive metabolites (though one metabolite, norverapamil, retains 20% of the vasodilating activity of the parent drug). As its metabolites, 70% is excreted in the urine and 16% in feces; 3–4% is excreted unchanged in urine. This is a non-linear dependence between plasma concentration and dosage. Onset of action is 1-2 hours after oral dosage. Half-life is 5-12 hours (with chronic dosages). It is not cleared by hemodialysis.
Verapamil has an anti-manic effect but is rarely used for mania. It has on occasion been used used to control mania in pregnant patients, especially in the first 3 months. It does not appear to be significantly teratogenic. For this reason, when one wants to avoid taking valproic acid (which is high in teratogenicity) or lithium (which has a small but significant incidence of causing cardiac malformation), Verapamil is usable as an alternative, albeit presumably a less effective one. See also Valproic acid Valproate semisodium ( INN) or divalproex sodium ( USAN) consists of a compound of Sodium valproate and Lithium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the formula Li2CO3
Side effects
Some possible side effects of the drug are headaches, facial flushing, dizziness, swelling, increased urination, fatigue, nausea, lightheadedness, and constipation. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Many different terms are often used to describe what is collectively known as dizziness. Constipation, costiveness, or irregularity, is a condition of the Digestive system in which a person (or animal experiences hard Feces that
Uses in cell biology
Verapamil is also used in cell biology as an inhibitor of drug efflux pump proteins such as P-glycoprotein. See also List of basic cell biology topics. Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology, from the Enzyme inhibitors are Molecules that bind to Enzymes and decrease their activity. [2] This is useful as many tumor cell lines overexpress drug efflux pumps, limiting the effectiveness of cytotoxic drugs or fluorescent tags. See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic Antineoplastics (or "antitumor antibiotics" or "noncovalent DNA-binding drugs" or " Cytotoxic antibiotics" see also Neoplastics are In Molecular biology and Biotechnology, a fluorescent tag is a part of a Molecule that researchers have attached chemically to aid in detection of the molecule It's also used in fluorescent cell sorting for DNA content, as it blocks efflux of a variety of DNA-binding fluorochromes such as Hoechst 33342. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known A fluorophore, in analogy to a Chromophore, is a component of a molecule which causes a molecule to be Fluorescent.
Notes
- ^ Management of Cluster Headaches, (Beck et al. 2005) American Family Physician Vol 71, No. 4 Full Free Text: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050215/717.html
- ^ Bellamy WT. P-glycoproteins and multidrug resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 36:161-83. PMID 8725386
Sources
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