Sébastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban (May 15, 1633–March 30, 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban, was a Marshal of France and the foremost military engineer of his age, famed for his skill in both designing fortifications and in breaking through them. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. A military engineer is primarily responsible for the design and construction of offensive defensive and logistical structures for Warfare Other duties include the Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for He also advised Louis XIV on how to consolidate France's borders, to make them more defensible. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Vauban made a radical suggestion of giving up some land that was indefensible to allow for a stronger, less porous border with France's neighbours.
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Life and doctrines
Vauban was born in Saint-Léger-de-Foucheret (renamed Saint-Léger-Vauban in his honour), in the département of Yonne, in Burgundy, France, into a family of minor nobility. Saint-Léger-Vauban is a small town and commune in the Parc Naturel Régional du Morvan of Burgundy, France. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Yonne is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Bourgogne (Burgundy in eastern France Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. At the age of ten he was left an orphan in very poor circumstances, and his boyhood and youth were spent amongst the peasantry of his native place. A fortunate event brought him under the care of the Carmelite prior of Semur, who undertook his education, and the grounding in mathematics, science and geometry which he thus received was of the highest value in his subsequent career. The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel by Synecdoche; Latin: Ordo fratrum Beatæ Semur-en-Auxois is a commune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
At the age of seventeen Vauban joined the regiment of Condé in the war of the Fronde. Louis II de Bourbon Prince de Condé ( 8 September, 1621 – 11 November, 1686) was a French general and the most famous representative La Fronde (1648–1653 was a Civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635 His gallant conduct won him within a year the offer of a commission, which he declined on account of poverty. Condé then employed him to assist in the fortification of Clermont-en-Argonne. Clermont-en-Argonne is a commune near the western extremity of the Meuse département in northeastern France. Soon afterwards he was taken prisoner by the royal troops; but though a rebel he was well-treated, and the kindness of Mazarin converted the young engineer into a devoted servant of the king. Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino ( July 14 1602 &ndash March 9 1661) was an accomplished French statesman
He was employed in the siege of Sainte-Menehould (which he had helped to storm as a Frondeur) and won a lieutenancy in the regiment of Burgundy, and at Stenay he was twice wounded. Sainte-Menehould is a town and commune of the Marne département, in northeastern France. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) Stenay is a commune of the Meuse département in northeastern France. Soon afterwards he besieged and took his own first fortress, Clermont; and in May 1655 he received his commission as an ingénieur du roi, having served his apprenticeship under the Chevalier de Clerville, one of the foremost engineers of the time. Between that year and the peace of 1659 he had taken part in or directed ten sieges with distinction, had been several times wounded, and was rewarded by the king with the free gift of a company in the famous Picardy regiment. About this time he married a cousin, Jeanne d'Aulnay.
After the peace Vauban was put in charge of the construction of several important defences, amongst other places at Dunkirk, where his work continued until the year before his death. Dunkirk ( French: Dunkerque, dœ̃kɛʀk or; Dutch:; is a harbour city and a commune in the northernmost part of France, in the On the renewal of war in 1662 he conducted, under the eyes of the king, the sieges of Douai, Tournai and Lille. Douai ( Dutch: Dowaai) is a town and commune in the north of France in the département of Nord Tournai (in Dutch Doornik, in Latin: Tornacum) is a Walloon City and municipality of Belgium Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country During siege of Lille he so distinguished himself that he received a lieutenancy in the guard (ranking as a colonelcy). See also Siege of Lille (1708 The Siege of Lille was a siege of the city of Lille during the War of Devolution.
The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle confirmed France in the possession of new fortresses, which Vauban now improved or rebuilt. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle or Treaty of Aachen was signed on May 2, 1668 in Aachen. Hitherto the characteristic features of his method of fortification had not been developed, and the systems of preceding engineers were faithfully followed. Colbert and Louvois were profoundly interested in the work, and it was at the request of the latter that the engineer drew up in 1669 his Mémoire pour servir à l'instruction dans la conduite des sièges (this, with a memorandum on the defence of fortresses by another hand, was published at Leiden in 1740). Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( August 29, 1619 — September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under François Michel le Tellier Marquis de Louvois (18 January 1641 – 16 July 1691 was the French Secretary of State for War for a significant part of the reign of "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation.
On the renewal of war Vauban again conducted the most important sieges, (Rheinbergen and Nijmegen 1672, Maestricht and Trier 1673, Besançon 1674). Nijmegen (ˈnɛɪmeɣən) (obsolete spellings Nijmwegen Nymegen Nieumeghen &mdash Nimwegen in local dialect and in German, Nimègue in French The Siege of Maastricht was one of the key elements in King Louis XIV's plans to attack The Netherlands, in order to revenge the humiliating conditions enforced Trier (Trèves Luxembourgish: Tréier; Augusta Treverorum is a City in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. Besançon (bəzɑ̃ˈsɔ̃ in French and Arpitan; German: Bisanz) is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté In the latter year he also supervised the only defence in which he ever took part, that of Oudenaarde. Oudenaarde ( French Audenarde, English sometimes Oudenarde) is a Belgian municipality in the Flemish province This was followed by the reduction of Dinant, Huy and Limbourg. ||-||-||} Dinant is a Walloon City and municipality located on the River Meuse in the Belgian province of Namur Huy ( Walloon: Hu; French: Huy Dutch: Hoei is a Municipality of Belgium. Limbourg ( Limburg in German and Dutch) is a Medieval City located in the province of Liège, Wallonia, At this time he wrote for the commandants of Verdun and Le Quesnoy, valuable Instructions pour la défense. Verdun (medieval Wirten official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city and commune Le Quesnoy is a commune of the Nord département in northern France. In 1676 he was made marechal de camp. He took Condé, Bouchain and other places in that year, Valenciennes and Cambrai in 1677, Ghent and Ypres in 1678. Bouchain is a commune of the Nord département. It is located in northern France, halfway between Cambrai and Valenciennes Valenciennes (Old Dutch: Valencijn, Latin: Valentianae) is a Town and commune in northern France in the Cambrai (Dutch Kamerijk; old spelling Cambray) is a French town and commune, in the Nord département, Ghent (ˈɡɛnt Gent ʝɛnt in Dutch, Gand in French, and formerly Gaunt in English) is a City and a Ypres ( French, generally used in English French ipʁ English ˈiːprə Ieper (official name in Dutch, pronounced /ˈiːpər/ or Ypern
It was at this time that Vauban synthesized the methods of attacking strong places, on which his claim to renown as an engineer rests far more than on his systems of fortification. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for The introduction of a systematic approach by parallel series of trenches (said to have been suggested by the practice of the Turks at Candia in 1668) dates from the siege of Maastricht, and in principle remained until the 20th century the standard method of attacking a fortress. The Siege of Candia (modern Heraklion, Crete) was a military conflict in which Ottoman forces besieged the Venetian -ruled city and were ultimately The Siege of Maastricht was one of the key elements in King Louis XIV's plans to attack The Netherlands, in order to revenge the humiliating conditions enforced The Peace of Nijmegen gave more territory to France, and more fortresses had to be adapted. The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen ( Négotiations de Nimegue or Négotiations de la Paix de Nimègue) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city
Vauban was named commissaire-général des fortifications on the death of De Clerville, and wrote in 1679 a memorandum on the places of the new frontier, from which it appears that from Dunkirk to Dinant France possessed fifteen fortresses and forts, with thirteen more in second line. Dunkirk ( French: Dunkerque, dœ̃kɛʀk or; Dutch:; is a harbour city and a commune in the northernmost part of France, in the ||-||-||} Dinant is a Walloon City and municipality located on the River Meuse in the Belgian province of Namur Most of these had been rebuilt by Vauban, and further acquisitions, notably Strasbourg (1681), involved him in unceasing work. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région At Saarlouis for the first time appeared Vauban's "first system" of fortification, which remained the accepted standard till comparatively recent times. Saarlouis (zaːrˈlʊɪ in German; French: Sarrelouis) is a city in the Saarland, Germany, capital of the district of Saarlouis He never hesitated to retain what was of advantage in the methods of his predecessors, which he had hitherto followed, and it was in practice rather than in theory, that he surpassed them.
In 1682 his "second system," which introduced modifications of the first designed to prolong the resistance of the fortress, began to appear; and about the same time he wrote a practical manual entitled Le Directeur-Général des fortifications (Hague, 1683-85). Having now attained the rank of lieut. -general, he took the field once more, and captured Kortrijk in 1683, and Luxembourg in the following year. For the Dutch village see Kortrijk (Netherlands Kortrijk (official name in Dutch; French: Courtrai; Latin The city of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg Luxemburg also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg Ville de Luxembourg Luxemburg Stadt is a commune with city The unexpected strength of certain towers designed by the Spanish engineer Louvigni (fl. 1673) at Luxemburg suggested the tower-bastions which are the peculiar feature of Vauban's second system which was put into execution at Belfort in the same. Belfort (Beffert is a town and commune of northeastern France, Préfecture (capital of the Territoire de Belfort
In 1687 he chose Landau as the chief place of arms of Lower Alsace, and lavished on the place all the resources of his art. Landau or Landau in der Pfalz (pop 41821 is an autonomous ( kreisfrei) city surrounded by the Südliche Weinstraße ("Southern Wine Route" Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern But side by side with this development grew up the far more important scheme of attack. He instituted a company of miners, and the elaborate experiments carried out under his supervision resulted in the establishment of all the necessary formulae for military mining (Traité des mines, Paris, 1740 and 1799; Hague, 1744); while at the siege of Ath in 1697, having in the meanwhile taken part in more sieges, notably that of Namur in 1692 (defended by the great Dutch engineer Coehoorn), he employed ricochet fire for the first time as the principal means of breaking down the defence. Mining, undermining, or sapping was a Siege method used since antiquity against a Walled city, Fortress or Castle Athe (Aat is a Belgian municipality located in the Walloon province of Hainaut. The siege of Namur refers to a number of sieges throughout history of the Belgian city of Namur. Menno baron van Coehoorn (1641 &ndash March 17, 1704) was a Dutch soldier and Military engineer of Swedish extraction A ricochet (ˈrɪkəʃeɪ RICK-uh-shay) is a rebound bounce or skip off a surface particularly in the case of a Projectile. He had indeed already used it with effect at Philippsburg in 1688 and at Namur, but the jealousy of the artillery at outside interference had hindered the full use of this remarkable invention, which with his other improvements rendered the success of the attack almost certain. Not to be confused with Phillipsburg or Philipsburg. Philippsburg is a city in Germany, in the district of Karlsruhe
After the peace of Ryswick Vauban rebuilt or improved other fortresses, and finally Neuf-Brisach, fortified on his "third system " which was in fact a modification of the second and was called by Vauban himself système de Landau perfectionné. The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (now known as Rijswijk) in the Dutch Republic. Neuf-Brisach (Neubreisach is a commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in France. His last siege was that of Old Breisach in 1703, when he reduced the place in a fortnight. Breisach is a city with approximately 16500 people situated along the Rhine in the Rhine Valley, in the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year On January 14 of that year Vauban had been made a marshal of France, a rank too exalted for the technical direction of sieges, and his active career came to an end with his promotion. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. Soon afterwards appeared his Traité de l'attaque des places, a revised and amplified edition of the older memoir of 1669, which contains the methods of the fully developed Vauban attack, the main features of which are the parallels, ricochet fire and the attack of the defending personnel by vertical fire.
But Louis XIV was now thrown on the defensive, and the war of the Spanish Succession saw the gradual wane of Vauban's influence, as his fortresses were taken and retaken. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting The various captures of Landau, his chef-d'oeuvre, caused him to be regarded with disfavour, for it was not realized that the greatness of his services was rather in the attack than in the defence. In the darkness of defeat he turned his attention to the defence; but his work De la defense des places (ed. by General Valaze, Paris, 1829) is of far less worth than the Attaque, and his far-seeing ideas on entrenched camps (Traits des fortifications de campagne) were coldly received, though therein may be found the elements of the "detached forts" system universal in Europe by the 20th century.
Although indispensable to Louis XIV, Vauban boldly stretched his goodwill on several occasions. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent In 1685, Vauban vocally condemned the repeal of the edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of It appears that his opposition was mostly made on economic grounds. In the 1690s, he conducted a comprehensive census of Flanders and other areas of France, which earned him his nickname as the "French Petty". A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. A prolific writer on many subjects, e. g. forestry, pig breeding, monetary policy, colonisation, etc. Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times This article focuses on selective breeding in domesticated animals Monetary policy is the process by which the Government, Central bank, or monetary authority of a country controls (i the Supply of Money, Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area , Vauban was made an honorary member of the French Academy of Sciences. The French Academy of Sciences ( French: Académie des sciences) is a Learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the Applying his knowledge, he even correctly estimated and plotted out the growth of Canada, predicting its population would be about 30 million by the year 2000. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
Dismayed by the inefficiency of Colbertism, Vauban's 1707 tract called for the repeal of all taxes and the imposition of a single tax of 10% on all land and trade with no exemptions. Colbertism is a variation of Mercantilism, which has applied in France between 1661 and 1683 by the Superintendent of Finances Jean-Baptiste Colbert Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He backed up his argument with a mass of statistics. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. It was not well-received at the time (the king shunned him thereafter), but it inspired later Enlightenment economists, such as Forbonnais, Mirabeau and the Physiocrats. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century An economist is an expert in the Social science of Economics. Honoré Gabriel Riqueti Comte de Mirabeau ( March 9, 1749 &ndash April 2, 1791) was a French writer popular orator and statesman The physiocrats were a group of Economists who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of land Agriculture or land development
He died in Paris, of an inflammation of the lungs. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive At the Revolution his remains were scattered, but in 1808 his heart was found and deposited by order of Napoléon in the church of Les Invalides. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Year 1808 ( MDCCCVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Les Invalides in Paris, France, is a complex of buildings in the city's 7th arrondissement containing Museums and monuments all relating
Fortifications
Between 1667 and 1707, Vauban upgraded the fortifications of around 300 cities, including Antibes (Fort Carré), Arras, Auxonne, Barraux, Bayonne, Belfort, Bergues, Besançon, Bitche, Blaye, Briançon, Bouillon, Calais, Cambrai, Colmars-les-Alpes, Collioure, Douai, Entrevaux, Givet, Gravelines, Huningue, Joux, Kehl, Landau, La Rochelle, Le Quesnoy, Lille, Lusignan, Le Perthus (Fort de Bellegarde), Luxembourg, Maastricht, Maubeuge, Metz, Mont-Dauphin, Mont-Louis, Montmédy, Namur, Neuf-Brisach, Perpignan, Plouezoc'h (Château du Taureau), Rocroi, Saarlouis, Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Saint-Omer, Sedan, Toul, Valenciennes, Verdun, Villefranche-de-Conflent (town and Fort Liberia), Ypres
He directed the building of 37 new fortresses, and fortified military harbours, including Ambleteuse, Brest, Dunkerque, Freiburg im Breisgau, Rochefort, Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Fort Socoa), Saint-Martin-de-Ré, Toulon, Wimereux, Le Portel, Cézembre
See also
- Star fort
- Menno van Coehoorn: Vauban's principal adversary. Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Antibes ( Provençal Occitan: Antíbol in classical norm or Antibo in Mistralian norm is a resort town in the Alpes-Maritimes Arras (Atrecht is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. Auxonne is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France. Barraux ( Arpitan: Barrault) is a commune in the French departement of Isère. Bayonne ( French: Bayonne bajɔn Gascon Occitan and Basque: Baiona) is a city and commune of southwest Belfort (Beffert is a town and commune of northeastern France, Préfecture (capital of the Territoire de Belfort Bergues ( Dutch: Sint-Winoksbergen) is a commune of the Nord département, in France. Besançon (bəzɑ̃ˈsɔ̃ in French and Arpitan; German: Bisanz) is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté Bitche (Bitsch is a town and commune of the Moselle département, in Lorraine, in northeastern France. Blaye is a commune and sub-prefecture in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. Briançon ( Latin: Brigantium) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region The Castle of Bouillon is a very old castle in the town of Bouillon in Belgium. Calais (kaˈlɛ in English often kæˈleɪ traditional English pronunciation /ˈkælɨs/ Kales is a town in northern France. Cambrai (Dutch Kamerijk; old spelling Cambray) is a French town and commune, in the Nord département, Colmars or Colmars-les-Alpes ( Còumars in Provençal) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern Collioure ( French: Collioure, kɔˈljuʀ Catalan: Cotlliure) is a seaside Mediterranean town and commune a few kilometers Douai ( Dutch: Dowaai) is a town and commune in the north of France in the département of Nord Entrevaux is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. Givet is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France very close to the Belgian border Gravelines (Grevelingen is a small historic town and commune on the northern coast of France on the river Aa 15 miles (25 km south west of Dunkirk Huningue ( French; German:Hüningen is the name of both a canton and a commune in Alsace, France. The Fort de Joux or Château de Joux is a Castle, transformed into a Fort, located in La Cluse-et-Mijoux, in the Doubs département Kehl is a town in southwestern Germany in the Ortenaukreis, Baden-Württemberg. Landau or Landau in der Pfalz (pop 41821 is an autonomous ( kreisfrei) city surrounded by the Südliche Weinstraße ("Southern Wine Route" La Rochelle is a city in western France, and a Seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Le Quesnoy is a commune of the Nord département in northern France. Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country The Château de Lusignan (in Lusignan, Vienne département, France) was the seat of the Lusignan family, Poitevin Le Perthus (el Pertús is a commune of the Pyrénées-Orientales département in southwestern France. The Fort de Bellegarde is a 17th century fortification located above the town of Le Perthus, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département of southern The city of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg Luxemburg also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg Ville de Luxembourg Luxemburg Stadt is a commune with city Maastricht ( Dutch; Limburgish and city dialect Mestreech; French: Maestricht or Maëstricht; Spanish: Maubeuge is a town and commune of northern France, in the département of Nord, situated on both banks of the Sambre Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture Mont-Dauphin is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. Mont-Louis ( catalan: Montlluís or el Vilar d'Ovansa) is a commune of the Pyrénées-Orientales département Montmédy is a commune of the Meuse département, in northeastern France. Namur ( Namen in Dutch, Nameur in Walloon, Namurcum in Latin) is a City and municipality in Neuf-Brisach (Neubreisach is a commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in France. Perpignan ( French: Perpignan, pɛʀpiɲɑ̃ Catalan Perpinyà,) is a commune and the Préfecture (administrative Rocroi is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. Saarlouis (zaːrˈlʊɪ in German; French: Sarrelouis) is a city in the Saarland, Germany, capital of the district of Saarlouis Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (literally meaning "Saint John at the foot of the mountain pass" in French) ( Basque: Donibane Garazi) is a commune Toul is a historic fortified town of France, a Sous-préfecture of the Valenciennes (Old Dutch: Valencijn, Latin: Valentianae) is a Town and commune in northern France in the Verdun (medieval Wirten official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city and commune Villefranche-de-Conflent ( Catalan Vilafranca de Conflent) is a small walled town in the Pyrénées-Orientales département, southwestern Ypres ( French, generally used in English French ipʁ English ˈiːprə Ieper (official name in Dutch, pronounced /ˈiːpər/ or Ypern Ambleteuse is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. Brest (bʁɛst in French, in Breton) is a city in the Finistère department in Bretagne in northwestern France. Dunkirk ( French: Dunkerque, dœ̃kɛʀk or; Dutch:; is a harbour city and a commune in the northernmost part of France, in the Rochefort is a commune in western France, a Seaport on the Atlantic Ocean. Saint-Jean-de-Luz ( Basque Donibane Lohizune) is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in France Saint-Martin-de-Ré is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in western France. Toulon ( Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm is a city in southern France and a large Wimereux is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais département in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France. Le Portel is a commune and chief town of a canton in the Pas-de-Calais département in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region Cézembre is an island in the Ille-et-Vilaine département of France, near Saint-Malo. A star fort or trace italienne is a Fortification in the style that evolved during the age of Black powder, when cannons came Menno baron van Coehoorn (1641 &ndash March 17, 1704) was a Dutch soldier and Military engineer of Swedish extraction
Further reading
- Blomfield, Sir Reginald. Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban, 1663–1707. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1971 (hardcover, ISBN 0416607403).
- Griffith, Paddy; Dennis, Peter. The Vauban fortifications of France. Oxford: Osprey, 2006 (paperback, ISBN 1841768758).
- Hebbert, F. J. Soldier of France: Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban, 1633–1707. New York: P. Lang, 1990 (hardcover, ISBN 0820408905).
- Ostwald, Jamel. Vauban under Siege: Engineering Efficiency and Martial Vigor in the War of the Spanish Succession (History of Warfare; 41). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2007 (hardcover, ISBN 90-04-15489-2).
- Lechenet, Franck. Plein Ciel sur Vauban (Full Sky over Vauban) Editions Cadré Plein Ciel, 2007 (240 pages), (ISBN 978-2952857017).
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
External links
- Marshal Vauban Homepage (much detail)
- (French) Details about many works by Vauban at cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr
- (French) aerial pictures of the 100 citadels in France, wonderfull shots
- (French) Biography de Vauban in Le Taureau, forteresse Vauban, baie de Morlaix (
- Vauban Museum website (Museum located in Saint-Léger-Vauban)
- Article on Vauban at fortified-places.com
- (French) Fortifications of Saint-Martin-de-Ré - île de Ré - French
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