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For other cities named Novgorod, see Novgorod (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 58°32′N 31°16′E / 58.533, 31.267

Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The medieval walls of Novgorod (pictured) withstood many sieges
State Party Russian Federation
Type Cultural
Criteria ii, iv, vi
Reference 604
Region† European Russia
Inscription history
Inscription 1992  (16th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
† Region as classified by UNESCO.

Veliky Novgorod (Russian: Вели́кий Но́вгород) is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia[1] and the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex As of 2008 there are a total of 878 World Heritage Sites located in 145 "State Parties" Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The classification system of the types of inhabited localities in Russia, the former Soviet Union, and some other post-Soviet states has certain peculiarities compared Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Novgorod Oblast (Новгоро́дская о́бласть Novgorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of It is situated on the M10 federal highway connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg. M10 is a state route in Russia connecting the two largest cities Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River "Novgorod" is the Russian word for "new city," and "Veliky" means "the Great". The city lies along the Volkhov River just below its outflow from Lake Ilmen. Volkhov (Во́лхов is a River in Novgorod Oblast and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia. Ilmen (Ильмень is a historically important Lake in the Novgorod Oblast of Russia, formerly a vital part of the Trade route from the Varangians Its population in the 2002 census was 216,856; down from 229,126 recorded in the 1989 Census. Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried The 1989 Soviet Census was the final and most comprehensive census taken within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Contents

History

Early developments

Despite its name, Novgorod is among the most ancient cities among the Eastern Slavs. The Sofia First Chronicle first mentions it in 859; the Novgorodian First Chronicle mentions it first under the year 862 when it was allegedly already a major station on the trade route from the Baltics to Byzantium. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (Путь «из варяг в греки» Put iz varyag v greki) was a Trade route, which connected Scandinavia Archaeological excavations in the middle to late twentieth century, however, have found cultural layers dating back only to the late tenth century, the time of the Christianization of Rus and a century after it was allegedly founded, suggesting that the chronicle entries mentioning Novgorod in the 850s or 860s are later interpolations. [2]

The Varangian name of the city Holmgard (Holmgarðr or Holmgarðir) is mentioned in Norse Sagas as existing at a yet earlier stage, but historical facts cannot here be disentangled from legend. The Varangians or Varyags ( Old Norse: Væringjar Greek: Βάραγγοι Βαριάγοι Váraggoi / Varyágoi, Ukrainian The sagas (from Icelandic saga, plural sögur) are stories about ancient Scandinavian and Germanic history about early Viking voyages [3] Originally, Holmgard referred only to the stronghold southeast of the present-day city, Riurikovo Gorodishche (named in comparatively modern time after Rurik, who supposedly made it his "capital"). Rurik or Riurik (Рюрик; Old East Norse: Rørik, meaning "famous ruler" c Archeological data suggests that the Gorodische, the residence of the Knyaz (konung or prince), dates from the middle of 9th century, whereas the town itself dates only from the end of the 10th century, hence the name Novgorod, "new city". Kniaz’ or knyaz is a word found in some Slavic languages, denoting a Nobility rank Germanic monarchy, also called barbarian monarchy, was a monarchical systemof government which was predominant among the Germanic tribes of Late Antiquity

Bronze monument to the Millennium of Russia (1862)
Bronze monument to the Millennium of Russia (1862)

Princely state within Kievan Rus'

In 882, Rurik's successor, Oleg of Novgorod, captured Kiev and founded the state of Kievan Rus. The Millennium of Russia is a famous bronze monument in the Kremlin of Novgorod, Russia. Oleg of Novgorod ( Slavic: Олег Old Norse: Helgi, Khazarian, possibly Helgu) was a Varangian prince (or konung Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan Novgorod's size as well as its political, economic, and cultural influence made it the second city in Kievan Rus. According to a custom, the elder son and heir of the ruling Kievan monarch was sent to rule Novgorod even as a minor. When the ruling monarch had no such son, Novgorod was governed by posadniks, such as legendary Gostomysl, Dobrynya, Konstantin, and Ostromir. Posadnik ( Посадник) was the mayor in some East Slavic cities or towns Gostomysl (Гостомысл is a legendary 9th-century Posadnik of Novgorod who was introduced into the historiography by Vasily Tatishchev, an 18th-century Dobrynya was Vladimir the Great 's maternal uncle and tutor who was later transformed in Russian folklore into the invincible Bogatyr Dobrynya Nikitich Konstantin Dobrynich (? - 1022 was an 11th-century Posadnik of Novgorod. Ostromir ( Остромир in Russian; Christian name - Joseph (died c

In Norse sagas the city is mentioned as the capital of Gardariki (i. The sagas (from Icelandic saga, plural sögur) are stories about ancient Scandinavian and Germanic history about early Viking voyages Garðaríki (Anglicized Gardariki or Gardarike) or Garðaveldi is the Old Norse term used in medieval times for the states of e. , the East Slavic lands). Four Viking kings — Olaf I of Norway, Olaf II of Norway, Magnus I of Norway, and Harald Haardraade — sought refuge in Novgorod from enemies at home. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Olaf Tryggvason ( Old Norse: Óláfr Tryggvason, Norwegian: Olav Tryggvason) (960s &ndash September 9 ? 1000 was King of Magnus I (1024 - October 25, 1047) was the King of Norway from 1035 to 1047 and the King of Denmark from 1042 to 1047 Harald Sigurdsson (1015 &ndash September 25, 1066) later given the epithet Hardraada ( Old Norse: Haraldr harðráði, roughly translated No more than a few decades after the death and subsequent canonization of Olaf II of Norway, in 1028, the city's community had erected a church in his memory, Saint Olaf's Church in Novgorod. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Saint Olaf's Church in Novgorod was a church for Varangians which existed from the 11th century until the 14th century in the Russian city of Novgorod.

Of all their princes, Novgorodians cherished most the memory of Yaroslav the Wise, who had sat as prince while his father, Vladimir the Great, was prince in Kiev. Yaroslav I the Wise (c 978 in Kiev - February 20, 1054 in Kiev) ( East Slavic: Ярослав Мудрый Christian name Saint Vladimir Svyatoslavich the Great ( Old Russian: Володимеръ Святославичь, c Yaroslav promulgated the first written code of laws (later incorporated into Russkaya Pravda) among the Eastern Slavs and is said to have granted the city a number of freedoms or privileges, which they often referred to in later centuries as precedents in their relations with other princes. Ruskaya Pravda (Ру́сская пра́вда Russkaya Pravda; Archaic Правда Роська Pravda Ros'ka; Руська Правда Rus'ka Pravda His son, Vladimir, sponsored construction of the great St Sophia Cathedral, more accurately translated as The Cathedral of Holy Wisdom, which stands to this day. Vladimir Yaroslavich (Владимир Ярославич (1020 &ndash October 4, 1052) reigned as prince of Novgorod from 1036 until his death The Cathedral of St Sophia (the Holy Wisdom of God) in the Kremlin (or Detinets in Novgorod the Great is the cathedral church of the Archbishop

His Majesty Lord Novgorod the Great

Main article: Novgorod Republic

In 1136, the Novgorodians dismissed their prince Vsevolod Mstislavich. The Novgorod Republic (Новгородская республика / Novgorodskaya respublika Новгородская земьля / Novgorodskaya zemlja) was a Vsevolod Mstislavich (Всеволод Мстиславич the patron saint of the city of Pskov, ruled as Prince of Novgorod in 1117-32 Prince of Pereslavl This date is seen as the traditional beginning of the Novgorod Republic. The Novgorod Republic (Новгородская республика / Novgorodskaya respublika Новгородская земьля / Novgorodskaya zemlja) was a The city was able to invite and dismiss a number of princes over the next two centuries, but the princely office was never abolished and powerful princes, such as Alexander Nevsky, could assert their will in the city irrespective of the Novgorodians' wishes. Saint Alexander Nevsky (Алекса́ндр Яросла́вич Не́вский in Russian; transliteration Aleksandr Yaroslavich Nevskij) ( May 30 [4] The city state controlled most of Europe's North-East, from today's Estonia to the Ural Mountains, making it one of the largest states in medieval Europe, although much of the territory north and east of Lakes Ladoga and Onega were sparsely populated and never organized politically. A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye Lake Ladoga (Лáдожское Óзеро Ladozhskoye Ozero; Laatokka is a Freshwater Lake located in Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Lake Onega (also known as Onego, Онежское озеро Onezhskoe ozero, i

12-century Novgorod icon called Angel with Golden Locks
12-century Novgorod icon called Angel with Golden Locks

One of the most important local figures in Novgorod was the Posadnik or mayor, an official elected by the public assembly (called the Veche) from among the city's boyarstvo or aristocracy. Posadnik ( Посадник) was the mayor in some East Slavic cities or towns Veche ( Russian: вече Polish: wiec Ukrainian: віче was a Popular assembly in Medieval Slavic countries Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations The tysyatsky, or "thousandman," originally the head of the town militia but later a commercial and judicial official, was also elected by the veche. Tysyatsky ( tysiatsky, тысяцкий sometimes translated "dux" or "Heerzog" but more correctly meaning "thousandman" - sometimes translated The Archbishop of Novgorod were also important local officials and shared power with the boyars. The Archbishop of Novgorod is the head of the eparchy of Novgorod the Great and is one of the oldest offices in the Russian Orthodox Church. [5] They were elected by the veche or by the drawing of lots; after their election, they were sent to the metropolitan for consecration. [6]

While a basic outline of the various officials and the veche can be drawn up, the city-state's exact political constitution remains uncertain. The boyars and the archbishop ruled the city collectively, although where one officials power ended and another's began is uncertain. The prince, although reduced in power beginning in about the mid-twelfth century, was represented by his namestnik or lieutenant, and still played important roles as a military commander, legislator, and jurist. Namestnik (наме́стник) was an office position in the history of Russia. The exact composition of the veche, too, is uncertain, with some scholars such as Vasily Kliuchevksii claiming it was democratic in nature, while later scholars, such as Valentin Ianin and Alesandr Khoroshev, see it as a "sham democracy" controlled by the ruling elite.

In the 13th century, Novgorod, while not a member of the Hanseatic League, was the easternmost kontor, or entrepot, of the league, being the source of enormous quanties of luxury (sable, ermine, fox, marmot) and non-luxury furs (squirrel-pelts). The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade A Kontor was a foreign trading post of the Hanseatic League. In addition to the major Kontore in London ( Steelyard) Bruges [7]

Throughout the Middle Ages, the city thrived culturally. A large number of birch bark letters have been unearthed in excavations, perhaps suggesting wide-spread literacy, although this is uncertain (some scholars suggest that a clerical or scribal elite wrote them on behalf of a largely illiterate populace). A birch bark document is a document written on pieces of Birch bark. It was in Novgorod that the oldest Slavic book written north of Macedonia and the oldest inscription in a Finnic language were unearthed. Novgorod Codex (Новгородский кодекс is a name for the oldest book of Rus’, unearthed on July 13, 2000 in Novgorod. The Birch bark letter given the document number 292 is the oldest known document in any Finnic language. Some of the most ancient Russian chronicles were written in the archbishops' scriptorium and the archbishops also promoted iconography and patronized church construction. The Novgorod First Chronicle (Новгородская первая летопись or The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471 is the most ancient extant chronicle of the The Novgorod merchant Sadko became a popular hero of Russian folklore. Sadko (Садко was a legendary Hero of a Russian Bylina (epic tale with the same name a merchant and Gusli musician from History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological

Novgorod was never conquered by the Mongols during the Mongol invasion of Rus. The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force The Mongol army turned back about 100 km from the city, not due to the city's strength, but probably because the Mongol commanders did not want to get bogged down in the marshlands surrounding the city. That being said, the grand princes of Moscow, who acted as the tax-collectors for the khans of the Golden Horde, did collect tribute (dan) in Novgorod, most notably Yury Danillovich and his brother, Ivan Kalita. Yuriy Danilovich, also known as Georgiy Danilovich (Юрий Данилович in Russian) (born 1281 died November 21, 1325) was Prince Ivan I Danilovich Kalita (Ива́н I Дани́лович Калита́ in Russian) (1288 &ndash March 31, 1340, Moscow) Prince of

Within the united Russian state

The city's downfall was a result of its inability to feed its large population, making it dependent on the Vladimir-Suzdal region for grain. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (Влади́миро-Су́здальское кня́жество The main cities in this area, Moscow and Tver, used this dependence to gain control over Novgorod. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Tver (Тверь is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Tver Oblast. Eventually Ivan III annexed the city to Muscovy in 1478. Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич ( 22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow also known as Ivan the Great The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and Novgorod remained the third largest Russian city, however, until the famine of 1560s and Ivan the Terrible sacking the city and slaughtering thousands of its inhabitants in 1570. The Massacre of Novgorod was an attack by tsarist forces on the city of Novgorod, Russia that lasted from about January 9 to February 12 1570. The city's merchant elite and nobility were deported to Moscow, Yaroslavl, and elsewhere. Yaroslavl (Яросла́вль is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, located north-east of Moscow.

City plan of Novgorod in the first half of the 18th century
City plan of Novgorod in the first half of the 18th century

During the Time of Troubles, Novgorodians eagerly submitted to Swedish troops led by Jacob De la Gardie in summer of 1611. For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Field Marshal and Count Jacob Pontusson De la Gardie ( Reval, 20 June 1583 - Stockholm, 22 August 1652) was a Statesman The city was restituted to Russia only six years later, by the Treaty of Stolbovo and regained a measure of its former prosperity by the end of the century, when such ambitious buildings as the Cathedral of the Sign and the Vyazhischi Monastery were constructed. The Treaty of Stolbovo is a peace treaty of 1617 that ended the Ingrian War, fought between Sweden and Russia. The most famous of Russian patriarchs, Nikon, occupied the metropolian see of Novgorod between 1648 and 1652. Nikon ( Russian: Ни́кон, Old Russian Нїконъ) born Nikita Minin ( Никита Минин; May 7, 1605

In 1727, Novgorod was made an administrative centre of the Novgorod Governorate of the Russian Empire, which was detached from Saint Petersburg Governorate (see Administrative divisions of Russia in 1727-1728). The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Saint Petersburg Governorate (Санкт-Петербургская губерния or Sankt-Peterburgskaya guberniya) or Government of Saint Petersburg was a This administrative division existed until 1927. Between 1927 and 1944 the city was a part of Leningrad Oblast, and then became an administrative center of the newly formed Novgorod Oblast. Leningrad Oblast (Ленингра́дская о́бласть Leningradskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Novgorod Oblast (Новгоро́дская о́бласть Novgorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of

During World War II, on August 15, 1941, the city was occupied by the German Army. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Heer was the land forces component of the German armed forces ( Wehrmacht) from 1935 to 1945, which also included the Navy ( Its historic monuments were systematically annihilated. When the Red Army liberated the city on January 19, 1944, out of 2,536 stone buildings, fewer than forty were still standing. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After the war, the downtown was gradually restored according to a plan worked out by Alexey Shchusev. Alexey Viktorovich Shchusev (Алексе́й Ви́кторович Щу́сев September 26, 1873, Kishinev &mdash May 24, 1949 Its chief monuments have been declared the World Heritage Site. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex In 1998, the city was officially renamed Veliky Novgorod, thus partly reverting to its medieval title "Lord Novgorod the Great".

Sights

The Millennium of Russia (1862), with Saint Sophia Cathedral in the background. The upper row of figures is cast in the round and the lower one is in relief.
The Millennium of Russia (1862), with Saint Sophia Cathedral in the background. The Cathedral of St Sophia (the Holy Wisdom of God) in the Kremlin (or Detinets in Novgorod the Great is the cathedral church of the Archbishop The upper row of figures is cast in the round and the lower one is in relief.

No other Russian or Ukrainian city can compete with Novgorod in the variety and age of its medieval monuments. The foremost among these is the St Sophia Cathedral, built between 1045 and 1050 under the patronage of Vladimir Yaroslavich, the son of Yaroslav the Wise (Vladimir is buried in the cathedral along with his mother, Anna. The Cathedral of St Sophia (the Holy Wisdom of God) in the Kremlin (or Detinets in Novgorod the Great is the cathedral church of the Archbishop Yaroslav I the Wise (c 978 in Kiev - February 20, 1054 in Kiev) ( East Slavic: Ярослав Мудрый Christian name )[8] It is the best preserved of 11th century churches, probably the oldest structure still in use in Russia and the first one to represent original features of Russian architecture (austere stone walls, five helmet-like cupolas). Its frescoes were painted in the 12th century originally on the orders of Bishop Nikita (died 1108) (the "porches" or side chapels were painted in 1144 under Archbishop Nifont) and renovated several times over the centuries, most recently in the nineteenth century. [9] The cathedral features famous bronze gates, which now hang in the west entrance, allegedly made in Magdeburg in 1156 (other sources see them originating in Plock in Poland) and reportedly snatched by Novgorodians from the Swedish town of Sigtuna in 1187. Magdeburg ( Low Saxon: Meideborg ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐx the Capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany Sigtuna is a city in the Uppland part of Stockholm County, central Sweden. More recent scholarship has determined that the gates probably were purchased in the mid-fifteenth century, apparently at the behest of Archbishop Evfimii II (1429-1458), a lover of Western art and architectural styles. [10]

The Novgorod Kremlin, traditionally known as the Detinets, also contains the oldest palace in Russia (the so-called Chamber of the Facets, 1433), which served as the main meeting hall of the archbishops; the oldest Russian bell tower (mid-15th cent. The Detinets ("Young Man's Compound" from the same root as the Russian word deti = children is the ancient name for the Kremlin or fortress in ), and the oldest Russian clock tower (1673). The Palace of Facets, the bell tower, and the clock tower were originally built on the orders of Archbishop Evfimii II, although the clock tower collapsed in the seventeenth century and had to be rebuilt and much of the palace of Evfimii II is no longer extant. Among later structures, the most remarkable are a royal palace (1771) and a bronze monument to the Millennium of Russia, representing the most important figures from the country's history (unveiled in 1862). The Millennium of Russia is a famous bronze monument in the Kremlin of Novgorod, Russia.

St Nicholas Cathedral, built by Mstislav I near his palace at Yaroslav's Court, Novgorod, contains 12th-century frescoes depicting his illustrious family
St Nicholas Cathedral, built by Mstislav I near his palace at Yaroslav's Court, Novgorod, contains 12th-century frescoes depicting his illustrious family

Outside the kremlin walls, there are three large churches constructed during the reign of Mstislav the Great. Fresco (plural either frescos or frescoes) is any of several related Painting types done on Plaster on walls or Mstislav I Vladimirovich the Great (Мстислав Владимирович Великий ( June 1, 1076, Turiv &ndash April 14, St Nicholas Cathedral (1113-23), containing frescoes of Mstislav's family, graces Yaroslav's Court (formerly the chief square of Novgorod). The Yuriev Monastery (one of the oldest in Russia, 1030) contains a tall, three-domed cathedral from 1119 (built by Mstislav's son, Vsevolod. The St George's (Yuriev Monastery (Юрьев монастырь was the main monastery of medieval Novgorod the Great. and Kyurik, the head of the monastery. A similar three-domed cathedral (1117), probably designed by the same masters, stands in the Antoniev Monastery, built on the orders of Antonii, the founder of that monstery. The Antoniev Monastery (Антониев монастырь was one of the most important monasteries in medieval Novgorod the Great; it stands along the right bank of the

There are now some fifty still-extant medieval and early modern churches scattered throughout the city and its environs. Some of them were blown up by the Nazis and subsequently restored. The most ancient pattern is represented by those dedicated to Sts Peter and Pavel (on the Swallow's Hill, 1185-92), to Annunciation (in Myachino, 1179), to Assumption (on Volotovo Field, 1180s) and to St Paraskeva-Piatnitsa (at Yaroslav's Court, 1207). The greatest masterpiece of early Novgorod architecture is the Saviour church at Nereditsa (1198).

Nereditsa church formerly contained the finest 12th-century frescoes in Russia. The frescoes were destroyed when the church was blown up by the Germans in 1944.
Nereditsa church formerly contained the finest 12th-century frescoes in Russia. The frescoes were destroyed when the church was blown up by the Germans in 1944.

In the 13th century, tiny churches of the three-paddled design were in vogue. These are represented by a small chapel at the Peryn Monastery (1230s) and St Nicholas' on the Lipnya Islet (1292, also notable for its 14th-century frescoes). The next century saw development of two original church designs, one of them culminating in St Theodor's church (1360-61, fine frescoes from 1380s), and another one leading to the Saviour church on Ilyina street (1374, painted in 1378 by Feofan Grek). Theophanes the Greek (sometimes "Feofan Grek" from the Феофан Грек Greek: Θεοφάνης c The Saviour' church in Kovalevo (1345) was originally frescoed by Serbian masters, but the church was destroyed during the war. While the church has since been rebuilt, the frescoes have not been restored.

During the last century of republican government, some new churches were consecrated to Sts Peter and Paul (on Slavna, 1367; in Kozhevniki, 1406), to Christ's Nativity (at the Cemetery, 1387), to St John the Apostle's (1384), to the Twelve Apostles (1455), to St Demetrius (1467), to St Simeon (1462), and other saints. Generally, they are not thought so innovative as the churches from the previous epoch. Several 12th-century shrines (i. e. , in Opoki) were demolished brick by brick and then reconstructed exactly as they used to be, several of them in the mid fifteenth century, again under Archbishop Evfimii II, perhaps one of the greatest patrons of architecture in medieval Novgorod.

Novgorod's conquest by Ivan III in 1478 decisively changed the character of local architecture. Ivan III Vasilevich (Иван III Васильевич ( 22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow also known as Ivan the Great Large commissions were thenceforth executed by Muscovite masters and patterned after cathedrals of Moscow Kremlin: e. The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified g. , the Saviour Cathedral of Khutyn Monastery (1515), the Cathedral of the Mother of God of the Sign (1688), the St. Khutyn Monastery of Saviour's Transfiguration and of St Varlaam (Хутынский Спасо-Преображенский Варлаамиев монастырь used to be the holiest Nicholas Cathedral of Vyaschizhy Monastery (1685). Nevertheless, the styles of some parochial churches were still in keeping with local traditions: e. g. , the churches of Myrrh-bearing Women(1510) and of Sts Boris and Gleb (1586).

In Vitoslavlitsy, along the Volkhov River and the Myachino Lake, close to the Yuriev Monastery, a picturesque museum of wooden architecture was established in 1964. Volkhov (Во́лхов is a River in Novgorod Oblast and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia. The St George's (Yuriev Monastery (Юрьев монастырь was the main monastery of medieval Novgorod the Great. Over 20 wooden buildings (churches, houses and mills) dating from the 14th to the 19th century were transported there from all around the Novgorod region.

Transport

Intercity transport

Novgorod has connections to Moscow (531 km) and St. Petersburg (189 km) by the federal highway M10. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River M10 is a state route in Russia connecting the two largest cities Moscow and Saint Petersburg. There are public shuttle buses to Petersburg, and other directions.

The city has direct railway passenger connections to Moscow (to Leningradsky Rail Terminal, by night trains), Saint Petersburg (to Moscow Rail Terminal and Vitebsk Rail Terminal, by suburban trains) and major cities of northwestern Russia such as Pskov and Murmansk. Leningradsky Rail Terminal (Ленингра́дский вокза́л Leningradsky vokzal) is the oldest of Moscow 's nine principal Railway Moskovsky Rail Terminal (Моско́вский вокза́л Moskovsky vokzal) also called Moscow Rail Terminal, with an easily recognizable Neo-Renaissance Vitebsk Rail Terminal (Ви́тебский вокза́л formerly known as the Tsarskoe Selo Station, was the first Railway station to be built in Saint Commuter rail, regional rail or suburban rail is a Passenger rail transport service between a city center and outer suburbs and Commuter towns Pskov (Псков ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ Pleskov) in Latvian Pleskava, in Estonian Pihkva, is an ancient city located in Murmansk (Му́рманск Murmanska Muurman is a city and Seaport in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, 12 km

Walls of the Novgorod Kremlin
Walls of the Novgorod Kremlin

The city's airports Yurievo and Krechevitsy do not serve any regular flights since the middle 1990s. Novgorod Airport (Аэропорт Новгород is one of the two airports in the city of Velikiy Novgorod, Russia (the other being Krechevitsy Krechevitsy (Кречевицы is an air base in Russia located 11 km northeast of Velikiy Novgorod, Russia. The nearest international airport is St.  Petersburg's Pulkovo, some 180 km north of the city. Pulkovo Airport (Аэропо́рт Пу́лково is the international Airport serving St

Local transport

The local transport consists of a network of buses and trolleybuses. The trolleybus network, which currently consists of five routes, started operation in 1995 and is the first trolley system opened in Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

Trivia

Sister cities

Honors

A minor planet 3799 Novgorod, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979 is named after the city. Minor planet is a term used since the 19th century to describe objects such as Asteroids that are in Orbit around the Sun but are not Planets 3799 Novgorod (1979 SL9 is a Main-belt Asteroid discovered on September 22, 1979 by N The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nikolay Stepanovich Chernykh (Николай Степанович Черных ( October 6 1931 – May 26, 2004) was a Soviet and [11]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Archaeology of Novgorod, by Valentin L. Yanin, in Ancient Cities, Special Issue, (Scientific American), pp 120–127, c 1994. Old Novgorod dialect ( Russian древненовгородский диалект also translated as Old Novgorodian or Ancient Novgorod dialect) is a A birch bark document is a document written on pieces of Birch bark. The Novgorod Uprising of 1650 (Новгородское восстание 1650 was an uprising in Novgorod, caused by the government's bulk purchasing of grain and as a consequence Valentin Lavrentievich Yanin (Валентин Лаврентьевич Янин born 6 February, 1929 in Vyatka) is a leading Russian historian Covers, History, Kremlin of Novgorod, Novgorod Museum of History, preservation dynamics of the soils, and the production of Birch bark documents. A birch bark document is a document written on pieces of Birch bark.
  2. ^ V. L. (Valentin Lavrent’evich) Ianin and M. Kh. (Mark Khaimovich) Aleshkovskii, “Proskhozhdenie Novgoroda: (k postanovke problemy),” Istoriia SSSR 2 (1971): 32-61.
  3. ^ The meaning of this Norse toponym, "island garden", has no satisfactory explanation (see however the discussion page). According to Rydzevskaya, the Norse name is derived from the Slavic "Holmgrad" which means "town on a hill" and may allude to the "old town" preceding the "new town", or Novgorod.
  4. ^ Michael C. Paul, “The Iaroslavichi and the Novgorodian Veche 1230-1270: A Case Study on Princely Relations with the Veche,” Russian History/ Histoire Russe 31, No. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 2004): 39-59.
  5. ^ Michael C. Paul, “Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest. ” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 8, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 231-270.
  6. ^ Michael C. Paul, “Episcopal Election in Novgorod, Russia 1156-1478. ” Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture 72, No. 2 (June 2003): 251-275.
  7. ^ Janet Martin, Treasure of the Land of Darkness: the Fur Trade and its Significance for Medieval Russia. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
  8. ^ Tatiana Tsarevskaia, St. Sophia's Cathedral in Novgorod (Moscow: Severnyi Palomnik, 2005), 3.
  9. ^ Ibid, 14, 19-22, 24, 29, 35.
  10. ^ Irena Daniec Jadwiga, The Message of Faith and Symbol in European Medieval Bronze Church Doors (Danbury, CT: Rutledge Books, 1999), Chapter III "An Enigma: The Medieval Bronze Church Door of Płock in the Cathedral of Novgorod," 67-97; Mikhail Tsapenko, ed. , Early Russian Architecture (Moscow: Progress Publisher, 1969), 34-38
  11. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, 5th, New York: Springer Verlag, p. 321. ISBN 3540002383.  

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