Vehicle inspection is a procedure mandated by national or subnational governments in many countries, in which a vehicle is inspected to ensure that it conforms to regulations governing safety, emissions, or both. Automobile emissions control covers all the technologies that are employed to reduce the Air pollution -causing emissions produced by Automobiles Exhaust emissions Inspection can be required at various times, e. g. , periodically or on transfer of title to a vehicle. If required periodically, it is often termed periodic motor vehicle inspection; typical intervals are every two years and every year.

In some jurisdictions, proof of inspection is required before a vehicle licence or license plate can be issued or renewed. A valid vehicle licence is required by Law in some countries to be displayed on any registered Motor vehicle if it is to be used or kept on a Public road In the United States, License plates ref>The spelling license is preferred in the U In others, once a vehicle passes inspection, a decal is attached to the windshield, and police can enforce the inspection law by seeing whether the vehicle displays an up-to-date decal. In the case of a vehicle lacking a windshield (e. g. , a trailer or motorcycle), the decal is typically attached to the vehicle body. A Trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records.

With regard to safety inspection, there is some controversy over whether it is a cost-effective way to improve road-traffic safety. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA is a form of Economic analysis that compares the relative expenditure (costs and outcomes (effects of two or more courses of action ^[1][2] The book Street Smart recommends giving insurers the responsibility for testing and licensing cars and drivers in the United States in order to provide a financial incentive in the interest of safety. ^[3]

Contents 1 Americas 1.1 Canada 1.2 United States 1.2.1 States and Federal Districts with periodic (e.g., annual) vehicle safety inspections 1.2.2 States with safety inspection only required prior to sale or transfer 1.2.3 States which only require federally mandated emissions inspections 2 European Union 2.1 Austria 2.2 Finland 2.3 Germany 2.4 Ireland 2.5 The Netherlands 2.6 United Kingdom 2.7 Sweden 3 Asia 3.1 Japan 3.2 China 4 References 5 See also 6 External links

Americas

Canada

Emission testing programs in Canada include AirCare in British Columbia and Ontario's Drive Clean in Ontario. AirCare is a vehicle emissions testing program in place in the Lower Mainland including the Greater Vancouver Regional District and the Fraser Valley British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Ontario's Drive Clean is an Automobile emissions control program in Ontario, Canada. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec

Safety testing regulations vary through the different provinces. In Manitoba for example, upon buying a car (new or used), a valid safety check must be done before it can be registered. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Dealerships are required to provide the buyer with a new safety, while private sellers are not (if a private seller so chooses, they may pay for, and issue a new safety in order to make it more appealing to buy). In either case, if the vehicle bought has not had a safety test within the last year, the buyer must safety the vehicle before it can be registered with autopac. From the point the car is registered, no safety test is required as long as the car remains with the current owner (however, if something goes wrong, automechanics and dealerships have the right to refuse to let the client drive out with an unsafe car).

The provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island require annual safety inspections. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P Ontario and British Columbia require biennial emission testing. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C

United States

In the United States, each state government is free to decide whether to require vehicle safety inspection, as well as the specifics of the inspection program. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Not all states require it, most do not; some states that used to require it have discontinued it.

Under the Clean Air Act (1990), states are required to implement vehicle emission inspection programs in metropolitan areas whose air quality does not meet federal standards. The 1990 Clean Air Act is a piece of United States environmental policy relating to the reduction of Smog and Air pollution. The specifics of those programs vary from state to state. Some states, including Kentucky and Minnesota, have discontinued their testing programs in recent years with approval from the federal government.

States and Federal Districts with periodic (e. g. , annual) vehicle safety inspections

• Delaware (every year)
• District of Columbia (every two years^[4])
• Hawaii (every year, except brand new vehicles receive an inspection valid for two years, ambulances, rental cars, vehicles used in public transportation, and other, every six months)
• Louisiana (every year; emission test in the Baton Rouge metropolitan area)
• Maine (every year; emission test in Cumberland County^[5])
• Massachusetts (safety inspection every year, emission inspection every two years^[6])
• Minnesota (Motorcycles; Random, annual)
• Mississippi^[7] (safety inspection every year)
• Missouri^[8] (every two years^[9]; emissions testing in the St. Baton Rouge (French Bâton-Rouge ˌbætən ˈruːdʒ in English, and in French) is the capital city of Louisiana. Louis area)
• New Hampshire (every year^[10])
• New Jersey (every two years)
• New York (every year)
• North Carolina (every year; emissions inspections in 48 of 100 counties, exempting diesels and cars 35 years or older^[11])
• Pennsylvania^[12](every year; emissions inspections every year in 25 of 67 counties^[13])
• Rhode Island (safety and emission inspection every two years)
• Texas (every year; emission test in the largest urban areas - Houston Metro, Dallas Metroplex, Austin, San Antonio, and El Paso)
• Utah (every two years for the first eight years, then every year)
• Vermont (every year)
• Virginia^[14] (every year;^[15] emission inspection every two years in urban and suburban jurisdictions in Northern Virginia^[16])
• West Virginia^[17] (every year - safety)

States with safety inspection only required prior to sale or transfer

• Maryland^[18] (emission inspection required biennially^[19])

States which only require federally mandated emissions inspections

• Alaska (Municipality of Anchorage and Fairbanks North Star Borough) every two years, depending on age and type of vehicle
• Arizona (Phoenix and Tucson metro areas only) annually, depending on age and type of vehicle ^[20])
• California (for most ZIP Codes, every two years for all vehicles made after 1975 which are more than six years old)
• Colorado (in some localities, every year or two, depending on age and type of vehicle ^[21])
• Georgia (metropolitan Atlanta area only^[22], every year, most recent three model year cars are exempt)
• Illinois (Chicagoland and eastern suburbs of St. Northern Virginia (colloquially referred to as "NOVA" or "NoVA" consists of several Phoenix (ˈfiːˌnɪks O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdo, Tucson (ˈtuːsɒn is the seat of Pima County Arizona, United States, located 118 miles (188 km) southeast The ZIP code is the system of Postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS The Chicago metropolitan area is the Metropolitan area associated with the city of Chicago in the United States and its suburbs Louis, Missouri)
• Indiana (Lake and Porter counties only, every two years)
• Nevada (Clark County and Washoe County areas)
• Ohio (seven counties)
• Oregon (Portland and Medford metro areas only) ^[23]
• Washington (urban areas of Clark, King, Pierce, Snohomish and Spokane counties)
• Wisconsin (seven counties in Southeastern Wisconsin, every two years)

European Union

The Council directive 96/96/EC of 20 December 1996 mandates all member states to carry out periodic safety and emission inspections for most types of motor vehicles. Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers Medford is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. As of 2007 the city had a total population of 75675 and a Metropolitan area population It also sets minimum reguirements for those inspections and their intervals.

Austria

In Austria, all vehicles must undergo a "Wiederkehrende Begutachtung nach § 57a KFG" (recurring inspection following section 57a of the motor vehicle statute). A decal is placed on the vehicle's windscreen (usually the upper left-hand corner as seen from outside the vehicle), hence the inspection itself is colloquially referred to as "Pickerl" (literally: sticker). The color of the decal is white for vehicles with a catalytic converter, and green for vehicles without one. A catalytic converter (colloquially "cat" or "catcon" is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an Internal combustion engine. Punch holes indicate the month and year that the next inspection is due. However, the inspection can be carried out one month in advance of that date and up to four months after the one indicated on the decal. (The vehicle remains roadworthy during that time). Unless the inspection is overdue in the sense described above, the roadworthiness certificate is transferable, meaning a potential new owner will get a new decal with the same date, but the corrected license plate number upon registration of her vehicle. However, not merely the old decal, but also the latest official inspection report will have to be presented for this purpose.

The first inspection on new passenger cars is required after three years, another one two years on, while thereafter passenger cars must pass the official inspection each and every year to remain roadworthy. Heavy trucks and motorcycles must undergo annual inspections from the very first year. Inspections are carried out by specially licensed garages and by Austria's two major automotive clubs. The Austrian motor vehicle inspection covers both aspects of vehicle safety and emissions standards.

Finland

Finland has a long tradition of vehicle inspection, dating back to year 1917. Vehicle inspection was initially carried by cities and provincial inspectors but starting from year 1968 the inspection moved to national governing body of road vehicle adminstration known as Autorekisterikeskus. In 1994 the vehicle inspection was opened for competition and in 1996 Autorekisterikeskus was split as adminstrative body Ajoneuvohallintokeskus (AKE) and inspection company Suomen Autokatsastus Oy. Nowadays, Ajoneuvohallintokeskus governs the inspection companies and keeps track of inspection quality and the inspections are carried by private companies. ^[24] During the years, the inspection procedures and facilities have improved greatly and nowadays the quality of inspection is on such level that mechanical failures as immediate cause for fatal crashes in whole country are minimal. ^[25]

In Finland, the "Määräaikaiskatsastus" (periodic inspection) is required for all passenger cars, vans, trucks, ATVs and for trailers with maximum structural weight of more than 750 kilograms. ^[26] Inspection interval depends on vehicle class and usage. For privately-used passenger car, inspection must be carried after three and five years counting from the specified date of first deployment and every year after fifth year. For privately-used van, the first inspection must be carried after three years and every year after third year. If there is no specified date of first deployment (for instance 00. 00. 1987) the time of inspection is determined by the last number of license plate. The inspection period also varies depending on vehicle class and usage but for privately-used passenger cars and vans the lenght of the period is four months preceding the date specified in date of first deployment or four months preceding the last date of inspection specified by the license plate number.

The periodic inspection includes verification of vehicle register information (VIN, taxes, insurance) test drive, brake testing, inspection of lights and compulsory equipment, superficial inspection for visibilty and handling hindrances and bodywork, undercarriage inspection for suspension parts and corrosion and emission measurements (requirements vary depending on propellant and date of first deployment). The emission measurement can be taken on a registered repair shop prior to the inspection. If done so, a proper measurement certificate must be shown at inspection. Upon passed inspection, a new "Part one" of registration certificate is printed and handed to customer among with inspection report. If inspection fails, the faults found during the inspection must be repaired and the vehicle needs to be shown at the same inspection station for "Jälkitarkastus" (recheck) within one month of the inspection.

Germany

Germany requires safety inspection and emission inspection every two years for passenger cars. New passenger cars have to obtain their first roadworthiness certificate after three years. Heavy duty vehicles need to be presented to the vehicle inspection authorities (e. g. TÜV, DEKRA, KÜS, GTÜ, . . . ) every year. The safety inspection decal is placed on the rear license plate; the emission inspection decal is placed on the front license plate (the emission decal on the front plate will be phased out until 2010 and then be part of the safety inspection. German car number plates ( Kfz-Kennzeichen) show the place where the car carrying them is registered

Ireland

In Ireland, the National Car Test (NCT) is required for cars 4 or more years of age to be inspected for various items, such as brakes, lighting, bodywork condition, emissions, etc. The National Car Test, or NCT is a roadworthiness test, which all Cars in the Republic of Ireland must undergo A disc which must be displayed on the windscreen is issued to cars that pass the test. The disc is valid for two years, after which the car must then be re-tested. This test is not mandantory, however difficulties can arise in the event of accident if you car has not had undergone the NCT inspection.

The Netherlands

In The Netherlands the "Algemene Periodieke Keuring" (APK) or General Periodical Inspection is mandatory for vehicles aging 3 years or older. The yearly inspection includes conforming to safety and emission standards.

United Kingdom

Main article: MOT test

The Ministry of Transport test (more usually: MOT - pronounced by spelling out the letters) is a mandatory annual test of safety and roadworthiness for vehicles over three years old. See also Vehicle inspection The Ministry of Transport test (more usually MOT - pronounced by spelling out the letters is an annual test

Sweden

Svensk Bilprovning AB ("bilprovningen") tests the road worthiness of cars once every year for modern cars, every second year for cars classified as veteran/classic cars (currently occurring when the car reaches age 30). Antique vehicle registration is a special form of motor vehicle registration for vehicles that are considered antique, classic, vintage, or historic

Asia

Japan

Main article: Motor-vehicle inspection (Japan)

Under the Japanese shaken (車検) program, when a vehicle turns 3 years old, it must get an inspection every two years. is the name of the Vehicle inspection program in Japan for vehicles over 250 cc in engine displacement

China

Chinese Rural Vehicle (CRV) operators can be subject to fine by authorities (police) if the vehicle emits visible smoke. Regulations are administered by province/economic region/city as appropriate. New vehicles must pass regulations (Euro spec) in effect on the day of manufacture. CRVs are responsible for about half of all vehicle emissions in the PRC. ^[27]

References

See also

• Automobile safety

External links

• CITA-Vehicle Inspection.org
• NRMA

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